Internal fixation of proximal humerus fractures using the T2-proximal humeral nail

Introduction

Surgical management of proximal humerus fractures remains controversial and there is an increasing interest in intramedullary nailing. Created to improve previous designs, the T2-proximal humeral nail (PHN) (Stryker^®) has been recently released, and the English literature lacks a series evaluating its results. We present a clinical prospective study evaluating this implant for proximal humeral fractures.

Method

We evaluated the functional and radiological results and possible complications. Twenty-nine patients with displaced fractures of the proximal humerus were treated with this nail. One patient was lost right after surgery and excluded from the assessment. Eighteen patients were older than 70 years.

Results

There were 21 fractures of the proximal part of the humerus and 7 fractures that also involved the shaft; 15 of the fractures were two-part fractures (surgical neck), 5 were three-part fractures, and 1 was a four-part fracture. All fractures healed in a mean period of 2.7 months. There was one delayed union that healed in 4 months. One case of avascular necrosis of the humeral head was observed (a four-part fracture), but remained asymptomatic and did not require further treatment. In one case a back-out of one proximal screw was observed. A final evaluation with a minimum 1 year follow-up was performed by an independent observer; in 18 patients, the mean Constant score was 65.7 or 76.1% with the adjustment of age and gender; in 19 patients, the mean Oxford Shoulder Score was 21.7. The results obtained with the T2-PHN nail indicate that it represents a safe and reliable method in the treatment of two- and three-part fractures of the proximal humerus. The proximal fixation mechanism diminishes the rate of back-out of the screws, a frequent complication described in the literature. Better functional results were obtained from the patients younger than 70 years, but these were not statistically significant.

     

Implant cement spacer-a cost-effective solution for reconstruction of proximal humerus defects after tumor resection

The proximal humerus is a common location for both primary benign and malignant bone tumors and may require sacrificing deltoid muscles, axillary nerve and/or rotator cuff along with proximal humerus resection. Thus, post operatively shoulder movements are restricted. The main goals of reconstruction are to maintain a stable shoulder so that the function of elbow and hand can be optimized. Various reconstruction options are available after proximal humerus resection. We present our experience in using implant-cement spacers as a primary reconstruction option for limb salvage in the primary tumors of proximal humerus. All cases were retrieved from our prospectively maintained surgical database. 142 patients (96 males and 46 females) with a median age of 17.5 years (3–70 years) were operated with implant cement spacer between January 2006 and April 2019. Median follow up was 34 months (1–174 months). Functional outcome of the surgery was assessed in survivors by Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score (MSTS). Implant survival was assessed by Kaplan Meier analysis and competing risk analysis. On last follow up, out of 142 cases, 81 patients had died, 54 are alive and seven were lost to follow up. 18(13%) patients underwent revision surgery for symptomatic proximal migration, implant failure or infection. Four (2.8%) patients underwent forequarter amputation for local recurrence. The five years implant survival (IS) by Kaplan Meier analysis was 79.6% and as per competing risk analysis, the chances of implant revision are 12% and 18% at five and ten years respectively. Mean MSTS score in survivors was 71% (60–80%). Implant cement spacer is a cost-effective alternative for reconstruction of proximal humerus with revision rates and function comparable to other reconstructions in cases where deltoid, axillary nerve and/or rotator cuff are excised.     

应用肱骨近端锁定型髓内针治疗肱骨近端骨折的临床疗效分析

目的探讨应用肱骨近端髓内针治疗肱骨近端两部分外科颈骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析22例应用锁定型肱骨近端髓内针治疗两部分外科颈新鲜骨折患者的临床资料,患者平均年龄57岁。最终随访时拍摄肩关节X线片以评价愈合情况,并应用可视模拟评分法（VAS）评分,美国肩肘外科医师评分（ASES）,Constant-Murley评分,UCLA评分以及简易肩关节测验（SST）问卷评估。结果所有患者均获随访,平均随访时间为13个月,22例患者骨折均在术后8周内初步愈合。随访过程中未出现感染、肱骨头坏死以及任何与内固定物有关的并发症。术后患肢主动前屈上举平均为147．8°,主动体侧外旋平均为45．5°,主动内旋平均达T10水平。术后患者疼痛VAS评分平均为1．5。平均ASES评分为81．2,Constant-Murley评分为85．4,UCLA评分为29．9,SST评分为9．5。18例患者的肩关节功能评估为优或良,4例患者肩关节功能评估为差。结论闭合复位、锁定型肱骨近端髓内针固定术是治疗肱骨近端两部分外科颈骨折的一种有效的手术方式。     

