Features and variations of a radial artery approach in southern Chinese populations and their clinical significance in percutaneous coronary intervention

Background More and more percutaneous coronary intervention were done from radial artery approach.But the great limitation of radial artery approach and main failure cause of transradial coronary inter...     

Clinical study of arterial anatomic variations for transradial coronary procedure in Chinese population

Background The radial artery is currently regarded as a useful approach for coronary intervention procedures. Adequate anatomical information of the radial artery should be helpful in performing transradial coronary procedures. Few data about the Chinese population have been obtained in this field. Therefore, we tried to evaluate the incidence and clinical significance of anomalous patterns, and their influence on the intervention procedure. Methods In an estimated sample of 3000 cases, radial artery and subclavical artery angiography were performed after insertion of the sheath and coronary angiography （CA）. The evaluable data including branch anomaly, tortuosity of the radial artery and procedural characteristics were analyzed. The procedure success was defined as CA or percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI） completed with the initial radial artery approach without changing to other routes. Results In this study, 1897 cases of CA was undertaken and 1103 cases of CA combined with PCI were performed. The success rate of transradial intervention （TRI） was 96.6% （2899/3000）. The approach in 44 cases was changed to the contralateral radial artery and 57 cases were changed to the brachial artery or femoral artery due to failure with the initial radial artery approach. The angiography of the upper limb artery was performed in all cases. Anatomic variations of upper limb arteries were noted in 610 patients （20.3%）, which included tortuous configurations of the radial artery （5.0%）, hypoplasias （2.2%）, radioulnar loop （1.1%）, abnormal origin of the radial artery （7.7%）, stenosis of radial artery （1.4%）, a tortuous configuration of the brachial artery （0.9%）, a tortuous configurations of the subclavian artery （1.9%）, lusoria subclavian artery （0.1%）, and subclavian artery occlusion （0.03%）. The procedural success rate in the normal population was higher than in the variation group （97.6% vs 93.0%, P 〈0.001）. In addition, other procedural outcomes and incidence of complications except radial artery occlusion were also significantly superior to variation group. Conclusions Anatomic variations of the radial artery were common, making up an important limitation in the trans- radial approach. Selection of appropriate instruments and understanding some tips and tricks were helpful to overcome the obstacles and effectively reduce the learning curve.     

经桡动脉与经股动脉入径冠心病介入治疗的对比观察(英文)

目的评价经桡动脉冠心病介入治疗的可行性,安全性及治疗效果。方法91例冠心病患者经桡动脉穿刺冠状动脉成形术(TRCA)组51例;经股动脉穿刺冠状动脉成形术(TFCA)组40例。观察两组手术在成功率、并发症等。结果两组插管成功率分别为94.1%与90%,两组冠状动脉成形术成功率分别为95.8%与97.2%,两组间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。但出血并发症TRCA组为1例(1.96%),而TFCA组为4例(10%),两组间差异有显著性(P>0.01)。结论实施PCI术的两种途径都是安全、有效和可行的方法,与经股动脉比较,经桡动脉途径可减少并发症的发生。     

Safety and efficacy of transulnar approach for coronary angiography and intervention

Background Transradial approach, which is now widely used in coronary angiography and intervention, may be advantageous with respect to the femoral access due to the lower incidence of vascular complications. Transulnar approach has been proposed for elective procedures in patients not suitable for transradial approach. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the transulnar approach versus the transradial approach for coronary angiography and intervention. Methods Two hundred and forty patients undergoing coronary angiography, followed or not by intervention, were randomized to transulnar （TUA） or transradial approach （TRA）. Doppler ultrasound assessments of the forearm vessels were scheduled for all patients before procedures, 1 day and 30 days after procedures. The primary end point was access site vascular complications during hospitalization and 30 days follow-up. Major adverse cardiac events （MACE） as secondary end point was recorded till 30 days follow-up. Results Successful puncture was achieved in 98.3% （118/120） of patients in the TUA group, and in 100% （120/120） of patients in the TRA group. Coronary angiographies were performed in 40 and 39 patients in TUA and TRA group. Intervention procedures were performed in 78 and 83 patients in TUA and TRA group, respectively. The incidence of artery stenosis 1 day and 30 days after procedures was 11.0% vs.12.3% and 5.1% vs. 6.6% in TUA and TRA group, respectively. Asymptomatic access site artery occlusion occurred in 5.1% vs.1.7% of patients 1 day and 30 days after transulnar angioplasty, and in 6.6% vs. 4.9% of patients 1 day and 30 days after transradial angioplasty. Minor bleeding was still observed at the moment of the ultrasound assessment in 5.9% and 5.7% of patients in TUA and TRA group, respectively （P=0.949）. No big forearm hematoma, and A-V fistula were observed in both groups. Freedom from MACE at 30 days follow-up was observed in all patients. Conclusions The transulnar approach is as safe and effective as the transradial approach for coronary angiography and intervention. It is an attractive opinion for experienced operators who are skilled in this technique, particularly in cases of anatomic variations of the radial artery, radial artery small-caliber or thin radial pulse.     

