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??OBJECTIVE To identify Polygonum chinensis and its adulterants by ITS2 sequences. METHODS Total genomic DNA of P. chinensis was extracted using the plant genomic DNA kit. The internal transcribed spacer 2(ITS2) regions were amplified. The variable site of ITS2 regions were analysed through MEGA 6.0 software. The intra-versus inter-specific genetic distances of the ITS2 regions was calculated based on the kimura 2-parameter(K2P) model. Neighbor-Joining phylogenetic trees were constructed using MEGA6.0. RESULTS The intraspecific variation of P. chinensis was small. However, the interspecific variation of P. chinensis and its adulterants was small distinct. The secondary structure of ITS2 of P. chinensis and its adulterants has significant difference. NJ trees can identify P. chinensis and its adulterants. CONCLUSION ITS2 Regions can be used to authenticate P. chinensis and its adulterants which provide new METHODS for the identification of P. chinensis. The standard DNA barcodes of P. chinensis are establishment which would lay the foundation of identification and safety clinical drug application of P. chinensis.     

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??OBJECTIVE To study and collate the literature on rare diseases in domestic and abroad, and comparative analysis, provide a scientific basis for the domestic rare diseases research. METHODS Retrieved the Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure from January 2011 to June 2016 published literature about rare diseases. RESULTS Through the screening of literature, finally determine the 200 articles for analysis. It is divided into seven research directions:rare diseases policy research, rare diseases legal and regulatory research, rare diseases medical social security study, orphan drugs availability research, orphan drugs economic evaluation study, orphan drug development research, rare diseases defined standard research. CONCLUSION Rare diseases policy research is the focus of research both domestic and abroad. Compared with foreign countries, the domestic research on the availability and economic evaluation of orphan drug is less, especially the economic evaluation research is almost blank. It is suggested that the researchers study the multiple aspects of rare diseases and drugs, and to provide the basis and reference for build rare disease policy in China.In addition to the field of rare diseases research, rare diseases drugs face many difficulties in pharmaceutical research, production and supply.The precondition to solve these problems is the nation formulate specific policies and regulations for rare diseases,and then clear the official definition standards of rare diseases,establish relevant policies to encourage pharmaceutical companies to develop rare diseases drugs.     

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??OBJECTIVE To explore the determination of pethidine hydrochloride injection by using Raman spectroscopy to realize in-site non-invasive inspection. METHODS CLS algorithm was used to eliminate the interference of the ampoule, correlation coefficient was used for identification, and PLS algorithm was used to establish the quantitative model. Moreover, the transfer performance of the models was investigated when used on different portable Raman instruments. RESULTS Nineteen samples of four different batches were used to verify the method. The RESULTS showed a good coincidence with reference RESULTS on both identification and quantification, and the relative deviation from HPLC method was within 5%. Meanwhile, the Raman method showed good accuracy and repeatability with relative deviation of mean and RSD value within 1% for samples from the same batch. The differences between instruments were controlled by the key index, and quantitative analysisRESULTS of 51 samples measured on three instruments all fell in the range of 90% to 110%, among which 96% fell in a more narrow range of 95% to 105%. CONCLUSION The Raman method established in this study could be used for the in-situ non-invasive determination of pethidine hydrochloride injection.     

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??As a medicine and food homology plant, licorice has received extensive attention from many pharmacologists and biologists. The authors reviewed the new biotechnologies applied to licorice in recent years, including the research on the key enzyme genes involved in the biological synthetic pathway of the active constituents, the formation mechanism of genuineness based on genes, the gene regulation of the biosynthesis of active components, and DNA identification of licorice, aiming to bring up some ideas for deeper studies of licorice.     

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??OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of glucose on the growth of algae, the content of fucoxanthin, and expressions of genes related to biosynthesis of fucoxanthin. METHODS The cell growth of algae induced by glucose was researched by using spectrophotometric method. The content of fucoxanthin was measured by HPLC. The expressions of the genes which were related to biosynthesis of fucoxanthin were detected by using quantitative PCR. RESULTS At the end of the platform period, the density of cells treated by glucose was higher than that of the control group. The growth of P. tricornutum was promoted by glucose. The result of HPLC analysis showed that fucoxanthin content in the algae treated by different concentrations of glucose was decreased than that in the control group. When the concentration of glucose reached 50 mg??L^-1, the content of fucoxanthin was the lowest (0.26 mg??g^-1 DW), which was 67.5% lower than the control, indicating that glucose inhibited the biosynthesis of fucoxanthin in P. tricornutum. RT-qPCR result showed that the expression of genes related to the biosynthesis pathway of fucoxanthin, i.e., zep, pys, zds, lcyb, crtiso, and pds, were all lower than those of the control when the concentration of glucose was in the range from 10 to 50 mg??L^-1. This result was consistent with the change of fucoxanthin content. CONCLUSION This result further illustrates that glucose may inhibit the biosynthesis of fucoxanthin in P. tricornutum by down-regulating the expression of related genes.     

