羚羊角的药用价值

羚羊角是一种名贵中药材,药用历史悠久,早在《神农本草经》中就有记述。其为牛科动物赛加羚羊(Saiga tatarica L.)的角。性寒、味咸、入肝、心经。具平肝熄风、清肝明目、散血解毒等功效.用于高热惊     

显微、紫外光谱方法检测羚羊角与山羊角、羚羊角胶囊的真伪和掺骨塞及钙含量

目的检出羚羊角和山羊角、羚羊角胶囊掺骨塞的真伪及钙含量.方法采用一般鉴别法,显微横切面鉴别法,紫外光谱法鉴别羚羊角和山羊角、羚羊角胶囊的真伪及EDTA法检测羚羊角胶囊中钙的含量.结果显微横切面鉴别和紫外光谱比较均能区别羚羊角与山羊角、羚羊角胶囊的真伪,在200nm～400nm波长处均有不同吸收;EDTA法则定,结果羚羊角和山羊角无钙成分,骨塞含钙为21.16%,两批胶囊分别含钙为7.28%～8.15%,折算成骨塞分别为34.26%～38.52%.结论方法简单、实用、迅速、准确.     

羚羊角化学成分和药理研究进展

目的：通过对羚羊角的化学成分和药理研究进行概述，为羚羊角的深入研究提供借鉴信息。方法：以近20年研究资料为依据，查阅整理。结果与结论：羚羊角主含氨基酸类、磷脂类、无机元素等多种物质，具有解热、镇静、镇痛、抗惊厥、抗病毒及增强免疫作用，是值得深入研究的动物药。     

羚羊角类药材的宏观与微观鉴别研究

作者对常用中药羚羊(赛加羚羊Saiga tatarica L.)角及其类似品——鹅喉羚羊(Gazella subgutturosa Guldenstaedt)角、黄羊(Procapra gutturosa Pallas)角和藏羚羊(Pantholops hodgsoni Abel)角的形态、显微构造和粉末特征作了详细的研究和比较。从横切面观察,这四种动物角的组织均呈波浪状起伏,可分为波峰与波谷部,束常居波峰部。束呈类三角形、双凸透镜形或类圆形;束的周围同心性皮层细胞比较少(少于10层);束间为宽广的基本角质组织。这四种角从组织构造上很难互相区别,只能根据其细胞所含色素颗粒的不同颜色和颗粒的多少等加以鉴别。文后附有外形检索表与显微检索表。     

羚羊角的真伪优劣检定

目的介绍羚羊角的真伪优劣检定方法。方法根据中药标准及相关报道资料,并结合实际工作经验进行介绍。结果与结论应重视羚羊角品种的真伪鉴别,并应根据现代中药的发展和存在的质量问题健全质量标准。     

藏羚羊角与羚羊角某些化学成份的对比研究

羚羊角是祖国医学中的传统名贵药材。《本草纲目》中记载羚羊角有平肝舒筋,安风定魂,散风下气,辟恶解毒之功能.其主要成份为若干种无机微量元素、氨基酸,胆固醇、磷脂类、肪脂酸及其甘油酯等。由于我国羚羊资源极少,主要依靠进口,为此迫切需要寻找与羚羊角相似疗效的药材。我区     

羚羊角与其他羊角磷脂含量比较

目的通过羚羊角、山羊角、小尾寒羊角、绵羊角、黄羊角和藏羚羊角的磷脂含量对比,探索其他羊角替代羚羊角的可能性。方法采用Folch试剂超声提取的方法。结果几种羊角的磷脂含量没有显著性差异。结论该方法简便易行,结果较为理想,可以进行其他羊角替代羚羊角的进一步研究。     

羚羊角冲剂的主要药效学研究

羚羊角冲剂具有平肝熄风，凉血镇惊之功效，临床用于治疗高热及高热引起的头痛眩晕等症。根据该药主要的清热、镇惊功效而进行了解热抗惊的药理实验，从现代药理学角度证实了该药的作用。为临床用药提供理论依据。     

羚羊角与山羊角药理作用比较

目的通过羚羊角和山羊角水溶性成分的镇痛和解热作用比较,探索山羊角作为羚羊角替代品的可能性。方法应用热板法、扭体法及伤寒Vi多糖菌苗造模法。结果羚羊角和山羊角能明显减少冰醋酸引起的小鼠扭体次数(P<0.01)和明显提高小鼠痛阈值(给药后60 min,P<0.05);能明显降低伤寒Vi多糖菌苗引起的发热。结论山羊角与羚羊角均有镇痛和解热作用,因此山羊角替代羚羊角具有可行性。     

羚羊感冒胶囊中掺杂水牛角粉的鉴别

目的 建立羚羊感冒胶囊中掺杂水牛角粉的检测方法.方法 采用显微鉴别法鉴定其显微特征.结果 羚羊角粉与水牛角粉显微特征差异显著,可用于羚羊感冒胶囊真伪鉴别.结论 该方法简单、易行.     