锁定钢板与常规手术治疗肱骨近端骨折疗效比较

目的 :比较肱骨近端锁定钢板 (LockingProximalHumerusPlate)与常规手术方法治疗肱骨近端骨折疗效。方法 :回顾性分析比较肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折与常规手术方法的疗效与并发症。结果 :锁定钢板治疗组的疗效及并发症发生率明显优于常规手术方法组 ,治疗组的满意率 87.5 %～ 76% ,断钉断板率 <16% ,感染率 <8% ,肩峰撞击 <2 0 % ,四部分骨折肱骨头坏死率 3 3 .3 %～ 60 % ,P <0 .0 5。结论 :治疗肱骨近端骨折方法多样 ,肱骨近端锁定钢板是一种创新、优异的方法。     

22例肱骨上端骨肉瘤手术治疗分析

目的：探讨提高肱骨上端骨肉瘤手术治疗的方法。方法：收集1992年－1999年连续22例肱骨上端骨肉瘤，依据临床表现，X线特点及病人要求，随机分为两组，截肢术组和保肢要组。按照局部复发率，远处转移率（肺转移），二年生存率等评价临床疗效。平均分别随访21个月，12相月（9－33个月）。结果：两组的局部复发率，肺癌转移率，二年生存率；截肢术组分别为25％，33％，58％，保肢术组分别为40％，40％50％。本组结果显示，截肢术组的临床疗效优于保肢术组。结论：肱骨上端骨肉瘤的保肢手术仍需改进提高。加强综合治疗，手术中肿瘤组织切除及灭活彻底与否均系重要的因素。     

Internal fixation of proximal humerus fractures using the Polarus intramedullary nail

INTRODUCTION: It has been stated that proximal humeral fractures are the last unsolved fractures in orthopedics. In this study, we evaluate the results of the Polarus nail, in order to constitute to the controversial problem of the treatment of proximal humerus fractures. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 2003 and 2005, 27 patients with severely displaced proximal humeral fractures were treated with the Polarus intramedullary system. The fractures were classified according to the Neer classification system. There were 16 2-part fractures and 11 3-part fractures. At the 12-months follow up we graded the clinical outcome of the patients according to the Neer scoring system. RESULTS: The duration from time of injury to operation ranged from 1 to 6 days. The mean operative time was 55 min and no need of blood transfusion was recorded. Bony union was obtained in 27 patients. There were no cases of nonunion and the period from operation to the appearance of sufficient bridging callus on radiographs was 5-11 weeks (mean 6 weeks). In one patient, a backed-out proximal screw was recorded. Stiffness of the shoulder was seen in one patient and avascular necrosis of the head of humerus in another. Related to the clinical outcome, six patients had an excellent result, 15 patients had a satisfactory result, four patients had an unsatisfactory result, and two patients had a poor result. The 77.78% of the patients had an excellent or satisfactory clinical outcome. There was significant difference in the functional outcome between patients younger than 65 years (91.55) and those older than 65 years (80.22) (P < 0.05). No significant difference was recorded in the Neer score between the patients with a 2-part fracture and the patients with a 3-part fracture (80.18) (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The Polarus nail is designed to provide stable fixation with a straightforward insertion and targeting procedure. The fact that 77.78% of the patients had an excellent or satisfactory clinical outcome, suggest that Polarus humeral rod system can be a worthy alternative to traditional operative methods for displaced proximal fractures of the humerus.     

Treatment of proximal humeral fractures with a new intramedullary nail

We have developed a new intramedullary nail (All-in-One Nail) that is specifically designed for elastic fixation of a surgical neck fracture of the humerus. This nail has three pins and a plate, and the pins become divergent as the nail is inserted into the marrow cavity through the deltoid tuberosity and then advanced to the humeral head. We reviewed 31 patients with an age range of 58–91 years (mean 75 years) who underwent surgery with this nail for A3.2 (two-part), B2.2 (three-part), or C2.1 (valgus-impacted) fractures of the proximal humerus. Bony union was obtained in 29 patients, and these patients had a Japanese Orthopaedic Association shoulder score of 60–92 (mean 78) in a follow-up examination performed 6–32 months (mean 13 months) postoperatively. The All-in-One Nail system is easy to use, provides an acceptable clinical outcome, and is a treatment option for unimpacted surgical neck fractures and valgus-impacted fractures of the humerus.     

