LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中卡马西平的浓度

目的建立LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中卡马西平的浓度。方法以卡马西平-d2作为内标,血浆经甲醇直接蛋白沉淀后进样分析,色谱柱为CAPCELL PAK C18(100 mm×2.0 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-0.1 mmol·L-1乙酸铵水溶液(含0.02%乙酸)(70∶30),流速0.3 m L·min-1。电喷雾离子源,正离子多反应监测扫描分析。卡马西平和内标卡马西平-d2的离子对分别为m/z 237.1→194.1和m/z 239.1→196.1。结果卡马西平在质量浓度3.077 9~1 231.2μg·L-1内线性良好(r=0.999 3,n=10);批内和批间精密度良好(RSD均<7.0%);提取回收率为98.94%~108.84%,RSD<15%;基质效应为92.76%~98.54%,RSD<5%。结论本方法灵敏度、重复性以及专属性均较好,样品处理简便易行,可用于卡马西平的血药浓度测定及药动学研究。     

单步萃取-HPLC法测定人血清中卡马西平浓度

目的:建立单步萃取-HPLC法测定人血清中卡马西平浓度的方法。方法:采用Nova-Pak C18柱(3.9mm×150mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-2mmol.L-1磷酸二氢钠溶液(pH3.5)(50∶50),流速为0.9mL.min-1,检测波长为285nm,柱温为30℃。结果:卡马西平在1.2~32mg.L-1范围内线性关系良好,回归方程:A=5 348.61C-1 891.2,r=0.998 1。方法回收率为99.38%,日内、日间RSD为0.46%~2.02%,最低检测质量浓度为0.3mg.L-1。结论:本法灵敏、准确、快速、专属性强。     

Stevens-Johnson综合征患者卡马西平的血药浓度测定

目的采用高效液相色谱法测定Stevens-Johnson综合征患者血清中卡马西平的质量浓度。方法血清样品采用甲醇和二氯甲烷萃取后进样测定,以VP-ODS C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)为色谱柱,以甲醇-水(15∶85)为流动相,检测波长为240 nm,流速为1.0 mL/min。结果卡马西平质量浓度在4～20μg/mL范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系,r=0.999 1(n=5),低、中、高质量浓度的平均相对回收率分别为103.12%,103.77%,101.69%(n=5)。结论该方法简单、结果准确、灵敏度高,可为临床监测卡马西平不良反应提供科学依据。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定苯巴比妥、苯妥英、卡马西平、茶碱的血药浓度

目的:建立以高效液相(HPLC)色谱法同时测定苯巴比妥、苯妥英、卡马西平、茶碱血药浓度的方法.方法:苯巴比妥、苯妥英、卡马西平、茶碱血浆样品,经二氯甲烷提取,测定苯巴比妥、卡马西平、茶碱的血药浓度以苯妥英为内标,测定苯妥英的血药浓度以卡马西平为内标,流动相:甲醇-水(60:40),柱温40℃,检测波长:210 nm,流速:1.0 mL·min-1.结果:苯巴比妥、苯妥英、茶碱、卡马西平分别在2.5～40 mg·L-1,2.5～40mg·L-1,2.5～40 mg·L-1,1.25～40 mg·L-1范围内的线性关系良好,日内和日间RSD＜10%(n=5).结论:该方法具有良好的准确性、精密性和较高的灵敏度,且简便、快速、稳定,适用于苯巴比妥、苯妥英、卡马西平、茶碱治疗药物血药浓度监测.     

快速反相高效液相色谱法测定血清中卡马西平的浓度

目的 建立了一种简单的卡马西平萃取方法和高效的反相高液相色谱法.方法 血清中卡马西平用乙醚-石油醚(9∶1)单步提取;色谱柱:HYPERSIL ODS(5μm,4.6mm×25mm),流动相:乙睛-0.06mol·L-1 NaAc-HAc(pH4.3)=36∶64(内含0.05%的三乙胺).检测波长285nm,室温,内标:艾司唑仑.结果 卡马西平在2-16μg·mL-1范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9998),平均回收率99.91%(n=9,RSD=1.87%).结论 此方法提取步骤少,方法简单快速、专一性强、费用低,适合临床卡马西平的血药浓度监测.     

