Ileal pouch-anal anastomoses complications and function in 1005 patients.

BACKGROUND: Restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) has become an established surgery for patients with chronic ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis. PURPOSE: The authors report the results of an 11-year experience of restorative proctocolectomy and IPAA at a tertiary referral center. METHODS: Chart review was performed for 1005 patients undergoing IPAA from 1983 through 1993. Preoperative histopathologic diagnoses were ulcerative colitis (n = 858), familial adenomatous polyposis (n = 62), indeterminate colitis (n = 75), and miscellaneous (n = 10). Information was obtained regarding patient demographics, type and duration of diseases, previous operations, and indications for surgery. Data were collected on surgical procedure and postoperative pathologic diagnosis. Early (within 30 days after surgery) and late complications were noted. Follow-up included an annual function and quality-of-life questionnaire, physical examination, and biopsies of the pouch and anal transitional zone. RESULTS: Of the 1005 patients (455 women), postoperative histopathologic diagnoses were as follows: ulcerative colitis (n = 812), familial adenomatous polyposis (n = 62), indeterminate colitis (n = 54), Crohn's disease (n = 67), and miscellaneous (n = 10). During a mean follow-up time of 35 months (range 1-125 months), histopathologic diagnoses were changed for 25 patients. The overall mortality rate was 1% (n = 10 patients, early = 4, late = 6); one death (0.1%) was related to pouch necrosis and sepsis. The overall morbidity rate was 62.7% (1218 complications in 630 patients; early, n = 27.5%; late, n = 50.5%). Septic complication and reoperation rates were 6.8% and 24%, respectively. The ileal pouch was removed in 34 patients (3.4%), and it is nonfunctional in 11 (1%). Functional results and quality of life were good to excellent in 93% of the patients with complete data (n = 645) and are similar for patients with ulcerative colitis, familial adenomatous polyposis, indeterminate colitis, and Crohn's disease. Patients who underwent operations from 1983 through 1988 have similar functional results and quality of life compared with patients who underwent operations after 1988. CONCLUSION: Restorative proctocolectomy with an IPAA is a safe procedure, with low mortality and major morbidity rates. Although total morbidity rate is appreciable, functional results generally are good and patient satisfaction is high.     

Rare complication after ileal pouch–anal anastomosis: Bilateral ureteral obstruction due to pelvic sepsis and retroperitoneal fibrosis

Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch–anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the procedure of choice for the majority of patients who require surgery for ulcerative colitis, and the preferred operation for patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Complications of IPAA are common, including septic, inflammatory, functional, neoplastic and metabolic complications. When early postoperative sepsis develops, subsequent failure over time is approximately five times the rate for the whole pouch population. The objective of this study was to report an uncommon complication of IPAA. We reported a case of a patient who developed bilateral ureteral obstruction due to retroperitoneal fibrosis secondary to pelvic sepsis after a pouch–anal anastomosis leak. To the best of our knowledge, no such case has ever been reported.     

全大肠切除回肠贮袋肛管吻合术的远期疗效评价

目的　探讨全大肠切除回肠贮袋肛管吻合术治疗溃疡性结肠炎 (UC)和家族性腺瘤性息肉病 (FAP)的远期疗效。方法　 1985～ 2 0 0 2年间共对 6 1例患者行全结肠直肠切除回肠贮袋肛管吻合术 ,其中UC 2 5例、FAP 34例、其他 2例 ,应用S袋 2 5例、S J袋 13例、J袋 17例以及W袋 6例 ,术后随诊 1～ 18年、平均 8年 ,比较分析术后控便功能及并发症。结果　全部患者存活。并发症发生率为 16 % ( 10 / 6 1) ,其中UC患者 ( 2 4 % ,6 / 2 5 )高于FAP患者 ( 12 % ,4 / 34) ,W袋高于其他各袋 ,手法吻合 ( 2 0 % ,8/ 4 1)高于吻合器吻合 ( 10 % ,2 / 2 0 ) ,但差异均无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。术后 2 4h大便次数平均为 4 2次。日间 84 % ( 4 3/ 5 1)、夜间 75 % ( 38/ 5 1)的患者排便能自控 ,6 % ( 3/ 5 1)的患者有明显的大便失禁。大部分患者对目前的生活质量表示满意。结论　全大肠切除回肠贮袋肛管吻合术治疗可维持UC与FAP患者肛管自控功能和可接受的大便次数 ,术后并发症较少 ,是较为理想的手术方式     

Restorative proctocolectomy: one surgeon's experience of a now routine procedure in a district general hospital