ICP-AES测定羚羊感冒胶囊及羚羊角中6种有害微量元素的含量

目的建立电感耦合等离子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定羚羊感冒胶囊及羚羊角中的铅、镉、砷、汞、铜、铬等6种有害微量元素的含量,为制订中药材重金属限量标准提供参考数据。方法采用恒压消解罐消解法处理供试品,用ICP-AES测定铅、镉、砷、汞、铜、铬等6种有害元素的含量。结果 6种元素线性关系良好,回收率在88.2%～95.7%;RSD均小于5%。结论该法灵敏度高,准确度和重复性好,所测数据结果为制订中药重金属限量标准提供了参考,有助于保证药材质量,加速中药的国际化进程。     

羚羊角脂类成分的提取与甲酯化条件优化

目的 建立羚羊角脂类成分最佳提取与甲酯化方法. 方法对羚羊角中脂类成分提取与甲酯化条件进行筛选和优化,在选择合适的脂类提取方法和甲酯化方法基础上,分别考察提取时间对提取效率的影响及催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间对甲酯化效果的影响. 结果 确定最佳提取方法为三氯甲烷 甲醇改良法,最佳甲酯化方法为硫酸甲醇法. 结论 该提取与甲酯化条件可用于气相色谱法鉴定羚羊角中脂类成分的种类及含量.     

高光谱在冬虫夏草含量及真伪鉴别中的应用

目的 以冬虫夏草粉末为研究对象,利用高光谱成像技术建立对冬虫夏草粉末的真假鉴别及含量判断的无损检测模型。方法 将真伪样品粉末分别按9︰1、8︰2、7︰3、6︰4、5︰5等不同比例进行混合,通过光谱范围为940~2 500 nm的高光谱成像仪分别获取真伪样品、不同比例真伪混合样品的高光谱影像数据,经过主成分分析（PCA）初步判别真伪样品的差异性,再结合偏最小二乘法（PLS）对真伪粉末样品的含量进行分析判断。结果 不同比例真伪混合物中冬虫夏草粉末的识别度为97.0%~98.78%,伪冬虫夏草粉末的识别度为83.10%~99.3%。结论 基于高光成像技术可以实现对冬虫夏草粉的真假辨别,并可准确地判别出冬虫夏草粉末的有效含量。     

Dorsal striatal dopamine induces fronto-cortical hypoactivity and attenuates anxiety and compulsive behaviors in rats

Dorsal striatal dopamine transmission engages the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuit, which is implicated in many neuropsychiatric diseases, including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Yet it is unknown if dorsal striatal dopamine hyperactivity is the cause or consequence of changes elsewhere in the CSTC circuit. Classical pharmacological and neurotoxic manipulations of the CSTC and other brain circuits suffer from various drawbacks related to off-target effects and adaptive changes. Chemogenetics, on the other hand, enables a highly selective targeting of specific neuronal populations within a given circuit. In this study, we developed a chemogenetic method for selective activation of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra, which innervates the dorsal striatum in the rat. We used this model to investigate effects of targeted dopamine activation on CSTC circuit function, especially in fronto-cortical regions. We found that chemogenetic activation of these neurons increased movement (as expected with increased dopamine release), rearings and time spent in center, while also lower self-grooming. Furthermore, this activation increased prepulse inhibition of the startle response in females. Remarkably, we observed reduced [¹⁸F]FDG metabolism in the frontal cortex, following dopamine activation in the dorsal striatum, while total glutamate levels- in this region were increased. This result is in accord with clinical studies of increased [¹⁸F]FDG metabolism and lower glutamate levels in similar regions of the brain of people with OCD. Taken together, the present chemogenetic model adds a mechanistic basis with behavioral and translational relevance to prior clinical neuroimaging studies showing deficits in fronto-cortical glucose metabolism across a variety of clinical populations (e.g. addiction, risky decision-making, compulsivity or obesity).Subject terms: Neuroscience, Behavioural methods, Human behaviour     

