后腹腔镜及手助腹腔镜肾上腺切除术治疗肾上腺肿瘤(附21例报告)

目的 :探讨腹腔镜微创手术治疗肾上腺肿瘤的适应证及手术方法。方法 :对 18例直径小于 6cm的肾上腺肿瘤患者行后腹腔镜肾上腺切除术 (后腹腔镜组 ) ;对 3例最大直径为 10～ 17cm的肾上腺肿瘤患者行手助腹腔镜肾上腺切除术 (手助腹腔镜组 ) ,并观察手术时间、术中出血量、胃肠功能恢复时间和住院时间。结果 :2 1例患者中 ,2 0例成功。其中后腹腔镜组手术时间 2 5～ 135min ,平均 (82 .8± 31.1)min ,术中出血量 6 5～ 16 0ml,平均 (113.4± 31.8)ml,均未输血。手助腹腔镜组手术时间 180～ 2 10min ,术中出血量 80～ 6 0 0ml。两组患者均于术后 2天排气 ,1～ 3天下床活动 ,术后住院 3～ 7天。结论 :与开放手术相比 ,后腹腔镜肾上腺手术具有创伤小、出血少、恢复快等优点 ;手助腹腔镜为巨大肾上腺肿瘤切除提供了微创手术的新方式。     

腹腔镜下切除肾上腺节细胞神经瘤

目的:探讨经腹腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺节细胞神经瘤的适应症和可行性.方法:肾上腺节细胞神经瘤9例,男5例,女4例,平均年龄42(14～52)岁,左侧6例,右侧3例.行B超,CT,MRI检查提示肾上腺占住,其中肾上腺节细胞神经瘸6例.9例均行经腹腹腔镜下肾上腺肿瘤切除术.结果:术中除1例出现血压波动(升高至178/118mmHg),降压处理后恢复正常.术中无大血管及邻近脏器损伤,9例手术均顺利完成.手术时间75(50～110)min,估计出血量20(10～25)ml.术后1～3d排气,2～3d拔引流管,平均7d出院,均无明显外科并发症.肿瘤大小2.5cm×2.5cm×2.0cm～6.0cm× 6.5cm× 6.5cm,病理诊断均为肾上腺节细胞神经瘤.术后随访0.5～5年,复童彩超和CT均未见肿瘤复发及恶性变.结论:腹腔镜手术切除肾上臃节细胞神经瘤安全可靠,创伤小、恢复快,为治疗本病的理想方法.     

肾上腺节细胞神经瘤的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨肾上腺节细胞神经瘤的诊断与治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析本院1998年8月～2011年4月肾上腺节细胞神经瘤25例的临床资料,包括临床表现、体征、辅助检查、病理特征、诊断及鉴别诊断、治疗及预后.结果 本组患者男10例,女15例,年龄3～ 63岁,平均(33.5 ±15.3)岁.肿瘤直径1.5 ～10.2cm,平均(6.2±1.6)cm.临床表现腰背部疼痛3例(12.0％),头晕、头痛、胸闷、心悸5例(20.0％),高血压7例(28.0％).左侧5例,右侧20例.开放手术16例,腹腔镜手术9例.24例术后病理均诊断为肾上腺节细胞神经瘤,其中1例术后病理诊断肾上腺节细胞神经瘤合并嗜铬细胞瘤.随访1～14年,平均(7.2±1.3)年,1例失访,均未见肿瘤复发.结论 肾上腺节细胞神经瘤多无特异性临床表现.诊断主要依据影像学检查及术后病理,手术切除预后良好.     

腹膜后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术35例报告

目的:总结腹膜后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺肿瘤的临床经验。方法:回顾分析2003年5月至2008年12月我院行腹膜后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺肿瘤35例患者的临床资料。结果:33例腹腔镜手术成功,2例术中探查为胃肠道肿瘤,中转开放手术。手术时间40~275min,平均(136.2±62.3)min。术中出血20~200ml,平均(91.0±48.2)ml。术后住院5~7d,平均(6.2±0.8)d。发生腹膜损伤2例,瘤体破裂出血1例,Trocar穿刺口脂肪液化3例。结论:用腹腔镜行肾上腺肿瘤切除术具有患者创伤小、术中出血少、术后康复快等优点,但需根据肿瘤大小和病理类型严格掌握,同时应重视局部解剖关系。     

后腹腔镜手术治疗嗜铬细胞瘤

目的探讨后腹腔镜手术治疗嗜铬细胞瘤的适应证及手术安全性. 方法采用后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤患者15例(双侧2例),腹主动脉旁嗜铬细胞瘤1例.对照组为开放手术治疗的肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤16例,腹主动脉旁嗜铬细胞瘤1例.结果后腹腔镜手术组16例患者行后腹腔镜手术18例次,17例次取得成功,1例因术中出血改行开放手术.肿瘤最大径2.0～6.5(3.8±1.6)cm.手术时间45～150(85±31)min,出血量10～100(32±22)ml.术后吗啡用量0～40(12.5±7.8)mg;术后恢复进食时间1～3(1.8±0.7)d;下床活动时间2～3(2.3±0.5)d;术后住院时间4～9(6.5±1.3)d.开放手术组肿瘤最大径1.5～6.0(4.3±1.3)cm.手术时间90～240(155±39)min,出血量50～600(273±105)ml,9例输血.术后吗啡用量10～120(61±24)mg;术后恢复进食时间2～4(2.9±0.5)d;术后下床活动时间3～6(4.8±0.7)d;术后住院时间8～11(8.8±0.9)d.结论对于有一定腹腔镜手术经验者,后腹腔镜手术并不增加嗜铬细胞瘤手术的危险性,且具有手术时间短、出血少、创伤小、疼痛轻、康复快等优点.该法有望成为治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的首选手术方法.     