Restorative proctocolectomy is now the operation of choice for the definitive management of ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis coli. The aim of this review is to evaluate clinical and functional results of the first fifty patients treated with restorative proctocolectomy over a period of seven years. A total of 50 patients (28 males, 22 females) underwent restorative proctocolectomy over a period of seven years in our district general hospital. A retrospective analysis of hospital notes was undertaken and supplemented with a patient questionnaire. Forty-three patients had ulcerative colitis and seven had familial adenomatous polyposis coli. Two pouch designs were used, a four limbed "pear pouch" (94%) and a two limb "J" pouch (6%). The majority (98%) of patients had a stapled ileal pouch-anal anastomosis and a similar number had a defunctioning ileostomy. There was no mortality. Early complications (within 30 days of operation) occurred in 18(36%) patients. Late complications were seen in 22 (44%) patients. The median number of daily bowel movements was four (range 1-10). Pouchitis was seen in ten patients (20%). Restorative proctocolectomy is a safe procedure for patients with ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis coli. Although total morbidity is appreciable, functional results are generally good and patient satisfaction is high.     

应用吻合器手术治疗家族性腺瘤样息肉病21例分析

目的探讨3种吻合器在治疗家族性腺瘤样息肉病的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院2000年1月至2005年12月间采用吻合器手术治疗家族性腺瘤样息肉病21例的临床资料。结果21例病人均采用3种吻合器手术,行全结肠切除、直肠超低位前切除、回肠J形贮袋肛管吻合术,并预防性回肠造口。全组无手术死亡病人、无吻合口瘘、盆腔脓肿、吻合口狭窄等严重并发症发生。1例病人发生贮袋粘连,在直肠镜下分离治愈;2例吻合口附近发现息肉经内镜电灼切除。全组病人排便功能满意,排便次数控制在每天2～5次。结论采用3种吻合器进行结肠切除、直肠超低位前切除、回肠贮袋与肛管吻合术,并预防性回肠造口,手术安全、简捷省时、术后并发症较少,应作为首选手术方式,手术后应进行长期随访,及时发现和处理复发息肉。     

EVOLUTION OF THE PELVIC POUCH PROCEDURE AT ONE INSTITUTION: THE FIRST 100 CASES

Background : Total extirpation of the colon with pelvic pouch formation, and the avoidance of a permanent stoma, continues to pose a challenge for better results, both technically and functionally. The aims of this study were to investigate the first 100 pelvic ileal-pouch procedures, assessing changes in surgical technique, their relationship to morbidity and long-term outcome, and compare this to the few large international series. Methods : Between 1984 and 1997, 100 patients had a pelvic J-shaped ileal-pouch formed, 58 two-stage and 42 three-stage procedures. Fifty had a hand-sewn pouch-anal anastomosis and 50 a double-stapled anastomosis. Seventy-three were for ulcerative colitis, five for indeterminate colitis, 20 for familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), one for multiple primary colorectal cancers, and one for constipation. Results : After a median follow-up of 68 months, 97% of patients still have a functioning pouch. There were two postoperative deaths (one after-pouch formation and one after-stoma closure). Morbidity occurred in 52 patients, including three patients with pouch leaks and three pouch-anal anastomosis leaks (6% leak rate), 27% with a small bowel obstruction (2% early, 20% late, 5% both), a 19% anal stricture rate, and a 9% pouchitis rate. Three pouches have been removed (all for Crohn’s disease). Median number of bowel movements per day was six, with 85% of patients reporting a good quality of life. Patients following a double-stapled procedure have less anal seepage and improved continence over those with a hand-sewn ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Conclusions : Despite high morbidity rates, pelvic pouch formation provides satisfactory long-term results for patients requiring total proctocolectomy, with functional results and morbidity rates comparable to larger overseas series.     

Evolution of the pelvic pouch procedure at one institution: the first 100 cases.