Safety and efficacy of transulnar approach for coronary angiography and intervention

Background Transradial approach, which is now widely used in coronary angiography and intervention, may be advantageous with respect to the femoral access due to the lower incidence of vascular complications. Transulnar approach has been proposed for elective procedures in patients not suitable for transradial approach. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the transulnar approach versus the transradial approach for coronary angiography and intervention.Methods Two hundred and forty patients undergoing coronary angiography, followed or not by intervention, were randomized to transulnar (TUA) or transradial approach (TRA). Doppler ultrasound assessments of the forearm vessels were scheduled for all patients before procedures, 1 day and 30 days after procedures. The primary end point was access site vascular complications during hospitalization and 30 days follow-up. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) as secondary end point was recorded till 30 days follow-up.Results Successful puncture was achieved in 98.3% (118/120) of patients in the TUA group, and in 100% (120/120) of patients in the TRA group. Coronary angiographies were performed in 40 and 39 patients in TUA and TRA group. Intervention procedures were performed in 78 and 83 patients in TUA and TRA group, respectively. The incidence of artery stenosis 1 day and 30 days after procedures was 11.0% vs. 12.3% and 5.1% vs. 6.6% in TUA and TRA group, respectively. Asymptomatic access site artery occlusion occurred in 5.1% vs.1.7% of patients 1 day and 30 days after transulnar angioplasty, and in 6.6% vs. 4.9% of patients 1 day and 30 days after transradial angioplasty. Minor bleeding was still observed at the moment of the ultrasound assessment in 5.9% and 5.7% of patients in TUA and TRA group, respectively (P=0.949). No big forearm hematoma, and A-V fistula were observed in both groups. Freedom from MACE at 30 days follow-up was observed in all patients.Conclusions The transulnar approach is as safe and effective as the transradial approach for coronary angiography and intervention. It is an attractive opinion for experienced operators who are skilled in this technique, particularly in cases of anatomic variations of the radial artery, radial artery small-caliber or thin radial pulse.     

Safety and efficacy of transulnar approach for coronary angiography and intervention

Background Transradial approach, which is now widely used in coronary angiography and intervention, may be advantageous with respect to the femoral access due to the lower incidence of vascular complications. Transulnar approach has been proposed for elective procedures in patients not suitable for transradial approach. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the transulnar approach versus the transradial approach for coronary angiography and intervention.Methods Two hundred and forty patients undergoing coronary angiography, followed or not by intervention, were randomized to transulnar (TUA) or transradial approach (TRA). Doppler ultrasound assessments of the forearm vessels were scheduled for all patients before procedures, 1 day and 30 days after procedures. The primary end point was access site vascular complications during hospitalization and 30 days follow-up. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) as secondary end point was recorded till 30 days follow-up.Results Successful puncture was achieved in 98.3% (118/120) of patients in the TUA group, and in 100% (120/120) of patients in the TRA group. Coronary angiographies were performed in 40 and 39 patients in TUA and TRA group. Intervention procedures were performed in 78 and 83 patients in TUA and TRA group, respectively. The incidence of artery stenosis 1 day and 30 days after procedures was 11.0% vs. 12.3% and 5.1% vs. 6.6% in TUA and TRA group, respectively. Asymptomatic access site artery occlusion occurred in 5.1% vs.1.7% of patients 1 day and 30 days after transulnar angioplasty, and in 6.6% vs. 4.9% of patients 1 day and 30 days after transradial angioplasty. Minor bleeding was still observed at the moment of the ultrasound assessment in 5.9% and 5.7% of patients in TUA and TRA group, respectively (P=0.949). No big forearm hematoma, and A-V fistula were observed in both groups. Freedom from MACE at 30 days follow-up was observed in all patients.Conclusions The transulnar approach is as safe and effective as the transradial approach for coronary angiography and intervention. It is an attractive opinion for experienced operators who are skilled in this technique, particularly in cases of anatomic variations of the radial artery, radial artery small-caliber or thin radial pulse.     

