急性出血坏死性胰腺炎肝损伤中TLR2/4mRNA的表达及氯喹的干预效应

目的： 研究急性出血坏死性胰腺炎（AHNP）肝损伤中Toll-样受体(TLR)2/4mRNA表达的变化及氯喹的干预效应。 方法：采用逆行胰胆管牛磺胆酸钠（TAC）注射造成大鼠AHNP肝损伤动物模型。动物分为假手术组（S组）、胰腺炎组和氯喹（CQ）治疗组。后2组于术后3，6，12 h分批剖杀，S组于术后6 h剖杀。观察血清淀粉酶、ALT和AST及肝组织NO和TNF-α的变化，RT-PCR方法检测各组不同时点肝组织TLR2和TLR4mRNA的表达。 结果：相对于S组，胰腺炎组大鼠3 h肝组织TLR2和TLR4mRNA表达开始增高，术后6～12 h肝组织TLR2和TLR4mRNA表达迅速达到峰值（P<0.05），肝损伤加重，血清淀粉酶升高，肝组织TNF-α浓度升高，NO浓度逐渐降低（P<0.05）；相对胰腺炎组，CQ治疗组TLR2/4mRNA表达降低（P<0.05），肝损伤程度减轻，血清淀粉酶降低，肝组织TNF-α浓度降低，NO浓度显著升高（P<0.05）。 结论：AHNP大鼠肝组织内TLR2和TLR4的基因表达上调；其表达增高可能在AHNP肝损伤的发生、发展中起重要作用。氯喹对大鼠AHNP过程中肝损伤可能有保护作用。     

Toll-样受体2，4mRNA在急性出血坏死性胰腺炎肺损伤中的表达变化

目的研究急性出血坏死性胰腺炎（AHNP）肺损伤中Toll-样受体（TLR）2/4mRNA表达的变化规律.方法建立AHNP肺损伤动物模型.动物分为假手术组（S组）、胰腺炎组（P组）.计算各组肺组织学评分和肺损伤指数以评价肺损伤的程度;RT-PCR方法检测不同时间点肺组织TLR2和TLR4mRNA表达的变化.结果肺组织TLR2和TLR4mRNA在S组仅有低表达,在P组3h表达开始增高,伤后6～12h该两指标表达达到峰值（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,而S组变化不明显.结论AHNP时,肺组织内该两种基因的表达上调;肺组织内TLR2和TLR4的基因表达增高可能在AHNP肺损伤的发生、发展中起作用.     

生长抑素对急性出血坏死性胰腺炎肝损伤的作用机制

目的探讨生长抑素对大鼠急性出血坏死性胰腺炎（AHNP）时肝损伤的治疗作用及其机制。方法逆行胰胆管注射牛磺胆酸钠（TAC）制备AHNP模型。动物分为假手术组（SO组），AHNP生理盐水处理组（AHNP组）和AHNP奥曲肽治疗组。各组动物术后3，6，12h剖杀，检测肝组织中Toll一样受体（TLR）2，4mRNA和细胞核转录因子（NF—KB）的表达情况。结果与SO组比较，胰腺炎组大鼠TLR2，4mRNA于3h开始升高，于12h达高峰（均P〈0．01）；肝组织中NF—KB于3h开始表达增强，6h达高峰。奥曲肽组肝组织中的TLR2，4mRNA及NF—KB各时点表达均较AHNP组降低（P〈0．05）。结论生长抑素对AHNP有显著的保护作用。其机制可能是通过抑制胰弹性蛋白酶的分泌与激活，抑制Toll受体和NF-κB表达，降低炎症反应，从而减轻肝损伤。     

骨髓间充质干细胞对急性出血坏死性胰腺炎大鼠肺组织Toll样受体2/4mRNA表达的影响及意义

目的 研究骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)对急性出血坏死性胰腺炎(AHNP)大鼠肺组织T0ll样受体(TLR)2/4表达的影响并初步探讨其机制.方法 采用逆行胰胆管牛磺胆酸钠注射制造AHNP大鼠模型,动物分为假手术组、胰腺炎组和BMSCs治疗组;流式细胞仪检测BMSCs表面标记阳性细胞率;RT-PCR方法检测肺组织TLR2/4mRNA表达变化;同时观察肺组织形态学改变,进行肺湿/干重比(W/D)测定.结果 与假手术组比较,胰腺炎组大鼠从3h时肺组织TLR2/4mRNA表达开始增高,在12 h时肺组织TLR2/4mRNA表达达到峰值;同时肺损伤加重,肺组织TNF-α浓度升高(P＜0.05).给予BMSCs治疗后,TLR2/4mRNA表达降低,肺损伤程度减轻,肺组织TNF-α浓度降低(P＜0.05).结论 急性出血坏死性胰腺炎时,组织内TLR2和TLR4mRNA表达上调,肺组织损伤加重.BMSCs可以明显抑制AHNP肺组织TLR2/4mRNA的表达,降低肺组织TNF-α浓度,从而减轻肺损伤.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effect of bone mesenchymal stem cells on Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2/4 expression in the lungs of rats with acute hemorrhagic necrotizing pancreatitis (AHNP). Methods Seventy SD male rats were randomly divided into sham-operation group (n=10), AHNP group(n=30) and MSCs-treated group(n=30). Masc rate of BMSCs with surface mark were measured by flow cytometer. TLR2/4mRNA expression in the the lung were measured by RT-PCR, and The ratio of Wet/dry and lung histological changs were observed. Results TLR2/4 mRNA could be detected in the lungs with low values in sham-operation group, markedly increased in 3 h, and peaked in 12 h in AHNP group (P＜0.05). Lung injuries were aggravated and the levels of TNF-α in the lung were increased (P＜0. 05) . Treatment with MSCs could effectively inhibit TLR2/4 mRNA expression and relieve lung injuries. The levels of TNF-α in the lung were decreased (P＜0.05). Conclusions The expression of TLR2/4 mRNA is increased in the lungs in AHNP and the lung injuries are aggravated. MSCs could markedly inhibit TLR2/4 mRNA expression in the lungs in AHNP, which would lead to relief of lung injury.     

