Antibiotic prophylaxis in elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy: lack of need or lack of evidence?

Background: The need to administer antibiotic prophylaxis (ABP) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is still a matter of significant controversy. The purpose of this study was to resolve this issue by performing a meta-analysis of the available randomized controlled trials (RCT) on this topic. Methods: Papers identified via a systematic literature search were evaluated according to standard criteria. Data regarding the patient sample, study methods, and outcomes were abstracted and summarized across studies. The outcome measures were the rates of all perioperative infections, the rates of surgical site infections, and the rates of infections at other sites. Results were examined for 974 patients randomized to ABP or placebo prior to LC in six RCT published from 1997 to 2001. Results: The cumulative rates of all infections were 2.8% in the ABP group and 4.4% in the placebo group. The pooled odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) was 0.69 (0.34–1.43; p = 0.32). The cumulative rates of surgical site infections were 2.1% in the ABP group and 2.9% in the placebo group. The pooled OR (95% CI) was 0.82 (0.36–1.86; p = 0.63). The cumulative rates of infections at other sites were 0.7% in the ABP group and 1.5% in the placebo group. Pooled OR (95% CI) was 0.82 (0.18–1.90; p = 0.37). No significant heterogeneity was found in any data pooling. Conclusions: Based on the available evidence, there appears to be no need to administer routine ABP to low-risk patients during LC. However, the number of patients enrolled to date into RCT is insufficient to avoid a type II error. A large and well-designed trial is urgently needed to find a conclusive answer to this question.     

Where does laparoscopy fit in the treatment of inguinal hernia in 2003?

Meta-analysis of randomized studies has clearly shown that prosthetic repair of inguinal hernias decreases the risk of hernia recurrence when compared with herniorraphy without prosthesis; but the optimal route for insertion of the prosthetic patch (laparoscopic versus open inguinal approach) remains in dispute. Meta-analysis of randomized studies comparing laparoscopic with open prosthetic hernia repair suggest that laparoscopy is associated with less post-operative pain (both early and late), a quicker recovery, and earlier return to work. Yet this is at the price of longer operative time and an incidence of rare but potentially severe complications. On the basis of these randomized studies, the ANAES in France and the NICE in England have put forth recommendations which accept the indication for laparoscopic repair in recurrent and bilateral hernias, if done by surgeons experienced in laparoscopic technique. For unilateral hernia in adults, laparoscopic repair has shown no proof of superiority over open prosthetic repair in terms of mortality, morbidity, or recurrence rate. The principal advantage of the laparoscopic approach seems to be improved patient comfort; its disadvantage is higher cost and technical difficulty with a prolonged learning curve. The excess costs of the laparoscopic approach may be compensated by an earlier return to work. At present, the laparoscopic repair of hernias finds its clinical niche in patients with bilateral or recurrent hernias or in patients with unilateral hernia who desire a minimal period of postoperative disability.     

Robotic inguinal hernia repair: Is it a new era in the management of inguinal hernia?

ObjectiveWe compared outcomes of elective inguinal hernia repair performed at one institution by three approaches: robotic-assistance, laparoscopic, and open.MethodsCharacteristics of the patients, the hernia and the procedures performed during 2014–2016 were accessed from patient electronic medical files of 137 elective inguinal hernia repairs. 24 surgeries were robotic-assisted, 16 laparoscopic and 97 open repairs.ResultsDistributions of age, sex and BMI did not differ between the groups. Bilateral repair was more common in the robotic (70.8%) than the laparoscopic (50.0%) and open groups (12.4%) (p < 0.001). Direct hernias were more common in the open (45.4%) than the robotic (20.8%) and laparoscopic (12.5%) groups (p < 0.001). Only 3 hernias were inguinoscrotal, all in the robotic group. The median operation times were 44.0, 79.0 and 92.5 min for the open, laparoscopic and robotic methods, respectively (p < 0.001). Among the unilateral repairs, the median operative times were the same for the robotic and laparoscopic procedures, 73 min, and less for the open procedures, 40 min. The proportion of patients hospitalized for 2–3 days was higher for open repair (13.4% vs. 6.2% and 0% for laparoscopic and robotic), but this difference was not statistically significant. The median maximal postoperative pain according to a 0-10-point visual analogue score was 5.0, 2.0 and 0 for open, laparoscopic and robotic procedures, respectively (p < 0.001).ConclusionsThis report demonstrated the safety and feasibility of robotic-assisted inguinal hernia repair.     