单步萃取-HPLC法同时测定人血清中3种抗癫痫药浓度

目的:建立以单步萃取-高效液相色谱法同时测定人血清中卡马西平、苯妥英钠、苯巴比妥浓度的方法。方法:血清样品采用二氯甲烷单步萃取后进样测定,色谱柱为Ultimate XB-C18,流动相为甲醇-水(70∶30),流速为1 mL·min-1,检测波长为240nm,柱温为25℃,内标为2-氨基-2-氯-5-硝基二苯酮。结果:卡马西平、苯妥英钠、苯巴比妥血药浓度分别在1.33～33.25 mg·L-1(r=0.999 6)、1.96～49.0 mg·L-1(r=0.999 5)、2.88～72.0 mg·L-1(r=0.998 8)范围内线性关系良好,最低检测限分别为0.06、0.13、0.14 mg·L-1,方法回收率分别为94.0%～109.1%、93.6%～98.7%、97.0%～105.2%,日内、日间RSD均<10%。结论:本法操作简便、快速、准确、经济实用,可满足临床快速监测的需要。     

HPLC测卡马西平的血清药物浓度

目的建立人体血清中高效液相色谱法测卡马西平的血药浓度。方法采用色谱柱:ODS-C18柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相:甲醇∶水(22∶78)为流动相,流速:0.8mL·min-1,检测波长:210nm,柱温:15℃。结果卡马西平血药浓度在2.18~21.8μg·mL-1,线性关系良好(r2=0.9983)。回收率在97.2%~101.3%之间,日间、日内精密度RSD均<2%(n=5)。结论该方法准确、灵敏、简便,适用于卡马西平血药浓度测定。     

HPLC法同时测定人血清中卡马西平、环氧化卡马西平和苯妥英

目的:建立同时测定人血清中苯妥英、卡马西平及其代谢物10,11-环氧化卡马西平浓度的HPLC法。方法:用含内标氯唑沙宗的乙腈沉淀样品中蛋白,取上清液进样。分析柱为YWG-C_(18)(4.6mm×200mm,10μm),流动相为乙腈-甲醇-水(13:25:62),检测波长为214 nm。结果:卡马西平、10,11-环氧化卡马西平和苯妥英的标准曲线范围分别为0.4～16,0.2～8,1～40μg·mL~(-1),最低检测浓度分别为0.2,0.1,0.5μg·mL~(-1)。三者的方法回收率近100％,日内和日间精密度均小于6％,内源性物质和常用药物均不干扰测定。结论:该方法操作简便,灵敏、准确,适用于治疗药物监测。     

高效液相色谱-质谱串联法同时测定人血清中拉莫三嗪及卡马西平的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱-质谱串联(LC-MS/MS)法测定人血清中拉莫三嗪及卡马西平的含量。方法:取人血清经乙腈直接沉淀后进样分析,色谱柱为Diamonsil C18(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇∶0.2%甲酸水溶液,流速为0.4 mL.min-1;流动相采用梯度洗脱。质谱采用ESI离子源,正离子多反应监测扫描分析,拉莫三嗪离子对为m/z 256→145,卡马西平离子对为m/z 237→194。结果:卡马西平和拉莫三嗪血药浓度分别在5～500μg.L-1(r=0.998 9)和5～500μg.L-1(r=0.997 2)范围内线性关系良好,定量下限分别为5μg.L-1。日内、日间RSD均<7.0%;提取回收率均>85%。结论:本方法处理样品简便,适用于临床血药浓度监测及为联合用药的药动学研究奠定基础。     

高效液相色谱法测定卡马西平血药浓度

目的：建立HPLC法测定卡马西平的血药浓度。方法色谱柱为C18（3.9mm ×150mm,5μm）;柱温：室温;三唑仑为内标物,甲醇-水（55∶45,v／v）为流动相,流速度1.0mL· min －1,检测波长为254nm。结果卡马西平在0.484～19.36μg· mL －1之间线性良好,r＝0.9996。结论本法测定卡马西平血药浓度,方法简便,快速,准确。     

Safety assessment of poloxamers 101, 105, 108, 122, 123, 124, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 212, 215, 217, 231, 234, 235, 237, 238, 282, 284, 288, 331, 333, 334, 335, 338, 401, 402, 403, and 407, poloxamer 105 benzoate, and poloxamer 182 dibenzoate as used in cosmetics

