放射性皮炎的预防与治疗临床实践指南

放射性皮炎是肿瘤放疗患者最常见的并发症之一,也是肿瘤治疗中的难题。症状主要包括红斑、干性脱皮和湿性脱皮,常见于乳腺癌、头颈部肿瘤、肛门癌和外阴癌患者。早期皮肤反应发生在放疗开始后2～4周,不仅会影响患者容貌和生活质量,严重者还会造成放疗中断、治疗时间延长,最终影响患者的治疗结果和总体生活质量。目前,国外关于放射性皮炎的相关指南较多,包括癌症支持疗法多国学会(MASCC)、不列颠哥伦比亚癌症中心(BCCA)、肿瘤护理论坛(ONS)、英国放射治疗学会(SCoR)指南等,国内也曾组织皮肤病学专家撰写中国共识,但由于参与撰写的专家背景不同,各指南的推荐意见也存在差异。本临床实践指南首次由国内放射治疗领域专家共同参与制订,通过对国内外放射性皮炎的防治经验进行回顾、总结,结合我国国情,筛选纳入对临床诊疗指导意义较大的药物和方法,最终制定更加符合我国临床医生需要的临床实践指南,对放射性皮炎的预防及诊疗具有较强的临床指导意义。     

中国原发性肝癌2022年版诊疗指南与2019年版诊疗规范的比较分析

随着对原发性肝癌研究深入,国家卫生健康委员会相继在2019及2022年制定发布了《原发性肝癌诊疗规范(2019版)》和《原发性肝癌诊疗指南(2022年版)》。本研究比较2版指南在原发性肝癌诊疗过程中的差异,思考、总结新版指南提出的新方案、新观点及新设想,并参考国内外相关研究最新进展,加以补充,为临床原发性肝癌诊治提供借鉴和指导,希望肝病相关临床医师应用最新指南,规范诊疗行为,保障医疗质量。     

肿瘤放射治疗患者营养治疗指南(2022年)

营养不良是肿瘤患者的常见临床表现,也是放射治疗(简称放疗)患者最常见的并发症之一。营养不良会对肿瘤患者的不良反应和放疗疗效造成不良的影响。因此,肿瘤放疗患者的营养治疗具有重要意义。基于此,中国抗癌协会肿瘤营养专业委员会、中华医学会放射肿瘤治疗学分会,中国医师协会放射肿瘤治疗医师分会组织专家制订了本指南,主要根据我国肿瘤放疗患者营养诊疗现状、国内外发表的循证医学证据,结合临床、营养、药学、护理等领域的专家经验和意见,采用欧洲心脏学会证据分级和推荐强度标准,围绕肿瘤放疗患者的放疗前、中、后不同阶段的营养评估、营养教育、营养途径和通路、营养素等提供指导。最终,制订了肿瘤放疗患者营养治疗指南,为临床医师规范化和标准化诊疗提供参考依据。     

肝癌AASLD、EASL、JSH指南及中国诊疗规范的比较

肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma，HCC)是一种常见的恶性肿瘤，严重危害人民健康。基于权威临床指南的公认证据与应用价值以及全球范围具有代表性指南各自的背景、相关研究状况和认知等因素存在的异同，有必要对其进行比较分析。美国肝病研究学会（American Association for The Study of Liver Diseases，AASLD）指南、欧洲肝脏研究学会(European Association for the Study of the Liver ,EASL)指南、日本肝脏学会(The Japan Society of Hepatology ,JSH)指南以及我国诊疗规范是全球范围分别具有代表性及影响力的肝癌诊疗指南。     

2023年第1版《NCCN头颈部癌临床实践指南》更新解读

美国国家综合癌症网络（National Comprehensive Cancer Network,NCCN）是由32家权威癌症中心组成的非盈利联盟组织，致力于提供更优质、高效和合理的癌症医疗服务。NCCN每年定期更新发布临床实践指南，旨在提供基于实证和共识的癌症管理方案。NCCN指南是癌症管理中临床指导和政策的公认标准，也是全球肿瘤临床实践最广泛的指南。目前2023年《NCCN头颈部癌临床实践指南》第1版已出版，其较2022年第2版主要在口腔癌、口咽癌、下咽癌、鼻咽癌、声门型喉癌、声门上型喉癌、筛窦肿瘤、上颌窦肿瘤、晚期头颈部癌、隐匿性原发性肿瘤、涎腺肿瘤和黏膜黑色素瘤患者的手术治疗、放疗原则、系统性治疗原则及营养支持治疗原则等方面进行了更新，本文就新版指南的更新内容进行逐一解读。     