氯喹减轻重症急性胰腺炎肝损伤的机制研究

目的：探讨氯喹（CQ）减轻重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）肝损伤作用的机制。方法：60只Wistar雄性大鼠分为假手术组,SAP组,L-Arg治疗组,L-NAME治疗组,CQ治疗组,CQ+ L-NAME治疗组,每组各10只。RT-PCR和Western Blot检测肝组织TLR4的表达。结果：SAP 组肝组织TLR4表达明显增高,一氧化氮（NO）浓度降低,肝损伤加重(P<0.05)。L-Arg组NO升高,TLR4表达受抑,肝损伤减轻(P<0.05)。L-NAME组NO明显抑制,肝组织TLR4表达升高,肝损伤加重(P<0.05)。CQ组TLR4表达降低,肝组织NO升高,肝损伤减轻(P<0.05)。CQ+L-NAME组肝组织NO明显降低,TLR4升高,肝损伤加重(P<0.05)。结论：TLR4表达上调在SAP肝损伤的发生、发展中可能有重要作用。CQ可能通过提高NO的合成和释放而抑制TLR4的表达,减轻SAP并发肝损伤。     

TLR4和NF-κB在大鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤中的表达及意义

目的：观察大鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤后Toll样受体4（TLR4）和核因子-κB（NF-kB）的表达变化及其关系.方法：将40只SD大鼠随机等分为假手术组（S组）和肾缺血再灌注损伤组（I/R组）,建立肾缺血再灌注模型.在肾缺血再灌注后24 h切取肾脏.采用免疫组织化学法观察TLR4蛋自及NF-κB蛋白在肾脏组织中的表达变化及其相关性 采用半定肇逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测两组肾组织中TLR4、NF-κB的mRNA水平表达变化.结果：TLR4蛋白在S组大鼠肾小管细胞中有少量表达,在I/R组24 h后肾组织中表达明显增加,与S组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.NF-κB P65蛋白在S组大鼠肾小管细胞胞浆和少量胞核中有表达.在I/R组24 h后肾小管细胞胞浆和胞核均可见NF-κB P65明显表达.差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）.TLR4和NF-κB在肾缺血再灌注损伤组织中的表达具有明显的相关性.I/R组中的TLR4 mRNA、NF-κB mRNA表达均较S组上调,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论：大鼠肾缺血冉灌注损伤后,肾组织TLR4和NF-κB P65的表达明显上调,且有明显的相关性.TLR4有可能通过激活NF-κB继而引起下游的炎症因子募集,介导肾缺血再灌注损伤.     

清胰颗粒减轻急性出血坏死性胰腺炎大鼠早期肺损伤

目的：探讨复方中药提取物清胰颗粒对急性出血坏死性胰腺炎（AHNP）大鼠早期肺损伤的影响和可能作用机制。方法：72只健康雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、AHNP组、清胰颗粒组。采用胆胰管逆行注射3.5%牛磺胆酸钠建立AHNP动物模型。清胰颗粒组于制模前2 h给予清胰颗粒水溶液灌胃,以后每12 h灌胃1次。各组大鼠分别于制模后6 h、12 h和24 h取肺组织观察病理改变并进行病理评分,检测髓过氧化物酶（MPO）活性,并用荧光定量PCR检测Toll样受体4（TRL-4）和p38MAPK mRNA表达。结果：与同时点AHNP组比较,清胰颗粒组于造模后12 h和24 h肺组织病理评分、MPO活性降低（P〈0.05）,于造模后6 h、12 h和24 h TRL-4和p38MAPK mRNA表达显著降低（P〈0.05）。结论：清胰颗粒能够减轻AHNP大鼠病理损伤和炎症反应,其作用机制可能与抑制p38MAPK信号通路有关。     