BACKGROUND: Total extirpation of the colon with pelvic pouch formation, and the avoidance of a permanent stoma, continues to pose a challenge for better results, both technically and functionally. The aims of this study were to investigate the first 100 pelvic ileal-pouch procedures, assessing changes in surgical technique, their relationship to morbidity and long-term outcome, and compare this to the few large international series. METHODS: Between 1984 and 1997, 100 patients had a pelvic J-shaped ileal-pouch formed, 58 two-stage and 42 three-stage procedures. Fifty had a hand-sewn pouch-anal anastomosis and 50 a double-stapled anastomosis. Seventy-three were for ulcerative colitis, five for indeterminate colitis, 20 for familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), one for multiple primary colorectal cancers, and one for constipation. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 68 months, 97% of patients still have a functioning pouch. There were two postoperative deaths (one after-pouch formation and one after-stoma closure). Morbidity occurred in 52 patients, including three patients with pouch leaks and three pouch-anal anastomosis leaks (6% leak rate), 27% with a small bowel obstruction (2% early, 20% late, 5% both), a 19% anal stricture rate, and a 9% pouchitis rate. Three pouches have been removed (all for Crohn's disease). Median number of bowel movements per day was six, with 85% of patients reporting a good quality of life. Patients following a double-stapled procedure have less anal seepage and improved continence over those with a hand-sewn ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. CONCLUSIONS: Despite high morbidity rates, pelvic pouch formation provides satisfactory long-term results for patients requiring total proctocolectomy, with functional results and morbidity rates comparable to larger overseas series.     

Should ileal pouch–anal anastomosis include mucosectomy?

OBJECTIVE: Debate exists as to the benefits of performing mucosectomy as part of pouch surgery for ulcerative colitis (UC) and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Whilst mucosectomy results in a more complete removal of diseased mucosa, this benefit may be at the price of poorer function. We examined these issues. METHOD: Using Medline, Embase, Ovid and Cochrane database searches papers were identified relating to the outcome following pouch surgery with and without mucosectomy. Potential reasons for functional problems were investigated, as were rates of 'cuffitis', dysplasia, polyposis and cancer in the ileal pouch and anal canal. RESULTS: The available evidence suggests that performing a mucosectomy leads to a worse functional outcome. Meta-analysis suggested that nighttime seepage of stool and resting and squeeze pressure were worse after mucosectomy. The most likely reason for functional impairment following pouch surgery was the degree of anal manipulation. Mucosectomy does seem to confer benefit in terms of disease control but this benefit does not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Stapled anastomosis avoiding mucosectomy is the approach of choice for ileal pouch anal anastomosis because this leads to superior functional outcome. Performing mucosectomy results in some clinical benefits in terms of lower rates of inflammation and dysplasia in the retained mucosa in UC patients and lower rates of cuff polyposis in FAP patients. However, on the basis of available evidence mucosectomy is only indicated in those cases where the patient is at a high risk of disease in the retained rectal cuff.     

Completion Mucosectomy for Retained Rectal Mucosa Following Restorative Proctocolectomy with Double-Stapled Ileal Pouch–Anal Anastomosis

Introduction  

Colectomy with ileal pouch–anal anastomosis has become widely accepted and is now considered the procedure of choice for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) as well as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).     

腹腔镜全结直肠切除并拖出式直肠黏膜剥离术治疗FAP及UC

目的探讨腹腔镜全结直肠切除并拖出式直肠黏膜剥离术治疗家族性腺瘤性息肉病(FAP)及溃疡性结肠炎(UC)的可行性及安全性。方法自2007年12月至2009年9月,应用腹腔镜全结直肠切除治疗FAP9例及UC4例,除2例因直肠癌变行回肠造口外,其余11例均在腹腔镜下游离全结直肠后,将直肠外翻拖出后行直肠黏膜剥离,再将回肠J型储袋与齿线行手工吻合。结果 13例手术均在腹腔镜辅助下成功完成,平均手术时间(248.8±27.8)min,平均出血量(61.0±27.7)ml,辅助切口平均长度(3.8±1.0)cm,术后2~3d排气。所有患者术后恢复顺利,无严重并发症。所有患者随访超过4个月,肛门功能恢复较满意。结论腹腔镜辅助全结直肠切除、拖出式直肠黏膜剥离并回肠储袋肛管吻合术是可行、安全及微创的,在保证对疾病治疗彻底性的同时,能取得较满意的近期效果。     

Pouch reconstruction in the pelvis

ILEAL POUCH RECONSTRUCTION: Proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the procedure of choice in mucosal ulcerative colitis (MUC) and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Because the disease is cured by surgical resection, functional results, pouch survival prognosis, and disease or dysplasia control are the major determinants of success. There is controversy as to whether the IPAA should be handsewn with mucosectomy or stapled, preserving the mucosa of the anal transitional zone. Crohn's disease is a contraindication for IPAA, but long-term outcome after IPAA is similar to that for MUC in patients with indeterminate colitis who do not develop Crohn's disease. As development of dysplasia and cancer in the ileal pouch have been reported, a standardized surveillance program is mandatory in cases of MUC, FAP, and chronic pouchitis. COLONIC POUCH RECONSTRUCTION: Construction of a colonic pouch is a widely accepted technique to improve functional outcome after low or intersphincteric resection for rectal cancer. Several randomized studies comparing colo-pouch-anal anastomosis (CPA) with straight coloanal anastomosis (CAA) have found the pouch functionally superior. Most controlled studies cover only 1-year follow-up, but randomized studies with 2-year follow-up show similar functional results of CPA and CAA. Evacuation difficulty as initially observed was related to pouch size, and the results with smaller pouches (5-6 cm) are more favorable, showing adequate reservoir function without compromising neorectal evacuation. The transverse coloplasty pouch may offer several advantages to J-pouch reconstruction. Current series question whether the neorectal reservoir is the physiological key of the pouch, but rather the decreased motility. The major advantage reported with colonic pouch reconstruction is the lower incidence of anastomotic complications.     