2022年第3版《NCCN非小细胞肺癌临床实践指南》更新解读

美国国家综合癌症网络(National Comprehensive Cancer Network,NCCN)是由32家世界知名癌症中心组成的非营利性联盟组织,旨于提供更优质、高效和合理的癌症患者管理模式。NCCN每年持续更新临床实践指南,指南以临床研究数据为依据,确保肿瘤领域专家和患者均能获取最新的癌症预防、筛选和治疗方法,从而达到最佳疗效。NCCN指南不仅是美国肿瘤领域临床决策的标准,而且是全球肿瘤临床实践最广泛的指南。2022年《NCCN非小细胞肺癌临床实践指南》目前更新至第3版,较2021年第7版指南主要在临床评估、分子标志物检测、围手术期治疗、放疗、晚期非小细胞肺癌靶向治疗和免疫治疗等方面进行更新。本文就新版指南更新内容进行逐一解读。     

2014前列腺癌切除术后辅助和挽救性放疗指南

近日,美国临床肿瘤学会(ASCO)完成了对美国泌尿协会(AUA)/美国放射肿瘤学会(ASTRO)关于前列腺癌术后辅助性及挽救性放疗指南的审查。该指南发表于JCO(Journal of Clinical Oncology)杂志上。该前列腺切除术后辅助和挽救性放疗指南是基于医学文献的系统性回顾制定的。ASCO背书小组对该指南进行了内容和建议的审查工作。在西方国家中,前列腺癌是男性中发病率最高的肿瘤。根治性手术和放射治疗     

肝切除术治疗BCLC—B期／C期肝细胞性肝癌患者的生存获益较佳

肝切除术（hepaticresection,HR）在肝细胞性肝癌（hepatocellularcarcinoma,HCC）根治性治疗中应用最广。在HCC的各种临床分期系统中,应用最广泛的是巴塞罗那临床肝癌（barcelonacliniclivercancer,BCLC）分期系统,欧洲肝脏研究协会和美国肝病研究协会指南的制订正是基于这一系统。这些指南推荐,HR仅适用于早期HCC,而对于中晚期HCC患者则更适合于经肝动脉化疗栓塞（transarterialchemoembolization,TACE）治疗。     

晚期甲状腺癌治疗的曙光——靶向和免疫治疗

近年来,甲状腺癌的发病率显著增加,大多数病例以分化型甲状腺癌为主,其特点是预后良好。然而,在初始治疗后仍有15%的患者出现疾病持续或复发,并且局部晚期或转移性癌症患者对既定治疗无效,最终有死亡的风险。国内外对于晚期甲状腺癌的治疗仍有争议,但都倾向于靶向和免疫治疗为主的综合治疗。随着对甲状腺癌分子发病机制的深入理解,临床上已批准了多种新的靶向治疗方法用于晚期甲状腺癌。中国临床肿瘤学会(CSCO)2021年指南和欧洲肿瘤内科学会(ESMO)2022年指南(更新)均将靶向治疗作为晚期甲状腺癌治疗的Ⅰ级推荐。本文将对晚期甲状腺癌临床治疗新进展作一综述。     

抗凝对非小细胞肺癌治疗的机制研究

近年来越来越多的研究开始关注恶性肿瘤患者并发的凝血功能异常,不仅导致血栓形成,还与肿瘤的生长、浸润侵袭、转移等密切相关,从而直接影响预后。肝素作为传统抗凝剂已众所周知,且抗凝药物已出现在恶性肿瘤治疗指南中。美国临床肿瘤学会（ASCO）、欧洲肿瘤内科学会（ESMO）以及美国临床药学学会（ACCP）等机构推荐低分子肝素作为治疗癌症相关血栓的首选,然而预防性应用抗凝药物对控制恶性肿瘤、延长PFS 及OS的机制仍不明确。本文将从多方面介绍抗凝药物对控制恶性肿瘤的复发转移及延长生存的病理生理学机制。      

2016年原发性肝癌放疗共识

随着技术进步,放疗对原发性肝癌的有效性和安全性都在不断提高,但国内至今仍无相关共识。因此,肝癌放疗的相关协会,包括中华医学会放射肿瘤学分会、中国生物医学工程学会精确放疗分会肝癌学组与消化系统肿瘤专家委员会、中国研究型医院学会放射肿瘤学分会肝癌学组共同讨论,最终形成原发性肝癌放疗共识。主要内容包括:对早中期肝癌患者,如不能进行手术切除或射频消融可考虑局部放疗,特别是SBRT;对中晚期肝癌患者,放疗可以和TACE或肝动脉灌注化疗或全身药物治疗联合,以提高治疗效果;对于晚期伴有远处转移的肝癌患者,放疗可以作为姑息减征手段,提高患者生活质量,延长生存期。虽然放疗是肝癌有效治疗手段之一,但仍需前瞻、随机、对照的Ⅲ期研究,以获得更高级别的临床证据,进一步确立放疗在肝癌治疗中的地位。     