经皮穿刺桡动脉冠状动脉造影155例分析

目的：探讨经桡动脉冠状动脉造影的可靠性及评价及效果。方法：收集我院自2001年12月1日至2002年11月5日间经桡动脉冠脉造影患共155例，术前常规行改良Allen试验，阳性遂穿刺右（或左）桡动脉，依个人习惯使用5F Medtronic BRACHIAL4.0桡动脉造影导管或5F CordiaMPA-2造影导管。结果：手术成功率为96.8%，5例失败，失败原因：2例因血管严重痉挛而无法操纵导管，3例右锁骨下动脉严重扭曲致导管无法到达升主动脉。2例术后发生桡动脉闭塞。无出血、夹层、血肿等血管并发症发生。结论：经桡动脉入路冠状动脉造影成功率高，血管并发症少，患痛苦少，易于接受，具有推广价值。     

Safety and feasibility of transradial approach for primary percutaneous coronary intervention in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction

Background Transradial coronary intervention has been widely used because of its effects in lowering the incidence of complications in vascular access site and improving patient satisfaction compared to the femoral approach. This study aimed to investigate the safety and feasibility of transradial approach for primary percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI） in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction （AMI）. Methods A total of 103 consecutive elderly patients Cage 〉65 years） who were diagnosed as having AMI were indicated for PCI. Among them, 57 patients received primary PCI via the transradial approach （transradial intervention, TRI group）, and 46 underwent primary PCI via the transfemoral approach （transfemoral intervention, TFI group）. The success rate of puncture, puncture time, cannulation time, repeffusion time, the total time for PCI, the success rate of PCI, the use rates of temporary pacemaker and intra-aortic balloon pump （IABP）, and the total length of hospital stay of the patients in the two groups were compared. After the procedure, vascular access site complications and major adverse cardiovascular events （MACE） in the two groups in one month were observed. Results The success rates of puncture （98.2% vs 100.0%） and PCI （96.5% vs 95.7%） for the patients in the TRI and TFI groups were not statistically significant （P〉0.05）. The puncture time （（2.4±1.1） vs （2.0±0.9） minutes）, cannulation time （（2.7±0.5） vs （2.6±0.5） minutes）, reperfusion time （（16.2±4.5） vs （15.4±3.6） minutes）, total time of the procedure （（44.1±6.8） vs （41.2±5.7） minutes）, use rates of temporary pacemaker （1.8% vs 2.2%） and IABP （0 vs 2.2%） in the two groups were not statistically significant （P〉0.05）, but the hospital stay of the TFI group was longer than that of the TRI group （（10.1±4.6） vs （7.2±2..6） days, P〈0.01）. A radial occlusion was observed in the TRI group, but no ischemic syndrome in hand     

Safety and feasibility of repeated percutaneous transradial coronary intervention in the same route

Background  The radial approach has been increasingly used as an alternative to femoral access. And more procedures using repeated transradial coronary intervention (r-TRI) are performed. However, few data about r-TRI has been obtained. Therefore, we investigated the safety and feasibility of r-TRI using the same route.

Methods  A total of 423 consecutive eligible patients undergoing r-TRI were enrolled in the r-TRI group, and 846 patients with initial TRI (i-TRI) were assigned to the i-TRI group in a 2:1 matching ratio compared to r-TRI group. The primary endpoint included the success rate of the procedure and the incidence of vascular related complications.