Isomeric analysis of synthetic cannabinoids detected as designer drugs

Recently, many psychotropic herbal products, named such as "Spice", were distributed worldwide via the Internet. In our previous study, several synthetic cannabinoids were identified as adulterants in herbal products being available in Japan due to their expected narcotic effects. Among those, two derivatives of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC), which is major psychotropic cannabinoid of marijuana, cannabicyclohexanol (CCH, 3-[2-hydroxy-4-(2-methylnonan-2-yl)phenyl]cyclohexan-1-ol) and CP-47,497 (3-[2-hydroxy-4-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenyl]cyclohexan-1-ol), have been controlled as designated substances (Shitei-Yakubutsu) under the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law since November 2009. CCH was detected together with its trans-form (1-epimer) in many herbal products, and CCH and CP-47,497 have two chiral centers in the structures. However, the pharmaceutical activities of the isomers of CCH have not been reported. This study presents chiral separations of CCH, its trans-form and CP-47,497 in the products using LC-circular dichroism (CD) and LC-MS analyses. The enantiomeric pairs of CCH, its trans-form and CP-47,497 were separated, respectively. Subsequently, the analyses of the herbal products showed that CCH and its trans-form existed as mixtures of enantiomers and the relative ratios of CCH and the trans-form enantiomers ranged from 42/58% to 53/47% and from 33/67% to 52/48%, respectively.     

酶联免疫法与胶体金法检测肺炎衣原体IgM抗体抗干扰能力的比较

目的:评价酶联免疫法和胶体金法用于肺炎衣原体IgM抗体(CP-IgM)检测抗干扰能力的差异。方法:检测方法的优劣一定程度上源于该方法抗干扰能力的强弱,体现在准确率、敏感性、特异性等相关指标上,选取219例临床疑为肺炎衣原体感染患者血清作为研究样本,分别采用酶联免疫法和胶体金法检测肺炎衣原体IgM抗体。比较两种方法检测结果的真阳性例数、真阴性例数、假阳性例数、假阴性例数,并计算两种方法相应的准确率、敏感性、特异性,进而评价两种检测方法的抗干扰能力。结果:酶联免疫法检测肺炎衣原体IgM抗体比胶体金法的真阳性例数与真阴性例数多;而假阳性例数和假阴性例数均少;酶联免疫法的准确率、敏感性、特异性均高于胶体金法(P<0.05)。结论:酶联免疫法检测肺炎衣原体IgM抗体的抗干扰能力比胶体金法更强,检测结果准确性更高。     

Comparing two medical tests when results of reference standard are unavailable for those negative via both tests

In studies for comparing the diagnostic accuracy of two qualitative tests, very often the reference standard to confirm the disease status is not applied to all study subjects. We considered a situation when all subjects with a positive result by at least one of the tests had a verified disease status and none of the subjects with both tests negative results had a verification of disease status. In this paper, we discuss whether the information about the ratio of true positive rates and the ratio of false positive rates of two qualitative tests, T(New) and T(Old), is sufficient to draw a conclusion about effectiveness of the T(New). We show that if there is a statistically significant increase in true positive rates and the increase in true positive rates is statistically larger than increase in false positive rates, then a conclusion about effectiveness of test T(New) can be made and this does not require application of the reference standard to the subjects with negative results by both tests. An application of ratio of true positive rates and ratio of false positive rates to post-market studies is also presented.     

Comparison of methods for estimating the number of true null hypotheses in multiplicity testing

When a large number of statistical tests is performed, the chance of false positive findings could increase considerably. The traditional approach is to control the probability of rejecting at least one true null hypothesis, the familywise error rate (FWE). To improve the power of detecting treatment differences, an alternative approach is to control the expected proportion of errors among the rejected hypotheses, the false discovery rate (FDR). When some of the hypotheses are not true, the error rate from either the FWE- or the FDR-controlling procedure is usually lower than the designed level. This paper compares five methods used to estimate the number of true null hypotheses over a large number of hypotheses. The estimated number of true null hypotheses is then used to improve the power of FWE- or FDR-controlling methods. Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of these methods. The lowest slope method, developed by Benjamini and Hochberg (2000) on the adaptive control of the FDR in multiple testing with independent statistics, and the mean of differences method appear to perform the best. These two methods control the FWE properly when the number of nontrue null hypotheses is small. A data set from a toxicogenomic microarray experiment is used for illustration.