Metastatic Breast Cancer Mimicking Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Differences in Noninvasive Guidelines

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), unlike most solid tumors, can be diagnosed noninvasively. We present a case that highlights an important clinical difference between two established guidelines: National Cancer Comprehensive Network (NCCN) and Barcelona-2000 EASL Conference (European Association for the Study of the Liver). Our patient had a large liver mass extending into the right atrium with elevation of the alpha-fetoprotein to 1,130 ng/mL. The radiographic and laboratory evidence is sufficient using NCCN guidelines to initiate palliative treatment for HCC. The Barcelona-2000 EASL Conference guideline for noninvasive diagnosis is restricted to cirrhotic patients. Our patient did not have a history of chronic liver disease or active hepatitis, and a biopsy was performed that demonstrated breast cancer.     

The clinical management of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States,Europe, and Asia: A comprehensive and evidence‐based comparison and review

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common primary malignancy of the liver, represents 1 of the leading causes of cancer deaths in the world with an estimated 21,670 deaths in the United States in 2013. In contrast to other malignancies, there is an array of treatment options for HCC involving several specialties in the multidisciplinary care of the patient. Consequently, vast heterogeneity in management tendencies has been observed. The objective of this report was to review and compare guidelines on the management of HCC from the United States (National Comprehensive Cancer Network), Europe (European Association for the Study of the Liver‐European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer), and Asia (consensus statement from the 2009 Asian Oncology Summit). By and large, all 3 guidelines are similar, with some variance in surveillance and treatment allocation recommendations because of regional differences in disease and other variables (diagnosis, staging systems) secondary to the lack of a concrete, high level of evidence. In contrast to other cancers, the geographic differences in tumor biology and resources make it impractical to have a globally universal guideline for all patients with HCC. Recommendations from the 3 groups are influenced by geographic differences in the prevalence and biology of the disease (ie, areas of increased hepatitis B prevalence) and available resources (organ availability for transplantation, finances, and accessibility to treatment). It is important for both physicians and policy makers to include these considerations when treating patients with HCC as well when structuring policies and guidelines. Cancer 2014;120:2824–2838. © 2014 American Cancer Society.     

原发性肝癌临床分期标准的探讨

目的：探讨适合我国原发性肝癌的临床分期标准。方法：回顾性分析复旦大学肝癌研究所收治的427例原发性肝癌病例的临床资料，分析各分期标准所含指标与预后的相关性、各分期标准对根治性切除率及术后预后的反映程度。结果：肿瘤大小、数目、合并癌栓及肝硬化为肝癌患者预后的相关因素，具体分组及肝癌专业委员会制定的标准较一致，在反映根治性切除率及术后预后时，肝癌专业委员会制定的分期标准比较有价值。结论：在几种分期标准中，肝癌专业委员会制定的分期标准最适合我国肝癌患者的临床实际。     

中国肿瘤整合诊治指南-肝癌（2022精简版）

肝癌是我国第5位常见恶性肿瘤及第2位肿瘤致死病因,严重威胁我国人民的生命健康。现有的国际诊疗指南在临床实践中无法兼顾我国肝癌的疾病背景、诊疗资源的地区差异、肿瘤治疗的社会价值等,难以实现个体化诊疗决策。中国抗癌协会肝癌专业委员会组织业内专家依据循证医学方法制定了《中国肿瘤整合诊治指南-肝癌》,以“防-筛-诊-治-康”为基础,内容涉及肝癌的流行病学、筛查、影像学检查、病理学评估、外科治疗、介入治疗、系统性药物治疗、放疗和中医药治疗等多学科整合治疗手段、全程康复管理等。希望本指南能够为临床医师的临床诊疗提供最佳的、有效的意见参考,从而使我国肝癌患者达到最佳的治疗效果。      