Bilateral inguinal hernia repair: laparoscopic or open approach?

Background  

The aim of this study was to investigate outcomes in the treatment of bilateral inguinal hernia, comparing the laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal (TEP) and open tension-free mesh repair (LICHT) approaches.     

Large inguinal hernia in infants: is laparoscopic repair the answer?

PURPOSE: Infants with large hernias present a challenge to the pediatric surgeon. We present our experience of laparoscopic repair of large hernias in 16 infants, the youngest aged 40 days. Fifteen of the infants were younger than 18 months and one was < or = 2 years old. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen male infants with large inguinal hernias (hernia extending to the bottom of the scrotum and the diameter of the open internal ring > 2 cm on laparoscopy) underwent laparoscopic hernia repair. Diagnostic laparoscopy was performed under general anesthesia with a telescopic port at the umbilicus. If the internal ring was open, two working ports were introduced pararectally on either side. An open internal ring was considered an indication for hernia repair. The needle, carrying 3-0 nylon nonabsorbable sutures, was introduced through the groin skin at the internal inguinal ring and the internal ring was closed by taking continuous sutures to approximate the edges of the ring. The needle was then taken out through the entry point and the knot was tied extracorporeally and buried in the subcutaneous tissue. In 4 patients in the initial part of the study, intracorporeal (knot tied internally) suturing was done to close the internal ring. A contralateral repair was done if the internal ring was open. RESULTS: A total of 18 repairs were performed in 16 patients: 10 had a right sided hernia, 4 had a left sided hernia, and 2 had an open contralateral ring (suggestive of contralateral patent processus vaginalis). The contents of the hernia were bowel (1 patient), omentum (3 patients), and bowel adhesions at the internal ring (1 patient). There was 1 conversion. The mean operative time was 23 minutes for unilateral repair and 29 minutes for bilateral repair. The mean follow-up was 19 months (range, 3 months to 3 years). There are no recurrences to date. There was no morbidity or mortality. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopy is safe and feasible for repair of large inguinal hernias in infants 2 years and provides treatment of contralateral patent processus vaginalis in the same setting with no significant increase in operating time. Extracorporeal knot tying has made the procedure feasible in the limited working space available in these babies. Though there were no recurrences or post-operative hydrocele, the number of patients in the study is too small to comment on rates of recurrence or hydrocele.     

Do the manipulations in pediatric inguinal hernia operations affect the vascularization of testes?

Purpose

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of manipulations performed in inguinal hernia operations on testicular perfusion, in pediatric age group using Doppler ultrasonography (DUS).

Methods

In this prospective clinical trial, 51 boys who underwent elective inguinal hernia repair were examined before the operation and in early-late postoperative periods. Blood flow indices of centripetal and capsular arteries including peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), and resistivity index (RI) were examined by DUS.

Results

There was a statistically significant increase in early postoperative PSV and RI values compared with preoperative findings. These values turned to normal in late postoperative period. The increase in early and decrease in late postoperative EDV values were not statistically significant compared to preoperative findings.

Conclusions

The surgical manipulations performed in inguinal hernia operations in children cause transient changes in testes vascularization in early postoperative period but turns to normal late postoperatively.     

Deep burn of the hands: Early surgical treatment avoids the need for late revisions?

An eight years experience in the management of deep hand burns is presented. We reviewed 116 cases of patients surgically treated with escarectomy and skin autograft. Seventy eight of them underwent early surgery within the first 4–6 days from injury, while 38 were conservatively treated in the fist stage and only lately surgery was performed (usually after the 14th day). In all patients, we applied the same post operative topic treatment and rehabilitation protocol. Several months after first admission, only 6(7.7%) of early treated patients needed secondary correction for unaesthetic and functionally debilitating scars versus 14(36.8%) of the late treated group. Our review confirm the importance of performing early surgery of deep burns of the hands, whenever possible, in order to achieve best results and shows it's utility in reducing re-admissions for secondary revisions.     