一氧化氮对重症急性胰腺炎肺损伤Toll样受体2/4表达的影响

目的 观察一氧化氮（NO）对重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）肺损伤Toll样受体（TLR）表达的影响。方法 动物分为假手术组、胰腺炎组、氯喹（CQ）治疗组和L-精氨酸（L-Arg）治疗组；实时荧光逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测肺组织TLR2／4mRNA表达。结果SAP大鼠肺组织TLR2／4表达明显增高（3h：0．787±0．751、1．512±1．794E-2：6h：1．086±1．738、2．097±3．735E．2；12h：1．113±6．141、2．957±2．620E-2），肺损伤加重（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。以CQ抑制肺组织中TLR2／4表达后（3h：0．313±5．491E-2，0．005±1．419E-3；6h：0．488±7．442E．2，0．010±1．518E-3；12h：0．883±8．911E-2，0．024±2．760E-3），肺损伤减轻（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。给予L-Afg治疗后，肺组织NO浓度明显升高，TLR2／4表达降低（0．656±3．972 E-2，1．501±6．111 E-2；0．260±0．891 E-2，0．732±5．135 E-2；0．126±0．914 E-2，0．414±1．678E-2），肺损伤程度减轻（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论 肺组织内TLR2／4表达在SAP肺损伤中明显上调，肺组织损伤加重；NO可以明显抑制SAP肺组织TLR2／4表达从而减轻肺组织损伤。     

核因子-κB、细胞间黏附分子-1和炎症细胞因子在急性胰腺炎肝损伤中的作用

目的 观察核因子（NF）-κB、细胞间黏附分子（ICAM）-1和炎症细胞因子在急性胰腺炎（AP）肝损伤中的作用。方法 36只SD大鼠随机分为AP组、假手术组（SO组），通过胰胆管逆行注射3．5％牛磺胆酸钠溶液制作大鼠AP模型。术后3、6、12h胰腺组织光镜检查；肝组织光镜、电镜观察；检测血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）；放射免疫法（RIA）测定血清肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α、白细胞介素（IL）-1β、IL-6；酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测IL-10；实时定量聚合酶链反应（Real—time PCR）检测肝组织TNF-αmRNA、IL-6mRNA；肝组织Envision法免疫组织化学测定NF-κB、ICAM-1。结果 病理学证实建立AP组，出现肝损伤的病理形态变化；与SO组比较，AP组的血清ALT以及TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β、IL-10水平显著增高（P〈0．05），其中血TNF-α水平在3h升高、6h达高水平，血IL-6在AP3h明显升高，下降缓慢。AP6、12h组肝NF-κB活化，AP各组间肝NF-κB活性表达差异均有统计学意义（χ^2=15．048，P〈0．05），ICAM-1无表达。AP3～12h内，AP组肝TNF-αmRNA在3h明显升高、6h高表达；AP组的肝IL-6mRNA则在3h已增加、3h后缓慢下降，均显著高于各自时段的SO组（P〈0．05）。结论 AP发生后，肝脏NF-κB活化，可能介导肝TNF-αmRNA、IL-6mRNA的表达来参与肝损伤，ICAM-1对AP早期肝损伤无明显作用。     

脓毒症大鼠多器官Toll样受体4基因表达的改变及意义

目的　探讨脓毒症大鼠肝、肺、肾及小肠组织中Toll样受体4(TLR4)基因表达的变化 规律及其意义。方法　雄性Wistar大鼠100只,动物随机分为正常对照组、假手术组、盲肠结扎穿孔 (CLP)致脓毒症组和杀菌/通透性增加蛋白(BPI)治疗组。分别检测肝、肺、肾、小肠组织TLR4、TNF αmRNA表达以及组织、血浆中内毒素水平的改变。结果　CLP后6～12h肝、肺、肾及小肠组织 TLR4mRNA表达显著升高达峰值(P<0.05或P<0.01);BPI早期治疗可显著降低各组织内毒素 水平,CLP后12h肝、肺、肾、小肠组织和24h肾组织TLR4mRNA表达亦明显抑制(P<0.05或 P<0.01)。相关分析显示,肝、肺、肾组织TLR4mRNA表达分别与相应组织及血浆内毒素水平、组 织TNF αmRNA水平均呈显著正相关。结论　CLP后细菌内毒素可迅速侵入血循环和多种组织, 它对于诱导体内TLR4基因表达上调具有显著影响,而TLR4基因广泛表达可能参与了脓毒症的病 理生理过程。     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

MicroRNAs in hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes

MicroRNAs(miRNAs or miRs) are small approximately 22 nucleotide RNA species that are believed to regulate diverse metabolic and physiological processes.In the recent past,several reports have surfaced that demonstrate the role of miRNAs in various biological processes and numerous disease states.For a disease as complex as diabetes,the emergence of miRNAs as key regulators leading to the disease phenotype has added a novel dimension to the area of diabetes research.On the other hand,the liver,a metabolic hub,contributes in a major way towards maintaining normal glucose levels in the body as it can both stimulate and inhibit hepatic glucose output.This equilibrium is frequently disturbed in diabetes and hence,the liver assumes special significance considering the correlation between altered hepatic physiology and diabetes.While the understanding of the mechanisms behind this altered hepatic behavior is not yet completely understood,recent reports on the status and role of miRNAs in the diabetic liver have further added to the complexities of the knowledge of hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes.Here,we bring together the various miRNAs that play a role in the altered hepatic behavior during diabetes.     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.