Results  The baseline clinical characteristics in the two groups were comparable. The success rate of procedures in the r-TRI and i-TRI was similar (96.0% vs. 97.5%, P=0.130). In subgroup analysis (coronary angiography only or angiography with pecutaneous coronary intervention), similar results were also observed. The puncture numbers and incidence of radial artery spasm in the r-TRI group were significantly higher than in the i-TRI group (P=0.024 and P <0.001, respectively). The other procedural outcomes in the two groups were identical. With respect to the incidence of overall vascular related complication and independent events, there were no significant differences in spite of a higher incidence of radial artery occlusion (RAO) in the r-TRI group (RAO: 1.2% vs. 0.7%, P=0.521). The patients in the i-TRI group had more comfortable feeling than patients in the r-TRI group (P=0.001).

Conclusions  R-TRI produces a comparable procedure success rate and incidence of vascular complication when compared to i-TRI. It should be considered as an acceptable and safe procedure.

     

经桡动脉介入治疗复杂冠脉病变的临床研究

目的 探讨复杂冠状动脉病变经桡动脉途径行介入治疗的成功率和并发症,并与经股动脉途径行相似病变治疗作比较.方法 209例复杂冠状动脉病变的冠心病患者经桡动脉途径行介入治疗(桡动脉组),187例有相似病变特征的冠心病患者经股动脉途径行介入治疗(股动脉组),观察两组手术成功率、术后并发症等情况.结果 桡动脉组手术成功率为96.7%,与股动脉组(98.2%)相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).但术后与穿刺有关的并发症发生率,桡动脉组明显少于股动脉组(P<0.05);术后卧床时间也明显短于股动脉组(P<0.05).而桡动脉组从穿刺开始至指引导管放置成功所需的时间长于经股动脉组(P<0.05).结论 经选择的冠状动脉复杂病变经桡动脉途径介入治疗具有较高的成功率,桡动脉途径术后与穿刺有关的并发症发生率低.     

经桡动脉行冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变介入治疗28例临床分析

目的评价经桡动脉行冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变(CTO)介入治疗的疗效及安全性。方法对2005年3月至2008年5月经桡动脉实施经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗的28例CTO患者的临床资料、病变特征和PCI结果进行回顾性分析。CTO靶血管共28支,平均闭塞时间为(8.7±4.2)个月,按Seldinger法穿刺右桡动脉后置入6F桡动脉鞘,之后再按标准方法行球囊扩张及支架置入术。结果24例患者成功完成了冠脉内支架植入术,共植入药物洗脱支架25枚。成功率为85.7%(24/28),与我院同期经股动脉途径PCI治疗的31例CTO病例相似,差异无统计学意义(P<0.05)。75%(3/4)的失败病例均是由于导丝无法通过闭塞段所致。所有病例住院期间均未发生主要不良心脏事件。结论经桡动脉途径PCI治疗CTO安全可行,成功率并不低于经股动脉途径,不失为一个较理想的介入治疗途径。     

经桡动脉行冠状动脉成形术660例临床研究

目的探讨经桡动脉冠状动脉血管成形术的可行性、安全性和成功率。方法选择抚顺市中心医院2004年3月至2009年6月660例经桡动脉行冠状动脉血管成形术患者和720例经股动脉行冠状动脉血管成形术患者作为对照,记录患者基本情况和手术资料。结果经桡动脉行冠状动脉血管成形术的成功率为96.9%,经股动脉行冠状动脉血管成形术的成功率为96.3%,两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患者完成手术的操作时间(63.2±15.0)m in比(60.1±21.7)m in和造影剂用量(221±34)mL比(216±42)mL差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但桡动脉径路冠状动脉血管成形术患者血管并发症的发生率(0%)明显低于股动脉径路冠状动脉血管成形术患者血管并发症的发生率(3.6%),P<0.01。结论相比股动脉径路,桡动脉径路PCI具有手术成功率高、血管并发症少等优点,并且和股动脉径路PCI具有同样的临床效果以及可行性和安全性。     