The challenge of prognosis and staging for hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a heterogeneous condition, with multiple confounding factors making patient assessment extremely complex. Tumor burden, the presence of symptoms, liver function, and comorbidities must all be considered to ensure accurate patient assessment, thereby providing physicians with a common language on which to base treatment decisions and guide research. Although many staging classifications have been developed, there is no consensus on the best classification to use. The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer system is a promising candidate for a standard western classification, because it has been externally validated and is endorsed by the European Association for the Study of the Liver and the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Similarly, the biomarker-combined Japanese Integrated Staging (JIS) score is the most promising candidate for a standard Asia-Pacific classification, because it has been externally validated and shown to be superior to conventional JIS. Because risk factors vary significantly by region, so too does the predictive power of current staging classifications; any standard global staging classification would need to be validated in both western and Asia-Pacific patients. To date, no such globally validated classification exists. Findings from scientific research have improved our understanding of HCC and enabled us to refine current classifications. The role of tumor markers to predict survival was recently reported, and α-fetoprotein, lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive α-fetoprotein, and des-γ-carboxyprothrombin have now been incorporated into some classifications. Molecular markers have also been linked with poor outcomes and will likely play a role in future classifications. Although more work is required, it is hoped that these and other ongoing research efforts will eventually enable the development of a global staging classification.     

Screening for prostate cancer: an up date

Recently, large prospective randomized controlled trials such as the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer(ERSPC), the subsequent Goteborg study, and the alternative analysis of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO)Cancer Screening Trial conducted in the USA, demonstrated very important evidence contributing to screening for prostate cancer. In the Goteborg study, the median mortality reduction in the screening group during 14 years of follow-up was 44%, according to an intention-to-screen analysis. Introducing PSA-based screening could lead to evident mortality reduction and the prevention of metastatic disease progression, which may decrease QOL. Furthermore, establishing an optimal screening system that includes more accurate detection methods, minimally invasive treatment and active surveillance strategy(which minimizes over detection, overtreatment, and loss of QOL due to treatment), would improve the clinical validity of PSA screening. It is very important to conduct PSA-based screening according to well-balanced guidelines published by the Japanese Urological Association.     

Design and endpoints of clinical trials in hepatocellular carcinoma

The design of clinical trials in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is complex because many patients have concurrent liver disease, which can confound the assessment of clinical benefit. There is an urgent need for high-quality trials in this disease. An expert panel was convened by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases to develop guidelines that provide a common framework for designing trials to facilitate comparability of results. According to these guidelines, randomized phase 2 trials with a time-to-event primary endpoint, such as time to progression, are pivotal in clinical research on HCC. Survival remains the main endpoint to measure effectiveness in phase 3 studies, whereas time to recurrence is proposed as an appropriate endpoint in the adjuvant setting. Because progression-free survival and disease-free survival are composite endpoints, they are more vulnerable than others in HCC clinical studies and may not be able to capture clinical benefits. Selection of the target population should be based on the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging system. New drugs should be tested in patients with well-preserved liver function (Child-Pugh A class). Patients assigned to the control arm should receive standard-of-care therapy, that is, chemoembolization for patients with intermediate-stage disease and sorafenib for patients with advanced-stage disease. Further research is needed to incorporate biomarkers and molecular imaging into clinical research in HCC. These surrogate markers may help to enrich study populations and maximize the cost-benefit ratio of trial execution. Design and conduct of phase 3 trials should be coordinated by centers with appropriate expertise in HCC.     

Management of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan: consensus-based clinical practice manual proposed by the Japan Society of Hepatology

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death not only in Japan but worldwide. Clinical Practice Guidelines for HCC were published in 2001 by the European Society of Study of the Liver (EASL) and in 2005 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD). However, these guidelines have proven to be somewhat unsuitable for Japanese patients. In 2005, supported by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for HCC were compiled. Based on 'evidence-based' guidelines and the consensus of an expert panel on HCC, the Japan Society of Hepatology (JSH) published the Consensus-Based Clinical Practice Manual in 2007. In this article, the content of this manual, especially issues on surveillance, diagnosis, staging, and treatment, is summarized.     

Management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: A comprehensive analysis of guidelines from the United States,Europe and Asia

Bladder cancer is the 8th most common cancer with 74,000 new cases in the United States in 2015. Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) accounts for 75% of all bladder cancer cases. Transurethral resection and intravesical treatments remain the main treatment modality. Up to 31–78% of cases recur, hence the need for intensive treatment and surveillance protocols which makes bladder cancer one of the most expensive cancers to manage. The purpose of this review is to compare contemporary guidelines from Europe, (European Association of Urology), the United States (National Comprehensive Cancer Network), the United Kingdom (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence), Japan (Japanese Urological Association) and the International Consultation on Bladder Cancer (ICUD). We compare and contrast the different guidelines and the evidence on which their recommendations are based.