应用肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折

目的观察、评价肱骨近端锁定钢板（LPHP）治疗肱骨近端骨折的疗效。方法通过分析自2008—01—2012—10收治并随访的52例肱骨近端二部分以上骨折。采用有限切开、透视复位、肱骨近端锁定钢板内固定的方法治疗,骨缺损患者采用自体髂骨及人工骨植骨。结果本组获得随访8—25个月（平均15个月）,肱骨近端骨折均得到了愈合,按Neer肩关节功能评分标准：优25例,良18例,可6例,差3例,优良率82．7％。未发生断板、断钉,无肱骨头缺血坏死及肩峰撞击综合征。结论应用肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折,骨缺损者取髂骨、人工骨植骨,根据骨折类型及稳定性等指导功能锻炼,骨折愈合良好、并发症少、关节功能恢复好。     

锁定接骨板治疗肱骨近端复杂骨折

目的探讨肱骨近端锁定接骨板（LPHP）治疗肱骨近端复杂骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾分析本院2003年1月至2005年10月采取LPHP治疗31例肱骨近端复杂骨折。按Neer分型，3部分骨折22例；4部分骨折9例。结果31例经5～13月随访．无1例发生内固定松动、断裂，全部骨折均愈合。肩关节功能按照Constant评分标准，功能优9例，良18例，中4例，优良率87．1％。结论LPHP治疗肱骨近端复杂骨折固定可靠、骨折愈合率高、可行早期功能锻炼，功能恢复好。     

肱骨近端解剖锁定钢板与解剖钢板治疗肱骨Neer三、四部分骨折的疗效比较

【摘要】 目的〓探讨肱骨近端解剖钢板与肱骨近端解剖锁定钢板治疗老年肱骨近端Neer三、四部分骨折的功能及疗效差异。方法〓收集有完整随访资料的151例老年Neer三、四部分骨折患者,按手术方式分为肱骨近端解剖钢板组(A组,65例)和肱骨近端解剖锁定钢板组(B组,86例),在随访过程采用Constant评分及Neer评分评价并比较两组疗效。结果〓B组平均愈合时间显著短于A组(P<0.05)。两组的术后1年和术后2年功能比较:B组Neer评分的疼痛、功能、活动度及总分均显著优于A组(P<0.05);B组Constant评分的疼痛、日常生活活动、主动活动及总分显著优于A组(P<0.05)。结论〓肱骨近端解剖钢板与肱骨近端解剖锁定钢板均可用于老年Neer三、四部分骨折,但解剖锁定钢板愈合更快,功能恢复更好,临床推荐优先使用。     

Surgical treatment of proximal humerus fractures using PHILOS plate

Objective：To evaluate functional outcome and complications of open reduction and internal fixation with proximal humeral internal locking system （PHILOS） plate for proximal humerus fractures.Methods：We reviewed 51 patients who underwent open reduction and internal fixation with PHILOS plate between the years 2007 to 2012.There were 35 men and 16 women with a mean age of 38 years （range 24-68）.There were 41 patients in the age group of ＜60 years and 10 patients in the age group of ＞60 years.According to Neer classification system,8,15 and 23 patients had 2-part,3-part,and 4-part fractures,respectively and 5 patients had 4-part fracture dislocation.All surgeries were carried out at our tertiary care trauma centre.Functional evaluation of the shoulder at final follow-up was done using Constant-Murley score.Results：The mean follow-up period was 30 months （range 12-44 months）.Two patients were lost to followup.Of the remaining 49 patients,all fractures were united clinically and radiologically.The mean time for radiological union was 12 weeks （range 8-20 weeks）.At the final follow-up the mean Constant-Murley score was 79 （range 50-100）.The results were excellent in 25 patients,good in 13 patients,fair in 6 patients and poor in 5 patients.During the follow-up,four cases of varus malunion,one case of subacromial impingement,one case of deep infection,one case of intraarticular screw penetration and one case of failure of fixation were noted.No cases of avascular necrosis,hardware failure,locking screw loosening or nonunion were noted.Conclusion：PHILOS provides stable fixation in proximal humerus fractures.To prevent potential complications like avascular necrosis,meticulous surgical dissection to preserve vascularity of humeral head is necessary.     

(iii) Post-traumatic reconstruction for sequelae of fractures of the proximal humerus

In spite of the development of new techniques and implants, undesirable early and late sequelae may occur after both nonoperative and operative treatment of fractures of the proximal humerus. In this review, we aim to give some clear directions on how to manage these often complex post-traumatic conditions, in an area where there is a little consensus on treatment in the literature.     