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??OBJECTIVE To synthesize 5-substituted indole-3-deoxypodophyllotoxin derivatives and study their antitumor activity. METHODS The target compounds were synthesized through a series of reactions and their anti-tumor activity in vitro were evaluated against Hela, K562 and K562/A02 cell lines by MTT as assay. RESULTS Ten target compounds were synthesized and confirmed by ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and HR-ESI-MS. All the target compounds had different degrees of cytotoxic activity in vitro. Most of the compounds had significant anti-MDR activity in vitro. CONCLUSION 5-Substituted indole-3-deoxypodophyllotoxin derivatives have good antitumor activity and worth of further study.     

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??OBJECTIVE To clone and isolate the major facilitator superfamily(MFS)genes of Polyporus umbellatus and carry out bioinformatic analysis. METHODS Nine major facilitator superfamily(MFS)genes were cloned from Polyporus umbellatus sclerotia by RT-PCR and the expression analysis of the nine genes in different parts of Polyporus umbellatus sclerotia was carried out using quantitative Real-time PCR.RESULTS The full open reading frame cDNA sequence of these nine genes was between 1 321 and 1 860 bp, the putative encoding proteins were between 441 and 620 amino acids, the molecular weight was between 48.45??10³ and 64.79??10³ and the theoretical pI was between 6.59 and 9.56. The amino acids of these nine genes possessed 11 to 14 membrane-spanning domains. Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that Comp34750,Comp34832, Comp29252, Comp42895, Comp32579 and Comp27555 had the highest similarity with MFS general substrate transporter,Comp28872 and Comp26306 had the highest similarity with MFS monosaccharide transporter, and Comp33117 had the highest similarity with MFS sugar transporter. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that these nine genes were expressed in both the symbiotic part and non-symbiotic part. Meanwhile,the expressions of seven genes were significantly up-regulated in the symbiotic part except Comp34382 and Comp32579. CONCLUSION The investigated nine genes might play an important role during the defense response and nutrient absorption of P.umbellatus.     

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??OBJECTIVE Taking aspirin as a model drug, the feasibility of the controlled release of aspirin tablets was discussed, which was based on the individual demand of 3D printing technology. METHODS The experiment selected 10 000 mPa??s hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC10000) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) as a hydrophilic matrix sustained-release layer; hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose 100 mPa??s (HPMC100) as a quick release layer binder, sodium carboxymethyl starch (CMS-Na) and sodium carboxymethyl starch (SSG) as a quick release layer disintegrating agent, the use of 3D printer to print the slow release of aspirin tablets. Select 100 mg??mL^-1 and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVPK30) as a quick release layer binder, crosslinking sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CC-Na) as a quick release layer disintegrating agent, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC100) as the matrix material release layer, with the traditional press pressing speed of aspirin sustained-release tablet, as contrast agents. The physical and chemical properties of tablets produced in two different modes of production (film weight difference, hardness and thickness) and release profile were investigated. RESULTS The physical and chemical properties of the two tablets are all in the Pharmacopoeia. Comparison of two kinds of drug release curve showed that the ASA-HPMC (14%, ??) and the press release curve of double layer tablets printing film is similar, and the release rate is higher than the tablet (6% ??.ASA-HPMC double layer tablets), ASA-HPMC (8%, ??) and ASA-HPMC (10%, ??) printing film final release amount increased with hydrophilic matrix HPMC. CONCLUSION 3D printers print different shapes of tablets with different release profiles, in which the release of the package is higher than the other tablets.     

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?? Zingiber officinale has a long application history in China, it is used as medicine, also condiment, food and drinks. The chemical constituents of Zingiber officinale include volatile oil, gingerol,diaryl-heptnaoids and so on. Scientific research showed that Zingiber officinale is widely used in anti-nausea, resisting gastric ulcer, anti-bacterial, anti-phlogistic, analgesia, antioxidant, resisting motion sickness, anti-tumor, hypoglycemic,antilipidemic,and improving cardiocerebral vascular system and so on.Zingiber officinale is recommended as a healthy food by doctor of traditional Chinese medicine in all times. In summary, it's worth to be researched and developed in detail.     