经桡动脉途径行冠状动脉造影及支架植入术的临床观察

目的评价经桡动脉途径行冠状动脉造影术（CAG）及冠状动脉支架植入术（CSI）的可行性、安全性及有效性。方法回顾分析2003年12月至2006年12月经桡动脉途径行CAG（236例）及CSI（164例）患者的临床资料。结果CAG成功率97．0％，4例因桡动脉穿刺失败改肱动脉途径，1例锁骨下动脉闭塞，2例右上臂动脉严重粥样硬化迂曲改经股动脉途径行CAG；经桡动脉途径行支架植入术的成功率97．0％，2例因病变重改经股动脉途径治疗，3例导丝未能通过病变处。所有患者术后即刻拔除桡动脉鞘管，压迫止血后弹力绷带包扎，术后桡动脉搏动良好，无出血、严重血肿、假性动脉瘤、动静脉瘘、血管栓塞等外周血管并发症。结论经桡动脉行CAG及CSI成功率高，外周血管并发症低，患者创伤小，恢复快，是安全、有效、可行的介入检查及治疗方法。     

Incidence and predictors of radial artery spasm during transradial coronary angiography and intervention

Background Radial artery spasm （RAS） is the most common complication in transradial coronary angiography and intervention. In this study, we designed to investigate the incidence of RAS during transradial procedures in Chinese, find out the independent predictors through multiple regression, and analyze the clinical effect of RAS during follow-up. Methods Patients arranged to receive transradial coronary angiography and intervention were consecutively enrolled. The incidence of RAS was recorded. Univariate analysis was performed to find out the influence factors of RAS, and logistic regression analysis was performed to find out the independent predictors of RAS. The patients were asked to return 1 month later for the assessment of the radial access.Results The incidence of RAS was 7.8% （112/1427） in all the patients received transradial procedure. Univariate analysis indicates that young （P=0.038）, female （P=0.026）, small diameter of radial artery （P 〈0.001）, diabetes （P=0.026）, smoking （P=0.019）, moderate or severe pain during radial artery cannulation （P〈0.001）, unsuccessful access at first attempt （P=0.002）, big sheath （P=0.004）, number of catheters （〉3） （P=0.048）, rapid baseline heart rate （P=0.032） and long operation time （P=0.021） were associated with RAS. Logistic regression showed that female （OR=1.745, 95% CI： 1.148-3.846, P=0.024）, small radial artery diameter （OR=4.028, 95%CI： 1.264-12.196, P=0.008）, diabetes （OR= 2.148, 95%CI： 1.579-7.458, P=0.019） and unsuccessful access at first attempt （OR=1.468, 95%CI： 1.212-2.591, P=0.032） were independent predictors of RAS. Follow-up at （28±7） days after the procedure showed that, compared with non-spasm patients, the RAS patients had higher portion of pain （11.8% vs. 6.2%, P=0.043）. The occurrences of hematoma （7.3% vs. 5.6%, P=0.518） and radial artery occlusion （3.6% vs. 2.6%, P=0.534） were similar. Conclusions The incidence of RAS during transradial coronary procedure was 7.8%. Logistic regression analysis showed that female, small radial artery diameter, diabetes and unsuccessful access at first attempt were the independent predictors of RAS.     

老年冠心病患者经桡动脉与股动脉途径介入治疗的对比研究

目的评价老年冠心病患者经桡动脉穿刺介入治疗的安全性及可行性。方法选择2005年9月～2007年2月70岁以上老年冠心病患者196例行冠状动脉介入治疗,按穿刺途径随机分为桡动脉组（n=94）和股动脉组(n=102),比较两组手术成功率、穿刺部位并发症发生率、术后患者不适反应发生率及X线曝光时间,并进行统计学处理。结果两组手术成功率、X线曝光时间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),桡动脉组穿刺部位并发症及术后患者不适反应发生率低于股动脉组（P＜0.05）。结论老年冠心病患者经桡动脉途径行冠脉介入治疗是安全可行的。与股动脉途径相比,经桡动脉途径能减少血管并发症的发生,相对增加患者的舒适度。     

右冠脉起源异常经桡动脉介入治疗的疗效观察

目的观察国人右冠状动脉异常起源于左冠状动脉窦并对其经桡动脉行冠状动脉介入性治疗（PCI）的效果。方法回顾性分析2200例接受冠脉介入治疗的患者,总结其中19例右冠状动脉异常起源于左冠状动脉窦并经桡动脉行PCI患者的治疗经验。结果 19例患者异常起源右冠状动脉共植入22枚支架,植入成功率100%,无重要并发症发生。结论对起源异常冠状动脉合并狭窄病变施行PCI是安全可行的,可在临床推广应用。     

心脏冠脉介入术后拔鞘致迷走神经反射临床分析

目的:探讨心脏冠脉介入术后拔鞘致迷走神经反射发生原因及其防治.方法:本院接受择期冠状动脉造影、冠状动脉腔内成形及冠状动脉支架术共3 518例.分为单纯冠脉造影组,PCI介入组,高龄组、低龄组,男性组及女性组,再根据不同穿刺途径分为股动脉途径组及桡动脉途径组.比较各组的迷走反射发生率.结果:术后拔鞘过程中发生血管迷走反射...     