肾上腺节细胞神经瘤的诊治(附7例报告)

目的探讨肾上腺节细胞神经瘤的诊治。方法依据B超、CT及MRI等影像学检查结果对7例肾上腺节细胞神经瘤患者进行诊断,开放手术或腹腔镜手术切除肿瘤。结果手术顺利,仅1例术中血压波动。术后病理报告肾上腺节细胞神经瘤。术后血压正常,恢复良好,随访6个月～5年,未见复发。结论肾上腺节细胞神经瘤多无特异性临床表现,诊断主要依靠影像学检查,手术切除预后良好。     

肾上腺节细胞神经瘤的临床病理学分析

目的 探讨肾上腺节细胞神经瘤的临床及病理学特点。方法 收集经手术病理证实的13例肾上腺节细胞神经瘤患者临床资料进行分析。患者男5例，女8例。平均年龄38岁。肿瘤位于左侧7例，右侧5例，双侧1例。体检时B超偶然发现6例，上腹部不适或间歇性腹痛6例，高血压表现1例。血液生化检查未见特殊异常。影像学检查提示肾上腺实性占位。肿瘤最大直径平均6．7cm。结果 行开放手术治疗12例，腹腔镜手术治疗1例。13例手术顺利，无并发症发生。病理表现：肿瘤主要由成熟的神经轴突、神经束和纤维组织构成，其间散在成熟的节细胞、Schwann细胞。其中3例肿瘤部分区域细胞分化不成熟，有异形性。肿瘤伴囊性变2例，伴钙化1例。随访时间4～116个月，平均43个月，未见肿瘤局部复发和远处转移。结论 肾上腺节细胞神经瘤是少见的良性肿瘤，具有独特的病理特点，手术治疗效果良好。     

后腹腔镜手术切除巨大肾上腺肿瘤

目的:探讨后腹腔镜手术切除巨大(直径≥6 cm)肾上腺肿瘤的可行性.方法:对15例巨大肾上腺肿瘤患者进行后腹腔镜切除手术,左侧9例,右侧6例,肿瘤大小6 cm×4 cm×3 cm～11 cm×9 cm×9 cm,平均7.3 cm×6.2 cm×4.8 cm.结果:11例成功行后腹腔镜手术切除,中转开放手术4例.术后2～3 d拔除伤口引流管,3～5 d下床活动,恢复顺利,无并发症.术后1～5年患者随访未发现异常.病理报告肾上腺囊肿3例,嗜铬细胞瘤3例,神经节瘤4例,皮质癌2例,神经鞘瘤1例,髓性脂肪瘤1例,肾上腺血肿1例.结论:巨大肾上腺肿瘤可以行后腹腔镜手术切除,但应在具有熟练的腹腔镜操作技术的条件下逐步开展.     

肾上腺节细胞神经瘤的临床诊治特点（附20例报告）

目的 总结肾上腺节细胞神经瘤的临床诊治特点.方法 对20例肾上腺节细胞神经瘤患者分别行后腹腔镜下肿瘤摘除术（18例）及行开放手术（2例）.结果 切除肿瘤大小3.6cm×2.7cm×1.8cm～9.2cm×5.5cm×4.2cm.所有患者术中血压均无明显波动,术后无并发症发生,恢复较好.其中12例随访1～36个月肿瘤无复发和转移,8例失访.结论 肾上腺节细胞神经瘤是一种较少见的良性肿瘤,确诊主要依靠病理学检查,主要治疗方法为外科手术,包括腹腔镜或开放手术,一般预后较好.     

后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺疾病(附52例报告)

目的　探讨后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺疾病的适应证及手术方法。　方法　采用后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺疾病 5 2例 5 4侧 ,其中原发性醛固酮增多症 37例 38侧 (腺瘤 34例、结节样增生 3例 4侧 ) ;皮质醇增多症 6例 (腺瘤 5例、增生 1例 ) ;嗜铬细胞瘤 3例 4侧 ;无功能腺瘤 4例 ;髓样脂肪瘤 1例 ;肾上腺转移癌 1例。　结果　 5 2例 5 4例次手术中 5 1例次成功 ,3例次因术中出血或粘连改行开放手术。手术时间 40～ 2 70min ,平均 135min。术中出血 5～ 15 0ml,平均 45ml,均未输血。镇痛剂用量 0～ 5 0mg ,平均 8.5mg ,其中 17例未用镇痛剂。患者术后 1～ 2d排气后恢复进食并可在床上坐起活动 ,1～ 3d可下床活动。术后住院时间 3～ 14d ,平均 6d。　结论　与开放手术相比 ,后腹腔镜手术具有创伤小、疼痛轻、康复快等优点 ,可望成为肾上腺良性疾病首选手术方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.