Fractures of the proximal humerus in children

Ninety-one children who had been treated for fractures of the proximal humerus (59 metaphyseal fractures; 32 epiphyseal fractures) from 1980 to 1992 at an average age of 10.7 years (range 3 to 14 years) were reviewed. In 82 cases a nonsurgical treatment (Desault bandage in 11 cases, hanging cast in nine cases, closed reduction and shoulder spica cast in 62 cases) was performed. At a mean time of 7.2 months (range 1 to 156 months), 96% of patients showed good/excellent clinical results. In 15 cases, radiographs were reviewed at a mean follow-up of 8 years (range 1 to 23.5 years): just a slight metaphyseal or meta-diaphyseal varus deformity was found in three cases. In nine cases surgery was required. Patients were reviewed by clinical examination at a mean time of 34.8 months (1–150 months), and in six cases radiographs were reviewed at a mean time of 5 years and 5 months (range 1 to 12.5 years) after surgery. In one case, a septic process occurred, that caused a severe deformity of the epiphysis and a noticeable functional deficit. Good/excellent clinical and radiographic results were achieved in the other patients. Conservative treatment of fractures of the proximal humerus in children is recommended. Surgery should be reserved for specific cases.     

Proximal humerus fractures: a comparative biomechanical analysis of intra and extramedullary implants

Introduction The biomechanical stability of a newly developed humerus nail (Sirus™) for the treatment of fractures of the proximal humerus was analyzed in comparison to established systems. In total, three randomized groups were formed (n = 4 pairs) from 12 matched pairs of human cadaver humeri. Materials and methods All intact bones were mechanically characterized by five subsequent load cycles under bending and torsional loading. The bending moment at the osteotomy was 7.5 N m the torsional moment was 8.3 N m over the hole specimen length. Loading was consistently initiated at the distal epiphysis and the deformation at the distal epiphysis was continuously recorded. Prior to implant reinforcement, a defect of 5 mm was created to simulate an unstable subcapital humerus fracture. For paired comparison, one humerus of each pair was stabilized with the Sirus proximal humerus nail while the counterpart was stabilized by a reference implant. In detail, the following groups were created: Sirus versus Proximal humerus nail (PHN) with spiral blade (group I); Sirus versus PHILOS plate (group II); Sirus versus 4.5 mm AO T-plate (group III). Results The Sirus nail demonstrated significantly higher stiffness values compared to the reference implants for both bending and torsional loading. The following distal epiphyseal displacements were recorded for a bending moment of 7.5 N m at the osteotomy: Sirus I: 8.8 mm, II: 8.4 mm, III: 7.7 mm (range 6.9–10.9), PHN 21.1 mm (range 15.7–25.2) (P = 0.005), PHILOS plate 27.5 mm (range 21.6–35.8) (P < 0.001), 4.5 AO T-plate 26.3 mm (range 24.3–33.9) (P = 0.01). The rotations corresponding to 8.3 N m torsional moment were: Sirus I: 9.1°, II: 9.3°, III: 10.6° (range 7.5–12.2), PHN 13.5° (range 10.3–15.6) (P = 0.158), PHILOS plate 15.6° (range 13.7–20.8) (P = 0.007), 4.5 AO T-Platte 14.1° (range 11.5–19.7) (P = 0.158). Conclusion The intramedullary load carriers were biomechanically superior when compared to the plating systems in the fracture model presented here. Supplementary, the Sirus Nail showed higher stiffness values than the PHN. However, the latter are gaining in importance due to the possibility of minimal invasive implantation. Whether this will be associated with functional advantages requires further clinical investigation.     

肱骨近端锁定接骨板治疗肱骨近端骨折

2010年3月～2012年12月,我科采用肱骨近端锁定接骨板(LPHP)治疗17例肱骨近端骨折患者,疗效满意,报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组17例,男13例,女4例,年龄20～72岁。骨折按Neer分型:Ⅱ型5例,Ⅲ型9例,Ⅳ型3例。均采用LPHP切开复位内固定。     

骨水泥加钢板固定治疗老年人肱骨上端骨折

[目的]介绍应用骨水泥髓内充填加钢板固定治疗老年人肱骨近端不稳定性骨折的技术要点，并对骨水泥固定的原理进行分析。[方法]2003年3月-2005年3月，共10例，男4例，女6例，平均78岁。3分骨折6例，4分骨折4例。采用三角肌-胸大肌间沟入路，直视下复位，先以骨水泥作髓腔内充填，再用钢板固定。术后3d开始功能锻炼。术后1、3、6、12个月行X线片检查及肩关节功能评估。[结果]按JOA功能标准，优5例，良4例，可1例，优良率90％。X线片结果：7例骨折解剖复位，3例骨折仍有3—5mm移位，全部钢板螺钉固定可靠，无松动。骨折均获得愈合。[结论]骨水泥髓内充填加钢板固定治疗老年人肱骨近端不稳定性骨折的固定效果可靠，可以进行早期功能锻炼，获得满意的功能恢复。     

