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??OBJECTIVE To explore the determination of pethidine hydrochloride injection by using Raman spectroscopy to realize in-site non-invasive inspection. METHODS CLS algorithm was used to eliminate the interference of the ampoule, correlation coefficient was used for identification, and PLS algorithm was used to establish the quantitative model. Moreover, the transfer performance of the models was investigated when used on different portable Raman instruments. RESULTS Nineteen samples of four different batches were used to verify the method. The RESULTS showed a good coincidence with reference RESULTS on both identification and quantification, and the relative deviation from HPLC method was within 5%. Meanwhile, the Raman method showed good accuracy and repeatability with relative deviation of mean and RSD value within 1% for samples from the same batch. The differences between instruments were controlled by the key index, and quantitative analysisRESULTS of 51 samples measured on three instruments all fell in the range of 90% to 110%, among which 96% fell in a more narrow range of 95% to 105%. CONCLUSION The Raman method established in this study could be used for the in-situ non-invasive determination of pethidine hydrochloride injection.     

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??OBJECTIVE To investigate the impacts of particle size and preferred orientation on relative peak intensity, number of peaks and order of peak intensity in powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis of organic and inorganic pharmaceutical crystalline materials and evaluate the phase identification methods in various pharmaceutical compendiums.METHODS The PXRD patterns of organic and inorganic materials with different particle sizes obtained by sieving or grinding were acquired and the number of diffraction peaks, peak position and intensity of diffraction peaks were compared across different samples. RESULTS Due to preferred orientation effects, the diffraction patterns of samples with different particle sizes were apparently different, including the number of peaks, relative peak intensity and the order of the peak intensity. CONCLUSION Scientists may get different CONCLUSION s from the RESULTS of same tests performed according to the related guiding principles of current Chinese Pharmacopeia and USP39, EP8.0, JP16 ???? pharmacopoeia for identifying the crystalline forms.The phase identification by PXRD method in current Chinese Pharmacopeia neglects the effects of preferred orientation on diffraction peaks and relative peak intensity. This guideline needs to be updated to better reflect the scientific observation in industry and align with other well accepted compendiums such as USP, EP and JP.     

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??OBJECTIVE To study the chemical constituents of Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers.. METHODS The compounds were isolated and purified by Diaion HP-20, Toyopearl HW-40, Sephadex LH-20, MCI Gel CHP-20, silica gel column chromatography, and preparative HPLC, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral data and physiochemical properties. RESULTS Twenty compounds were elucidated as vanillic acid(1), ferulic acid(2), 4-hydroxyacetophenone(3), dihydroconiferylalcohol(4), loliolide(5), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylprop-8-ene 4-O-??-D-xylopyraosyl-(1??6)-??-D-glucopyranoside(6), 1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde(7), 5,7-dihydroxychromone(8), pyromeconic acid(9), erigeside D(10), methyl syringate 4-O-??-D-glucopyranoside(11),(7S,8R)-urolignoside(12), homoeriodictyol(13), pinobaksin(14), chrysin(15), hispidulin(16), chryseriol(17), cyclomorusin(18), cirsimaritin(19), and naringenin(20), respectively. CONCLUSION Compounds 1-8 and 11-19 is isolated from this plant for the first time.     

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??OBJECTIVE To investigate the Polygonum capitatum's influences on the related indicators in db/db mice which is the obesity model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS Randomly dividing the mice into 5 groups:model group, rosiglitazone hydrochloride group, low-, moderate- and high-dose groups of Polygonum capitatum (5, 10, 20 g??kg^-1), make the db/m mice as blank control. Give the medicine for four weeks. The body weight, blood sugar were determined every week.At the end of fourth week, measuring the glucose tolerance and INS, IL-6 in serum. After all the mice were killed, testing the cholesterol and triglyceride in liver and skeletal muscle and then collecting the liver tissue for HE staining. At the meantime, the expression level of AMPK and GLUT4 in liver were detected by Q-PCR. RESULTS Polygonum capitatum can improve the body weight, blood sugar and glucose tolerance of db/db mice as well as the content of INS and IL-6 in serum, but increase the content of SOD and decrease the content of MDA in mice, furthermore, the cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the liver and skeletal muscle were also declined. HE staining showed that Polygonum capitatum could reduce the number of vacuoles in the liver of db/db mice, and make its shape more complete and ordered. What's more, raising the expression of AMPK and GLUT4 in the liver. CONCLUSION Polygonum capitatum can improve the condition of insulin resistance state, alleviate inflammation and advance the ability of db/db mice, which can also reduce the number of vacuoles in liver, and relieve the tissue lipid metabolic disorder. Meanwhile, Polygonum capitatum can promote the uptake of glucose in liver tissues, which is resulted from up-regulation of expression in hepatic AMPK and GLUT4 gene.     