Restorative proctocolectomy

Restorative proctocolectomy is considered the procedure of choice in the surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis coli. It is considered a therapeutically option that can cure both diseases avoiding permanent ileostomy and having good functional results. The operative procedure consists of total rectocolectomy excepting the anus, preserving the sphincter but with rectal mucosectomy. Digestive continuity is established by an ileal pouch and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Despite the high morbidity rate, functional results after restorative proctocolectomy seems to be better after one year after closure of the diverting ileostomy.     

Laparoscopic proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis

In recent years laparoscopic proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis has been used as an alternative to conventional open techniques. However, many published series on proctectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis are based on open experience. This paper presents our experience of laparoscopic proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis to 23 patients with ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis. In operations only sample exteriorization and pouch formation were performed using a small left flank incision of about 4 cm, all other steps were performed entirely laparoscopically. None of the laparoscopic procedures required conversion to an open operation, and there were no intraoperative complications. The median operative time was 315 minutes (240 to 460 min), the average blood loss was 130 mL (70 to 270 mL). Postoperative pain was minimal and no patients required analgesic drugs. Bowel function returned in a median of 2 days (1 to 3 d). Postoperative complications were encountered in 5 patients 22%). No patient required surgical reintervention. The median hospital stay was 9 days (7 to 16 d). In conclusion, laparoscopic proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is technically feasible and safe. The technique described in this study provides some potential advantages such as improved cosmetic result and less blood loss. It can be used in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis and ulcerative colitis.     

Techniques d’anastomoses iléoanales avec réservoir

Complete proctocolectomy with ileoanal pouch anastomosis is the gold standard for the treatment of familial adenomatous polyposis and ulcerative colitis. In Crohn’s disease, this technique may be considered for selected patients free of anal or small bowel lesions. The two main techniques used for ileoanal anastomosis are the manual anastomosis following mucosectomy (Parks’ procedure, the reference technique), and the stapled anastomosis, the most used procedure worldwide. A third technique exists also, consisting in rectal eversion with section on the dentate line (Hautefeuille procedure); this technique avoid conservation of the anal transitional zone in stapled ileoanal anastomosis, and the risk of incomplete mucosectomy associate with Parks’ procedure. Finally, it is possible today to perform this intervention by laparoscopic approach, provided the operating team has the required training.     

Lengthening of small bowel mesentery: stepladder incision technique

The surgical option of choice in most patients with mucosal ulcerative colitis or familial adenomatous polyposis is restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch anal anastomosis. The tension-free anastomosis is one of the most critical steps but may be technically difficult or impossible in some patients because of shortened small bowel mesentery. Various techniques have been described to increase the length of small bowel mesentery. These techniques usually involve selective division of mesenteric blood vessels and meticulous dissection. We describe a new technique of stepladder transverse, transmesenteric incisions in the avascular windows of small bowel mesentery. This provides additional small bowel length without compromising blood supply to the pouch and a simple and safe method of increasing the length of small bowel mesentery. To date, no complications have been reported using this technique.     

Gastric pouch interposition between ileum and anus after total proctocolectomy

After a total proctocolectomy for familial adenomatous polyposis or for ulcerative colitis, an ileal pouch–anal anastomosis is not possible in some circumstances. In case of Crohn's disease (CD), an ileal pouch-anal-anastomosis is contraindicated by most authors. We have devised a means to avoid a permanent ileostomy in these situations. It consists of transposing between ileum and anus the left half of the vertical part of the stomach, in the shape of a pouch vascularized through the right gastroepiploic pedicle. This plasty was performed on a 35-year-old female after a proctocolectomy for CD. There was no post-operative complication. The functional results remained satisfactory after 9 months: two to five stools per 24 h, no urgency, occasional seepage during night. The main disadvantage was the necessity of high dose proton pump inhibitor therapy to prevent anal burning sensation.     