高特异性PCR方法鉴别乌梢蛇及其混淆品

 目的建立一种简便、准确的乌梢蛇药材DNA分子标记鉴别方法。方法根据乌梢蛇及10种常见混淆品线粒体12SrRNA基因序列,设计一对专用于乌梢蛇的鉴别引物HWL-1和HWH-1,用不同的复性温度PCR扩增,确立特异性反应条件,并利用此方法鉴别从市场上购买的各种乌梢蛇药材。结果PCR结果是在65℃复性温度下,正品乌梢蛇得到约320 bp的扩增带,而混淆品在同样的条件下无扩增带。为检验该方法的准确性,对市售乌梢蛇炮制品随机选取13块进行PCR鉴别验证,其中正品9块,混淆品4块,检出率达100%。结论所设计的鉴别引物对正品乌梢蛇有高度的特异性。PCR方法稳定性高,同种不同个体间的种内差异对鉴定结果无影响。本方法简单、准确、快速、灵敏度高、重现性好。     

铁皮石斛与霍山石斛中甘露糖、葡萄糖及柚皮素的含量比较

目的:优化铁皮石斛中甘露糖与葡萄糖的柱前衍生HPLC含量测定方法以及柚皮素HPLC含量测定方法,比较铁皮石斛与霍山石斛中这3种成分的含量差异。方法:在2015年版《中国药典》铁皮石斛甘露糖柱前衍生HPLC含量测定项下色谱条件基础上,选择乙腈-0. 02 mol·L~(-1)乙酸铵溶液为流动相系统梯度洗脱,同时测定甘露糖与葡萄糖的含量,并分析甘露糖与葡萄糖的峰面积比值;采用Kromasil 100-5 C18色谱柱(4. 6 mm×250 mm,5μm);检测波长250 nm;流速1. 0 mL·min~(-1);柱温30℃。柚皮素HPLC含量测定采用Kromasil 100-5 C18色谱柱(4. 6 mm×250 mm,5μm);流动相乙腈-甲醇-0. 4%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱;检测波长290 nm;流速0. 8 mL·min~(-1);柱温40℃。结果:甘露糖与葡萄糖在0. 15~3. 0,0. 075~2. 25μg线性关系良好(r=0. 999 9),平均加样回收率分别为99. 01%(RSD 2. 1%),101. 69%(RSD 2. 0%),重复性、耐用性等其他方法学研究符合要求。43批不同产区铁皮石斛中甘露糖、葡萄糖以及两者的含量之和分别在12. 75%~36. 40%,2. 93%~18. 39%,19. 23%~54. 58%,除极少数样品外,基本符合2015年版《中国药典》甘露糖含量限度要求,甘露糖与葡萄糖含量之和也接近总多糖含量限度要求;含量与产区相关性不显著。12批霍山石斛的总糖则分别在14. 33%~29. 47%,6. 64%~15. 20%,25. 73%~44. 37%,其含量以及峰面积比值基本落在铁皮石斛范围期间,多批次的平均含量也基本与铁皮石斛一致(约33%左右)。柚皮素在0. 020 8~0. 832 0μg线性关系良好(r=0. 999 9),平均加样回收率为101. 96%(RSD 1. 8%)。11批铁皮石斛与7批霍山石斛的柚皮素含量分别为0. 053 2~0. 122 4 mg·g~(-1)(均值为0. 081 0 mg·g~(-1)),0. 040 3~0. 090 0 mg·g~(-1)(均值为0. 068 3 mg·g~(-1)),铁皮石斛含量稍高于霍山石斛,但含量均亦未达到0. 02%的质量标准下限的常规要求。结论:铁皮石斛中甘露糖与葡萄糖HPLC含量测定方法重复性较好,用两者含量之和替代具有较大误差的总多糖含量作为测定指标具有可行性;单糖含量测定可应用于霍山石斛的定量质控指标;但依据2种石斛的总多糖含量、水解后的单糖含量与峰面积比值以及柚皮素含量,无法区分铁皮石斛与霍山石斛,需结合其他专属性方法方能对两种石斛进行区别。     