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??OBJECTIVE To synthesize the impurity A of sitagliptin which is a highly selective DPP-4 inhibitor used for treatment of type 2 diabetes. METHODS 1-{3-Trifluoromethyl-5,6-dihydro-1,2,4-triazo[4,3-a]piperazin-7(8H)-yl}-4-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butane-1,3-dione was prepared from 2,4,5-triflurophenylacetic acid, meldrum's acid and 3-trifluromethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine hydrochloride with one-pot reaction, followed by reduction with sodium borohydride to yield the impurity A of sitagliptin. RESULTS The structure of the impurity A of sitagliptin was characterized by IR, MS, and ¹H-NMR. CONCLUSION The established synthetic route of the impurity A in this study has not been reported in the literature, and has the advantages of low-cost, easy operation, mild reaction, and high overall yield.     

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??OBJECTIVE To probe into the operation and management of quality control of chemotherapy in cancer hospital, so as to improve the efficacy and standardization of chemotherapy. METHODS By summarizing management practice of clinical chemotherapy of pharmacist inrapy drugs, and analyzing the pharmacists?? work and problems in cancer hospital, combining with domestic and foreign literature reports of pharmacists in quality control of chemotherapy, the concept and scope of chemothe sting in quality control of chemotherapy were formulated. RESULTS The scope of quality control of chemotherapy should include standardization of all drugs in the process of chemotherapy; pharmacists' work about quality control mainly includes two aspects: the quality control of pharmaceutical affairs management and clinical pharmaceutical care; the barriers of quality control are the lack of clinical knowledge and pharmaceutical guidelines, and the records of patients' chemotherapy.CONCLUSION With the pharmacist participating in clinical chemotherapy, pharmacists have the ability to become the interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary cooperation in tumor chemotherapy of participants, so as to guarantee the specification of the chemotherapy.     

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??Quercetin could affect both the in vivo and in vitro transport of a variety of commonly used drugs by modulating the uptake transporter organic anion transporter polypeptides (OATPs), organic anion transporters (OATs), efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance-related protein (MRP) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), respectively. Quercetin can regulate various drug transporters, thereby affecting other drugs in vivo process.     

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??OBJECTIVE To investigate the contents of oligosaccharides in 37 batches of Morinda officinalis How samples from different habitats and germplasm resources at various ages. METHODS HPLC-ELSD method was used to determine the contents of four oligosaccharides, i.e sucrose, 1-kestose, nystose and 1^F-fructofuranosylnystose in Morinda officinalis How at different ages from different habitats and germplasm resources. The relationships among the several factors were analyzed. RESULTS The samples from Guangdong Province had larger amounts of sucrose, 1-kestose and 1^F-fructofuranosylnystose than those from Fujian, Guangxi and Hainan Provinces. The content of nystose in the samples from Guangdong Province was similar with those from Fujian Province. The contents of sucrose and 1-kestose were the highest in the samples of 2.5 years old, while the contents of nystose and 1^F-fructofuranosylnystose were the highest in the samples of 4 years old. The germplasm resources of small leaf had higher content of oligosaccharides than the large leaf germplasm in Guangdong Province, and different germplasm resources of Morinda officinalis How also had different morphological characteristics. CONCLUSION The contents of four Morinda officinalis How oligosaccharides vary with habitat, germplasm and age. This research may provide references for the quality control of Morinda officinalis How.     

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??OBJECTIVE To identify Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum and its adulterants using DNA barcoding. METHODS ITS2 is one of the popular DNA barcoding in the identification of traditional Chinese medicine. In this paper,the ITS2 regions of Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum and its adulterants were amplified and sequenced bi-directional.The length and GC content of ITS2 sequence were analyzed through MEGA5.0 software. The genetic distances were computed by kimura 2-parameter (K2P) model. Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum and its adulterants have been identified through the species identification system for traditional Chinese medicine and neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree. RESULTS The sequence lengths of ITS2 of Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum were 216 bp, and the GC content was 68.5%. The minimum K2P interspecific genetic distances of Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum and its adulterants were 0.009, which was larger than that of the intraspecific genetic distances of Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum.The Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum and its adulterants can be obviously identified using the Species identification System and NJ phylogenetic trees.CONCLUSION ITS2 Regions as DNA barcode can identify Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum and its adulterants accurately.     