Dysplasia in the ileoanal pouch

Formation of an ileo‐anal pouch is an accepted technique following colectomy in the surgical management of ulcerative colitis (UC) and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). The configuration of pouches and anastomotic techniques has varied over the last two decades. The increased use of stapling devices in formation of the pouch‐anal anastomosis avoids the need for endoanal mucosal stripping and may contribute to improved functional results, but leaves a ‘columnar cuff’ of residual rectal mucosa in situ. Concerns regarding the long‐term safety of the ileo‐anal pouch have been raised by reports of the occurrence of dysplasia in the pouch mucosa and 15 cases of adenocarcinoma. In UC, persistence of underlying disease in the residual rectal mucosa, anal transition zone and columnar cuff provides the site for development of dysplasia and malignancy. Pouchitis is unlikely to be a major cause of dysplasia or malignancy, as long‐term follow‐up of patients with Koch pouches has demonstrated. In FAP, any persistent rectal mucosa and mucosa of the small intestine is at risk of adenomatous dysplasia due to the genetic alterations causing the disease. Long‐term surveillance should focus on all FAP pouch patients, and in UC patients should be directed towards the diagnosis of residual rectal mucosa in the area distal to the pouch anastomosis. Specialist histopathological opinion is essential in the diagnosis of dysplasia in the ileo‐anal pouch.     

Clinical Outcomes After Restorative Proctocolectomy With Ileal Pouch Anal Anastomosis Using Ultrasonically Activated Scalpel for Ulcerative Colitis

We compared 3 different initial operative procedures performed in patients with ulcerative colitis who underwent an ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) procedure with a Harmonic Scalpel (HS). We selected 775 patients who underwent a restorative proctocolectomy with a mucosectomy using an HS and hand-sewn IPAA. Ninety-six patients underwent a total colectomy (3-stage procedure) as the initial operation, whereas 258 underwent IPAA without ileostomy (1-stage procedure) and 421 underwent IPAA with ileostomy (2-stage procedure). There were no significant differences regarding early pouch functional rate among the 3 groups. After 5 years with a functioning ileal pouch, the survival rates for the total colectomy, IPAA with ileostomy, and IPAA without ileostomy groups were 100%, 99.3%, and 99.0%, respectively. There was low operative mortality, and acceptable rates of early and late complications in patients with ulcerative colitis who underwent a restorative proctocolectomy and IPAA using an HS.     

Ileoanal anastomosis with reservoirs: complications and long-term results.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the rate of complications of ileoanal pouch anastomosis, their treatment and their influence on a successful outcome. DESIGN: A computerized database and chart review. SETTING: Three academic tertiary care health centres. PATIENTS: All 239 patients admitted for surgery between 1981 and 1994 with a diagnosis of ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatosis coli. INTERVENTIONS: Sphincter-saving total proctocolectomy and construction of either S-type of J-type ileoanal reservoir. OUTCOME MEASURES: Indications, early and late complications, incidence of pouch excision. RESULTS: Of the 239 patients, 228 (95.4%) were operated on for ulcerative colitis and 11 (4.6%) for familial polyposis coli. One patient in each group was found to have a carcinoma not previously diagnosed. Twenty-eight patients had poor results: in 17 (7.1%) the ileostomy was never closed or was re-established because of pelvic sepsis or complex fistulas, sclerosing cholangitis or severe diarrhea; 11 (4.6%) patients required excision of the pouch because of anal stenosis, perirectal abscess-fistula or rectovaginal fistula. Three patients died--of suicide, and complications of liver transplantation and HIV infection. Thus, 208 patients maintained a functioning pouch. The early complication rate (within 30 days of operation) was 57.7% (138 patients) and the late complication rate was 52.3% (125 patients). Pouchitis alone did not lead to failure or pouch excision. Emptying difficulties in 25 patients with anal stenosis were helped in 2 by resorting to intermittent catheterization. Patients with indeterminate colitis had a higher rate of anorectal septic complications, and all patients having Crohn's disease after pouch construction had complicated courses. CONCLUSIONS: The complication rate associated with ileoanal pouch anastomosis continues to be relatively high despite increasing experience with this technique. Overall, however, a satisfactory outcome was obtained in 87% of patients.     

Stricture and pouchitis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis

Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is a surgical procedure used for the treatment of people with chronic ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis. The surgery is intended to preserve anal sphincter function, but it carries a risk for certain complications, including pouchitis and anastomotic stricture. The purpose of this article is to review the clinical manifestations, causes, and treatment of anastomotic stricture and pouchitis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.