霍山石斛糖蛋白的分离纯化和毒活性研究

霍山石斛是名贵中药材,其多糖的抗肿瘤活性是中药资源领域的研究热点,该研究旨在探究霍山石斛多糖抗肿瘤活性的物质基础。实验以霍山石斛为原料,通过低盐溶液浸提和硫酸铵分级沉淀得到不同的霍山石斛蛋白组分,经SDS-PAGE电泳染色确定糖蛋白组分,再经DEAE离子柱和Sephadex凝胶柱进一步分离纯化糖蛋白组分,同时采用MTT比色法检测不同产物对人肝癌细胞Hep G2的毒活性;结果获得3种相对分子质量为22.5,19.8,15.6 k Da的糖蛋白组分RG1,RG2,RG3,测得三者复合物对Hep G2的IC50为534.23 mg·L-1,而组分RG1,RG2的IC50分别为432.96,413.91 mg·L-1,组分RG3对Hep G2无毒活性。总之,实验结果提示霍山石斛多糖抗肿瘤活性的物质基础之一是相对分子质量为22.5,19.8 k Da的2种糖蛋白组分,且具有协同效用。     

意大利牛舌草与其易混淆品的鉴定

目的:研究建立意大利牛舌草及其易混淆品的鉴别方法,为意大利牛舌草的质量控制提供依据。方法:采集不同产地的意大利牛舌草及其混淆品,采用药材显微鉴别、薄层色谱鉴别和DNA分子鉴别方法,对意大利牛舌草及其混淆品进行鉴别研究。结果:意大利牛舌草与琉璃苣、倒提壶在显微、薄层色谱有较为明显的差异,DNA分子鉴定表明,意大利牛舌草及其混淆品的最小种间K-2-P距离大于种内最大K-2-P距离,邻接法(NJ)树中意大利牛舌草的样品聚为一支,琉璃苣、倒提壶混淆品分别表现出单系性,可明显区分开。结论:该文在对意大利牛舌草及混淆品的茎、粉末显微特征比较研究的基础上,采用药材显微鉴别、薄层色谱鉴别与DNA分子鉴定手段相结合的综合鉴别模式,确定了意大利牛舌草及其混淆品的鉴别要点,DNA分子鉴定技术对于意大利牛舌草及其混淆品的鉴别有较大的优势,该法专属性强、灵敏度高,是传统鉴别技术的重要补充,具有较大的潜力和应用前景。建议进一步提高和完善意大利牛舌草的质量标准,加强意大利牛舌草的质量控制。     

霍山石斛种内遗传稳定性的RAPD初探

目的 研究霍山石斛荚果内遗传稳定性及荚果间的差异大小。方法 利用从20个随机引物筛选出来的3个稳定性较好的10碱基引物对来自5个不同荚果的霍山石斛种群进行RAPD检测。结果 5个荚果内遗传相似系数较大,在92.5926%-100.00%,其中H1、H9、H10、H14存在一定程度的变异,H23是一个较为稳定的群体;5个荚果间H1、H9、H10、H23的遗传距离较小,H14与其他4个荚果的遗传距离则较大。结论 建立霍山石斛稳定的无性快繁体系是切实可行的,同时说明霍山石斛种内存在一定的变异,H14与其他荚果的差异最大。     

不同生长年限霍山石斛高效液相指纹图谱研究

目的建立霍山石斛Dendrobium huoshanense的HPLC指纹图谱,同时测定不同生长年限霍山石斛中丁香酸、芦丁、石斛酚、柚皮素含量,为霍山石斛药材质量的评价提供依据。方法采用Agilent C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸水溶液,梯度洗脱,体积流量1.0 m L/min,检测波长240 nm,柱温30℃;将色谱图导入《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统》(2012.1),对不同年限的霍山石斛样品进行相似度分析;峰面积导入SPSS软件进行聚类分析,从树状图上判断聚类效果。结果本方法建立的指纹图谱共有13个共有峰,指认了其中4个共有峰,分别为丁香酸、芦丁、石斛酚、柚皮素;不同年限的栽培霍山石斛相似度结果小于0.900,不同年限的仿野生霍山石斛相似度结果大于0.900。结论HPLC指纹图谱结合化学计量学方法能够评价和鉴别不同年限的霍山石斛,为霍山石斛药材的采收、开发、评价等提供参考。     