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??OBJECTIVE To explore a new method to identify Microcos paniculata to guarantee its safe use. METHODS ITS2 Sequence was used as a barcode to identify herbal tea ingredient M. paniculata and its adulterants. The genomic DNAs from 56 samples were extracted, and the ITS2 sequences were amplified and bidirectionally sequenced. All the sequences were assembled and obtained using the CodonCode Aligner V3.7.1. The genetic distances were computed by kimura 2-parameter (K2P) model and the neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic trees were constructed using MEGA6.1. RESULTS The length of ITS2 sequence of M. paniculata was 237 bp. The intra-specific genetic distances(0-0.036) were much shorter than the inter-specific genetic distances (0.155-0.404) between M. paniculata and its adulterants. The NJ tree indicated that M.paniculata and its adulterants could be distinguished clearly. CONCLUSION ITS2 Barcode can accurately and effectively distinguish herbal tea ingredient M.paniculata from its adulterants, which provides a new molecular method to identify M.paniculata from its adulterants. It is a great help for the market supervision and medication safety.     

山茱萸药材及其混伪品的ITS／ITS2序列鉴定研究

利用DNA条形码技术准确快速鉴定山茱萸药材及其混伪品。方法：提取山莱萸及其混伪品的基因组DNA,利用PCR技术扩增它们的ITS序列。所得序列经双向测序后用CodonCode AlignerV3．5．4软件进行拼接和质量评估,用MEGAV5．0计算种内、种间的遗传距离,构建NJ（邻接）树鉴定山茱萸药材及其混伪品。结果：山茱萸药材的ITS序列长度均为659bp,种内变异较小,平均K2P遗传距离为O．005,远小于其与混伪品的种间平均K2P遗传距离0．357。不同来源的山茱萸药材ITS2序列无变异,长度均为250bp,其与混伪品的种间平均K2P遗传距离为0．571。ITS／ITS2序列的NJ系统聚类树和BLAST比对结果均可明显区分山茱萸药材及其混伪品,表现出良好的单系性。结论：ITS／ITS2序列可准确有效鉴定山茱萸药材,为临床安全用药奠定了基础,也为其它药材的分子鉴定提供了新的思路。     

中药材半夏及其混伪品的DNA条形码鉴定研究

目的：采用ITS2序列对中药材半夏及其混伪品进行DNA条形码鉴定研究,为规范中药材半夏的市场流通,保障临床用药安全及疗效提供参考依据。方法：对半夏及其混伪品共59份样品,通过DNA提取及聚合酶链式反应（PCR）扩增其ITS2序列,并采用Mega6.0软件进行多序列比对,计算种内及种间K2P遗传距离,采用邻接（NJ）法构建NJ系统聚类树。采用相似性搜索法、最小距离法、NJ 树法考察ITS2序列的鉴定能力。结果：半夏药材的ITS2序列长度为251 bp,应用相似性搜索法表明ITS2序列能够准确鉴定半夏药材及其混伪品;半夏种内最大K2P距离小于半夏与混伪品间的最小K2P距离;NJ树显示半夏药材可与其混伪品明显分开。结论：ITS2序列能准确、稳定鉴定中药材半夏药材及其混伪品。     

王不留行种子的ITS2序列分子鉴定研究

目的：基于ITS2序列对中药材王不留行种子及其混伪品进行鉴定研究,为王不留行种子及其混伪品的鉴定提供新方法。方法：对王不留行种子及其混伪品样品提取基因组DNA、PCR扩增、双向测序获得ITS2序列。应用MEGA 6.0软件计算种内、种间遗传距离,构建邻接树,基于自行编写的代码和开源代码 PHP QR Code的编码方式,将王不留行及其混伪品 ITS2序列转换为条形码图片,获得各物种二维DNA条形码图片,并在中药材DNA条形码鉴定系统（www.tcmbarcode.cn）对所获得ITS2序列进行分析鉴定。结果：王不留行药材ITS2序列长度为219-221bp,种内最大K2P遗传距离为0.009,小于其与混伪品的种间K2P遗传距离,王不留行及其混伪品ITS2序列间存在的变异位点较多。NJ树结果表明王不留行与其混伪品分别聚为一支,可明显区分。结论：ITS2序列可以准确鉴别王不留行种子,为其种质资源鉴定和中药材种子质量标准的建立提供了新方法,将获得的ITS2序列转换为二维DNA条形码可为王不留行药材流通管理提供便利,为保障王不留行临床用药安全提供了新的技术手段。     

苍耳子药材及其混伪品ITS2 序列鉴定研究

目的：应用ITS2 序列快速并准确地鉴定中药材苍耳子,为其药材质量、用药安全提供保障。方法：提取苍耳子药材及其混伪品的基因组DNA、扩增ITS2 序列并测序,采用软件CodonCode Aligner V 4. 2 对测序峰图进行校对拼接,并对峰图进行质量控制。应用MEGA 5.0 软件计算种内种间Kimura 2-parameter（K2P）遗传距离,构建邻接（NJ）系统聚类树。结果：苍耳子药材基原物种种内K2P 遗传距离为0,药材基原物种与其他混伪品的K2P 遗传距离分布于0.009~0.542;NJ 树结果显示苍耳子药材与其混伪品均可明显区分。结论：ITS2 序列适用于中药材苍耳子及其混伪品鉴别,进一步验证了DNA 条形码技术鉴定中药材的有效性。     