Poloxamers are polyoxyethlyene, polyoxypropylene block polymers. The impurities of commercial grade Poloxamer 188, as an example, include low-molecular-weight substances (aldehydes and both formic and acetic acids), as well as 1,4-dioxane and residual ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Most Poloxamers function in cosmetics as surfactants, emulsifying agents, cleansing agents, and/or solubilizing agents, and are used in 141 cosmetic products at concentrations from 0.005% to 20%. Poloxamers injected intravenously in animals are rapidly excreted in the urine, with some accumulation in lung, liver, brain, and kidney tissue. In humans, the plasma concentration of Poloxamer 188 (given intravenously) reached a maximum at 1 h, then reached a steady state. Poloxamers generally were ineffective in wound healing, but were effective in reducing postsurgical adhesions in several test systems. Poloxamers can cause hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in animals, but overall, they are relatively nontoxic to animals, with LD(50) values reported from 5 to 34.6 g/kg. Short-term intravenous doses up to 4 g/kg of Poloxamer 108 produced no change in body weights, but did result in diffuse hepatocellular vacuolization, renal tubular dilation in kidneys, and dose-dependent vacuolization of epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubules. A short-term inhalation toxicity study of Poloxamer 101 at 97 mg/m(3) identified slight alveolitis after 2 weeks of exposure, which subsided in the 2-week postexposure observation period. A short-term dermal toxicity study of Poloxamer 184 in rabbits at doses up to 1000 mg/kg produced slight erythema and slight intradermal inflammatory response on histological examination, but no dose-dependent body weight, hematology, blood chemistry, or organ weight changes. A 6-month feeding study in rats and dogs of Poloxamer 188 at exposures up to 5% in the diet produced no adverse effects. Likewise, Poloxamer 331 (tested up to 0.5 g/kg day(-1)), Poloxamer 235 (tested up to 1.0 g/kg day(-1)), and Poloxamer 338 (at 0.2 or 1.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced no adverse effects in dogs. Poloxamer 338 (at 5.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced slight transient diarrhea in dogs. Poloxamer 188 at levels up to 7.5% in diet given to rats in a 2-year feeding study produced diarrhea at 5% and 7.5% levels, a small decrease in growth at the 7.5% level, but no change in survival. Doses up to 0.5 mg/kg day(-1) for 2 years using rats produced yellow discoloration of the serum, high serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and elevated serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activities. Poloxamers are minimal ocular irritants, but are not dermal irritants or sensitizers in animals. Data on reproductive and developmental toxicity of Poloxamers were not found. An Ames test did not identify any mutagenic activity of Poloxamer 407, with or without metabolic activation. Several studies have suggested anticarcinogenic effects of Poloxamers. Poloxamers appear to increase the sensitivity to anticancer drugs of multidrug-resistant cancer cells. In clinical testing, Poloxamer 188 increased the hydration of feces when used in combination with a bulk laxative treatment. Compared to controls, one study of angioplasty patients receiving Poloxamer 188 found a reduced myocardial infarct size and a reduced incidence of reinfarction, with no evidence of toxicity, but two other studies found no effect. Poloxamer 188 given to patients suffering from sickle cell disease had decreased pain and decreased hospitilization, compared to controls. Clinical tests of dermal irritation and sensitization were uniformly negative. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel stressed that the cosmetic industry should continue to use the necessary purification procedures to keep the levels below established limits for ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and 1,4-dioxane. The Panel did note the absence of reproductive and developmental toxicity data, but, based on molecular weight and solubility, there should be little skin penetration and any penetration of the skin should be slow. Also, the available data demonstrate that Poloxamers that are introduced into the body via routes other than dermal exposure have a rapid clearance from the body, suggesting that there would be no risk of reproductive and/or developmental toxicity. Overall, the available data do not suggest any concern about carcinogenesis. Although there are gaps in knowledge about product use, the overall information available on the types of products in which these ingredients are used, and at what concentration, indicates a pattern of use. Based on these safety test data and the information that the manufacturing process can be controlled to limit unwanted impurities, the Panel concluded that these Poloxamers are safe as used.     

HPLC法测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱

目的 采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法同时测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱10种活性成分。方法 采用InerSustain AQ-C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相A：乙腈–无水乙醇（80∶20）,流动相B：0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,检测波长220 nm,体积流量1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10 μL。结果 木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱分别在2.69～134.50、1.95～97.50、0.63～31.50、0.86～43.00、11.95～597.50、0.59～29.50、6.08～304.00、4.85～242.50、1.66～83.00、19.79～989.50 μg/mL线性关系良好（r≥0.999 3）;平均回收率分别为99.11%、98.23%、96.95%、97.78%、100.02%、97.21%、99.66%、99.52%、98.81%、100.08%,RSD值分别为1.04%、1.23%、1.37%、1.65%、0.70%、1.28%、0.65%、0.81%、1.11%、0.63%。结论 建立的HPLC法可用于抗妇炎胶囊中10种活性成分的测定,作为抗妇炎胶囊质量控制方法。     