Distal upper extremity function following proximal humeral resection and reconstruction for tumors: Contralateral comparison

Background: Most functional analyses after limb salvage operations about the shoulder have focused on proximal function with the assumption that distal function is largely unaffected. This analysis examines distal function objectively. Methods: Objective laboratory data regarding distal upper extremity strength after reconstructive procedures for tumors near the shoulder joint was collected over a 16-year period. Thirty-two patients were able to participate fully in the data collection at an average most recent follow-up duration of >3.5 years. Results: Statistically significant reductions on the involved side compared with the uninvolved side in grip, forearm pronation, forearm supination, elbow flexion, and elbow extension strength were documented (p<0.05). The magnitude of reduction in strength diminishes distally, with the greatest effect in this group of patients being observed in elbow extension, followed by elbow flexion, forearm supination, and forearm pronation. Grip strength consistently showed the least amount of strength reduction compared with the uninvolved side, even within resection and reconstruction groups. Subjective patient rating of dexterity was no less than 3 of 5. Ninety percent of patients rated their dexterity 4 of 5 (52%) or 5 of 5 (38%). Conclusions: Despite the insistence of “normal” function in the distal upper extremity after limb salvage procedures, complete normality is not maintained. However, the degree of maintenance of distal function appears to be high, especially for grip strength and forearm pronation strength, and patient satisfaction is acceptable.     

肱骨近端锁定钢板与传统AO钢板治疗老年肱骨近端骨折的比较

目的比较肱骨近端锁定钢板与传统AO钢板治疗老年肱骨近端骨折的疗效。方法2002年7月-2005年5月间收治37例老年肱骨近端骨折患者,采用肱骨近端锁定钢板(LPPH)治疗18例,年龄65-82岁(平均69岁),Neer分型三部分骨折12例,四部分骨折6例;采用传统AO钢板治疗19例,年龄65-84岁(平均71岁),Neer分型三部分骨折12例,四部分骨折7例。术后肩关节功能评估采用肩关节疼痛和功能障碍指数(SPADI)量表评分,对两组疗效进行比较。结果术后6周、12周、1年随访肩关节功能、骨折愈合及肱骨头坏死情况,发现LPPH治疗组的钢板螺丝钉松动发生率、术后肩关节评分均优于传统AO钢板治疗组。结论LPPH治疗老年骨质疏松患者的肱骨近端骨折相比传统AO钢板有明显的优势。     

肱骨近端骨折内固定术后并发症原因分析及对策

目的 探讨肱骨近端骨折内固定术后并发症的可能原因,并提出相应对策.方法 回顾总结12例肱骨近端骨折内固定术后出现的并发症,分析其原因及所作的相应处理.结果 12例患者均得到随访,9例再次内固定患者术后肩关节功能经美国肩肘外科医师(ASES)评分评价,平均为68.3(36.7～83)分,骨折均愈合.结论 完善术前准备、手术操作及术后功能锻炼指导,可减少肱骨近端骨折内固定术后并发症的发生.     

肱骨近端三维解剖结构的测量分析

目的利用多层螺旋CT容积再现技术测量国人肱骨近端三维解剖结构核心参数,比较性别和侧别的差异,为研制适用于国人解剖结构特点的新一代肱骨近端假体提供参考。方法征集重庆地区正常成年志愿者100例,男59例,女41例;年龄21～57岁,平均40.4岁。经多层螺旋CT扫描双侧肩峰至肱骨滑车末端后,将信息传送到LEONARDO工作站。利用容积再现技术测量前后扭转角(retroversion angle,RA)、股骨头倾斜角(neck-shaft angle,NSA)、向内的偏心距(medial offset,MO)和向后的偏心距(posterior offset,PO)。将测量结果进行左右侧、男女性别间比较,并分析参数间相关性。结果 100例200侧肩关节RA为(19.9±10.6)°,NSA为(134.7±3.8)°,MO为(4.0±1.1)mm,PO为(2.6±1.3)mm。RA及MO左、右侧比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);NSA及PO左、右侧比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。男性双侧肩关节RA及PO均大于女性(P<0.05),NSA及MO均相似(P>0.05)。PO和RA成正相关(r=0.617,P=0.000),MO和NSA无相关性(r=—0.124,P=0.081)。结论 RA及MO存在侧别差异,不能用对侧测量值作为模板;RA和PO存在性别差异。假体设计和肱骨近端重建时,需注意考虑以上因素。