木麻黄属的DNA 条形码鉴定研究

为验证DNA条形码序列在物种鉴定方面及物种的系统发育方面的广适性,本研究以黎药植物木麻黄为研究对象,收集木麻黄及其近缘种和混伪品22份样本,采用4对引物(ITS,ITS2,trnH-psbA,rbcL)分别进行PCR扩增,产物进行双向测序。利用CodonCode Aligner软件进行序列的拼接,采用MEGA5.1进行数据的处理。结果表明,利用ITS/ITS2可以区分木麻黄与其近缘种以及混伪品,样品的psbA-trnH,rbcL和ITS/ITS2 4个序列中,ITS/ITS2序列具有明显的DNA gap。基于ITS/ITS2序列构建的NJ树结果表明,木麻黄属所有样品聚为一类,呈现明显的单系性,与其亲缘关系较近的是藤黄科。因此,ITS/ITS2序列可以准确鉴定黎药的基原植物。并能从分子水平揭示木麻黄的系统演化规律。     

细小种子类毒性药材天仙子的DNA 条形码鉴定

目的：毒性中药的误用滥用对人类健康造成了严重危害。本研究应用DNA条形码技术对细小种子类毒性药材天仙子及其混淆品进行鉴定,为中药材的安全使用提供保障。方法：使用试剂盒提取61份样本的总DNA,通过聚合酶链式反应（PCR）扩增其ITS2序列并双向测序,应用Codon Code Aligner v 4.25对测序峰图进行校对拼接,去除低质量序列及引物区获得ITS2 序列。用MEGA 6.0 软件计算物种种内和种间Kimura2-Parameter（K2P）遗传距离,分析变异位点并构建邻接（NJ）系统聚类树。结果：天仙子的基原植物莨菪种内最大K2P遗传距离为0.005,远小于其与混淆品之间的种间最小K2P遗传距离（0.360）;NJ树结果显示莨菪独自聚为一支,表现出良好的单系性,与混淆品明显区分开。结论：ITS2序列能准确鉴别毒性药材天仙子及其混淆品,为保障临床用药的安全提供了有效的技术手段。     

基于ITS2序列鉴定苗药金铁锁及其混伪品

目的：本研究利用ITS2序列对苗药金铁锁及其混伪品进行鉴定研究,从而确保药材质量,保障临床用药安全。方法：提取金铁锁药材及其混伪品基因组DNA,PCR扩增并双向测序获得ITS2序列。所有序列经过CodonCode Aligner V3.7.1拼接后,采用MEGA5.1软件进行序列比对,计算种内和种间Kimura2-Parameter（K2P）遗传距离,并构建系统发育树。采用相似性搜索法、最近距离法、邻接（NJ）树法对ITS2序列鉴定能力进行评估。结果：金铁锁药材的ITS2序列长度为229 bp,其ITS2序列种内最大K2P遗传距离小于与混伪品的最小种间K2P遗传距离;应用相似性搜索法表明ITS2序列能够准确鉴定金铁锁药材及其混伪品;基于ITS2序列构建NJ树,金铁锁及其混伪品均表现出良好单系性,均能明显区分。结论：ITS2序列能够稳定、准确地鉴定金铁锁药材及其混伪品,DNA 条形码技术可为金铁锁药材及其混伪品的鉴定提供新的方法。     

基于ITS2序列鉴定谷物芽类药材及其混伪品

目的：应用ITS2序列对2010版《中国药典》谷物芽类药材稻芽、谷芽、麦芽及其混伪品进行分子鉴定,以保证药材质量和临床疗效。方法：提取稻芽、谷芽和麦芽药材DNA,通过聚合酶链式反应（PCR）扩增其ITS2序列并双向测序,应用CodonCode Aligner软件对测序峰图进行校对拼接,并去除低质量序列及引物区,得到ITS2序列。用MEGA6.0软件对所有10个物种74条序列计算种内和种间K2P（Kimura 2-Parameter）遗传距离,分析变异位点并构建邻接（NJ）树。结果：稻芽、谷芽和麦芽的基原植物稻、粟和大麦的种内最大K2P遗传距离均远小于其与混伪品之间的种间最小K2P遗传遗传距离;NJ树结果显示稻、粟和大麦各自聚为一支,均与混伪品明显区分开,各混伪品物种也单独聚为一支。结论：ITS2序列能准确鉴别稻芽、谷芽、麦芽药材及其混伪品,该研究为保障谷物芽类药材临床准确用药提供了新的技术手段。