青年冠心病患者经皮桡动脉介入治疗36例临床分析

目的探讨经皮桡动脉入路介入治疗在青年冠心病患者中的应用。方法对36例行经桡动脉途径和40例经股动脉途径行冠脉造影（CAG）及冠脉介入治疗（PCI）的青年冠心病患者的临床资料进行分析。比较两组穿刺时间、X线暴光时间、造影时间、PCI时间、住院时间及血管并发症的发生率。结果 36例患者均首先经桡动脉穿刺,穿刺失败2例,经桡动脉途径行冠脉造影成功率100%（34/34）,行冠脉支架置入成功率76.92%（10/13）,经桡动脉途径失败者改经股动脉途径介入检查及治疗均成功。股动脉组40例患者穿刺成功。其中X线暴光时间、造影时间、PCI治疗时间、血管并发症发生率两组比较无差别意义（P〉0.05）。穿刺时间、住院时间两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论青年冠心病患者选择经桡动脉途径行CAG及PCI是安全的方法,具有创伤小、局部并发症少等优点,值得临床推广应用。     

经桡动脉途径行冠心病介入诊疗180例分析

目的:探讨经桡动脉途径行冠心病介入诊治的安全性和有效性。方法:连续统计经桡动脉途径行冠脉造影(CAG)及冠脉介入治疗(PCI)的病例180例,观察手术成功率、并发症。结果:180例患者均首先经桡动脉穿刺,穿刺失败4例,成功率97.78%,经桡动脉途径行冠脉造影成功率97.22%,行冠脉支架置入成功率90.91%,经桡动脉途径失败者改经股动脉途径介入检查及治疗成功,总成功率100%。结论:经桡动脉途径是一种安全有效的冠心病介入诊疗方法,具有创伤小、局部并发症少、术后易于止血、不需强制卧床、术后恢复快等优点,与传统股动脉途径互为补充。     

Surgical treatment of brachiocephalic vessel involvement in Takayasu’s arteritis

Background Takayasu＇s arteritis （TA） is a chronic idiopathic inflammatory disease that affects large and medium size arteries. The brachiocephalic trunk is the most frequently involved site in TA, and multi-vessel lesions are common. Surgical treatment includes vessel reconstruction surgery and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty （PTA）. Herein, we report our preliminary experience with surgical treatment of cerebral ischemia caused by cervical arterial lesions due to TA.Methods From January 2000 to December 2007, 38 patients with cerebral ischemia caused by cervical arterial occlusive lesions due to TA were treated surgically. There were three males and 35 females, with an age range of 15-42 years （mean 26.5 years）. All patients had operative repairs undertaken. Twenty eight patients received bypass operation and 10 patients received percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. One case with coronary stenosis received coronary artery bypass simultaneously. Patients were followed up for 11 months to eight years.Results There were no peri-operative deaths in cerebrovascular reconstruction patients. Symptoms of cerebral ischemia were improved or cured in 25 of 38 patients. There was a low incidence of cerebral reperfusion syndrome. Two patients died at five and seven years after surgery due to heart failure. Another 8 patients （20%） required further surgery for stenosis （5 patients） or anastomotic aneurysms （3 patients）. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty was performed successfully for treatment of aortic and renal lesions. Repeated angioplasty for revascularization was performed in six PTA cases with restenosis after 5-24 months.Conclusions When cerebral perfusion has potential to be affected by TA, a definitive corrective procedure is advised when the patient is relatively stable. Although the recurrence rate is very high, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty is the first choice procedure. Bypass operation is optimal for brachiocephalic-vessel involvement in TA. Cerebral reperfusion syndrome can be avoided by careful selection of the operation method and improved post-operative treatment.