基于DSS标记特异性PCR鉴别冷背药材木槿皮基原植物及其混伪品

目的 冷背药材作为宝贵的药材资源，但因其本身的特殊性和复杂性，导致其鉴别成为中药鉴定中的难题，因此亟需建立冷背药材的鉴别方法。该研究利用DNA特征序列（DSS）标记，建立一种冷背药材木槿皮基原植物木槿及其混伪品的特异性聚合酶链式反应（PCR）鉴别方法。方法 基于叶绿体基因组序列分析获得木槿皮的候选DSS标记，使用DNA测序手段对DSS标记进行验证，基于得到的可靠DSS标记设计木槿皮基原植物特异性鉴别引物，对PCR反应条件进行优化，并进行耐受性和适用性的考察。结果 将扩增产物的测序结果与DSS比对后得到了1个可用于鉴定木槿的DSS标记，揭示了木槿正混伪品的区别特征，根据DSS标记设计出一对木槿正品特异性鉴别引物，使用该引物进行PCR扩增和凝胶电泳后木槿均出现约270 bp的单一明亮条带，而其4种混伪品均无此条带。结论 该研究得到的1个DSS标记可用于木槿的真伪鉴定，基于此DSS标记设计的特异性鉴别引物可准确、简便的鉴别木槿皮的基原植物及其混伪品，为木槿正伪品的分子鉴定提供了新的方法与思路。     

霍山石斛内生真菌Fusarium lactis次生代谢产物研究

目的研究霍山石斛内生真菌Fusarium lactis的次生代谢产物。方法利用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20、反相、中压、高效液相制备等多种色谱法分离纯化,根据波谱方法对化合物进行结构鉴定。结果从霍山石斛内生真菌Fusarium lactis中分离得到21个化合物,分别鉴定为N-苯乙基乙酰胺(1)、1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde(2)、胸腺嘧啶(3)、尿嘧啶(4)、lignoren(5)、尿嘧啶核苷(6)、己六醇(7)、腺嘌呤核苷(8)、环-甘氨酸-(L)-脯氨酸(9)、环(D)-脯氨酸-(L)-苯丙氨酸(10)、环(L)-脯氨酸-(L)-苯丙氨酸(11)、2-pyrrolidinone(12)、N-methyl-2-pyrolidinone(13)、环(L)-4-羟基-脯氨酸-(L)-苯丙氨酸(14)、brevianamide F(15)、3-甲基哌嗪-2,5-二酮(16)、7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione(17),环(L)-酪氨酸-(L)-苯丙氨酸(18)、啤酒甾醇(19)、大豆黄素(20)、赤藓糖醇(21)。结论所有化合物均为首次从霍山石斛内生真菌Fusariumlactis中分离得到。     

三七花及其易混淆品的微性状鉴别

目的:研究市售五加科植物三七(Panax notoginseng),人参(P.ginseng),西洋参(P.quinquefolius)的干燥花序的微性状特征,为该类药材的微性状鉴别提供科学的理论依据。方法:利用中药微性状鉴定法对市场上销售的3种花序的不同部位运用电子目镜进行拍照,采用Photoshop CS6软件程序合成高清晰度微性状特征图片来对微性状特征进行鉴别研究,并对其表面微性状特征进行描述。最后归纳、总结出各药材的鉴别要点。结果:微性状鉴别较明显的区别点集中在总花梗、小花梗、雌蕊方面,其中三七花总花梗和小花梗表面有非腺毛,小花梗表面白色突起呈不规则排列,雌蕊柱头分开,并且含有棕黄色树脂道;人参花总花梗和小花梗表面无非腺毛,雌蕊柱头常不分开,含不明显的黄色树脂道;西洋参花总花梗和小花梗表面有非腺毛,小花梗表面白色突起呈规则排列,雌蕊柱头不分开,无明显树脂道。结论:通过微性状鉴别法,可以清楚地看出各部位的微性状特征,能有效的对三七花、人参花、西洋参花进行区别,为三七花的真伪鉴别及质量评价提供依据。     

专利视角下霍山石斛产业链的SWOT分析

霍山石斛Dendrobium huoshanense为兰科石斛属多年生草本植物,具有强阴益精、补虚赢、壮筋骨之功效。基于PatSnap专利数据库,梳理霍山石斛近20年的专利数据,采用专利分析与SWOT分析相结合的方式,分析其产业链的现状与发展趋势,进而提出相应建议。霍山石斛专利申请数量保持高位增长,专利类型以发明申请为主导,研发范围集中在医药领域和保健食品领域,研发集群已初具规模。但霍山石斛专利存在“重数量、轻质量”现象,专利授权数量少,高附加值的深加工领域研发不够深入,专利转化率低。因此,产业需要抓住发展黄金期,充分挖掘品牌影响力,巩固和扩大现有专利布局和研发合作网络,在保健品和医药领域开展技术攻关,培育中药大品种占领市场。同时做好知识产权保护,鼓励有能力的专利权人布局海外专利,提升霍山石斛国际竞争力。