Arformoterol: (R,R)-eformoterol, (R,R)-formoterol, arformoterol tartrate, eformoterol-sepracor, formoterol-sepracor, R,R-eformoterol, R,R-formoterol

Sepracor in the US is developing arformoterol [R,R-formoterol], a single isomer form of the beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist formoterol [eformoterol]. This isomer contains two chiral centres and is being developed as an inhaled preparation for the treatment of respiratory disorders. Sepracor believes that arformoterol has the potential to be a once-daily therapy with a rapid onset of action and a duration of effect exceeding 12 hours. In 1995, Sepracor acquired New England Pharmaceuticals, a manufacturer of metered-dose and dry powder inhalers, for the purpose of preparing formulations of levosalbutamol and arformoterol. Phase II dose-ranging clinical studies of arformoterol as a longer-acting, complementary bronchodilator were completed successfully in the fourth quarter of 2000. Phase III trials of arformoterol began in September 2001. The indications for the drug appeared to be asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, an update of the pharmaceutical product information on the Sepracor website in September 2003 listed COPD maintenance therapy as the only indication for arformoterol. In October 2002, Sepracor stated that two pivotal phase III studies were ongoing in 1600 patients. Sepracor estimates that its NDA submission for arformoterol, which is projected for the first half of 2004, will include approximately 3000 adult subjects. Sepracor stated in July 2003 that it had completed more than 100 preclinical studies and initiated or completed 15 clinical studies for arformoterol inhalation solution for the treatment of bronchospasm in patients with COPD. In addition, Sepracor stated that the two pivotal phase III studies in 1600 patients were still progressing. In 1995, European patents were granted to Sepracor for the use of arformoterol in the treatment of asthma, and the US patent application was pending.     

欧洲刺柏（Juniper）

活性成分与药理作用欧洲刺柏药用部位是其浆果，具有促水排泄、防腐、抗胃肠胀气和抗风湿作用，还可改善胃功能。用作促水排泄药可增加尿量（水丢失），但不增加钠排泄。成分萜品烯-4-醇可增加肾小球滤过率，但刺激肾。欧洲刺柏浆果对单纯疱疹病毒体外显示抗病毒活性，并具抗真菌活性。动物实验显示，欧洲刺柏浆果提取物具有堕胎、抗生育、抗炎、抗胚胎植入、降血压、升血压和降血糖作用。欧洲刺柏浆果油具有兴奋子宫的活性，以及利尿、胃肠道抗菌和刺激作用，该油对平滑肌有阻止解痉作用。     

Oral Presentations (LDD, LPES, LNM, LPAT, LNT, LPPT, LPM)

Probiotic microorganisms have been shown to provide specific health benefits when consumed as food supplements or as food components. The main problem of such products is the poor survival of the probiotic bacteria in the low pH of gastric fluid. However the use of synthetic excipients for enteric coating to prevent the exposure of microorganisms to gastric fluid is limited in food supplementary industry. Therefore the aim of this study was to develop an enteric coating formulation containing shellac as a natural polymer. Shellac possesses good resistance to gastric juice; the major disadvantage of this polymer is its low solubility in the intestinal fluid [1, 2]. Thus films containing different ratios of shellac and water-soluble polymers (sodium alginate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and polyvinylpyrrolidon (PVP)) or plasticizers (glycerol and glyceryl triacetate (GTA)) were prepared in order to analyse the films’ melting temperatures (T_m), the changes in enthalpy (ΔH), their capability of taking up water, and their solubility in different media. The release characteristics of the films were studied by loading pellets with Enterococcus faecium M74 and coating them with formulations containing different amounts of shellac and polymer or plasticized shellac. Using dissolution tests, performed according to USP XXXI paddle method, the resistance of the coatings to simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2) and the release of cells in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 6.8) was investigated.The trials showed that an increasing amount of plasticizer results in a decrease of T_m and ΔH of the films whereat glycerol had a superior plasticization effect to GTA. The compatibility of films made of water-soluble polymers and shellac was also concentration dependent. HPMC and PVP showed superior compatibility with shellac compared to sodium alginate, since films containing shellac and more than 10% [w/w] sodium alginate tended to separate into two phases. In the end five formulations containing shellac and either 5% [w/w] glycerol, 10% [w/w] PVP, 20% [w/w] PVP, 10% [w/w] HPMC, or 5% [w/w] sodium alginate emerged as feasible for enteric coating purposes.