The frequency of apneas in premature infants after inguinal hernia repair: do they need overnight monitoring in the intensive care unit?

Background

Postoperative apneas are reported in up to 49% of premature infants undergoing anesthesia for inguinal hernia repair. Our current practice is to monitor all of these babies in the intensive care unit (ICU) overnight after surgery. In addition to the considerable expense to the health care system, these cases are cancelled if no ICU bed is available.

Methods

A retrospective chart review of all premature infants undergoing inguinal hernia repairs over the past 5 years was undertaken. All postoperative apneas were identified. Potential risk factors were evaluated.

Results

Five (4.7%) of 126 premature infants had apneas after inguinal hernia repair. All of these babies had a previous history of apneas. They also had lower weights both at birth (1.08 vs 1.73 kg) and at the time of surgery (3.37 vs 4.4 kg) as well as lower gestational ages (29 vs 32.3 weeks). They were much more likely to have a complicated past medical history. Markers for this included intraventricular hemorrhage, patent ductus arteriosus, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and requirement for mechanical ventilation and supplemental oxygen after birth. The use of sevoflurane was the only anesthetic factor which had significance.

Conclusion

Postoperative apnea in premature infants after inguinal hernia repair using current anesthetic techniques is much less common than previously reported. Infants with prior history of apneas are at highest risk. Other risk factors appear to include gestational age, birth weight, weight at time of surgery, and a complicated neonatal course. Selective use of postoperative ICU monitoring for high-risk patients could result in significant resource and cost savings to the health care system.     

Does anticoagulation increase the risk of wound hematoma in inguinal hernia surgery?

Summary Repair of a primary inguinal hernia under local anesthesia has alow perioperative risk. Concomitant diseases mainly determine the postoperative result. When patients receive preoperative therapeutic anticoagulation (INR 2.0) because of prothrombogenic disease we have to consider the perioperative management. On the one hand this therapeutic anticoagulation reduces the risk of thromboembolism, but on the other it increases the risk of intra- and post-operative bleeding. For fear of thromboembolism the prestationary anticoagulation will be continued accepting an increased bleeding risk. Therefore we examined retrospectively the postoperative outcome with regard to wound hematomas in 465 patients. Some less aggressive anticoagulation-alternatives affecting the perioperative risk of thromboembolism and bleeding are also discussed.     

Irreducible inguinal hernia: To reduce or not to reduce?

A case of irreducible inguinal hernia is reported. Successful reduction of the hernia resulted in delayed perforation of the sigmoid colon and faecal peritonitis. The question of whether one should attempt reducing an irreducible inguinal hernia is discussed.      

Cost-effectiveness of the treatment of traumatic thoracolumbar spine fractures: Nonsurgical or surgical therapy?

Background:

Spinal fractures can be an important cause for disabling back pain. Therefore, in judging the cost-effectiveness of nonsurgical or surgical therapy, not only direct costs but also the indirect costs should be calculated. In this prospective randomized study, the costs incurred by nonsurgically and surgically treated patients with a traumatic thoracolumbar spine fracture without neurological involvement were analysed.

Materials and Methods:

32 patients with a traumatic thoracolumbar spine fracture were prospectively randomized for operative or nonsurgical treatment. Patients were sent a questionnaire every three months to inquire about work-status, additional health costs and doctor visits. The patients who have minimum followup of two years were included.

Results:

Of thirty-two patients, 30 met the criterion of the followup period of at least two years. Fourteen patients received nonsurgical therapy, while 16 received surgical treatment. Direct costs of the treatment of nonsurgically treated patients were €10,608 ($12,730). For the operatively treated group, these costs were €18,769 ($22,523). Indirect costs resulted in a total of €219,187 ($263,025) per nonoperatively treated patient. In the operatively treated group, these costs were €66,004 ($79,206).

Conclusion:

In the treatment of traumatic thoracolumbar spine fractures, the indirect costs exceed the direct costs by far and make up 95.4% of the total costs for treatment in nonsurgically treated patients and 71.6% of the total costs in the operative group. In view of cost-effectiveness, the operative therapy of traumatic thoracolumbar spine fractures is to be preferred.