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目的以壳聚糖为酶触型结肠靶向给药系统的材料,研制可用于结肠靶向的多单元口服给药系统(迷你片),以期为结肠部位疾病治疗的药物输送提供重要参考。方法以结肠癌的治疗药物-吲哚美辛为模型药物,首先制备固体分散体,再采用直接压片法和包衣技术制备尤特奇-壳聚糖双层包衣结肠靶向迷你片,考察靶向迷你片在不同释放介质中的释药行为,采用小动物活体荧光成像技术考察制剂在体内的转运和吸收情况,并以比格犬为动物模型进行药动学研究和生物利用度评价。结果制备的壳聚糖多单元结肠靶向迷你片可以完整形态通过大鼠胃和小肠,并靶向在结肠部位缓慢释放,比格犬体内药动学数据表明,自制结肠靶向迷你片的释药时间显著延长,血药浓度平稳。结论本实验制备尤特奇-壳聚糖双层包衣多单元迷你片给药系统具有较好的结肠靶向性和缓释效果,可为治疗结肠疾病的制剂开发提供重要参考。     

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??OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of hormone replacement therapy(HRT) on the quality of life in climacteric women.METHODS The 202 patients were collected and divided into three groups according to whether or not they were treated with HRT: group 1 (not HRT), group 2 (HRT for the first time), group 3 (HRT for more than one year). All patients received follow-up visiting once per three months for one year. They were evaluated by the professionals through Kupperman index(KI), menopause-specific quality of life questionnaire(MENQOL), self-rating anxiety scale(SAS), self-rating depression scale(SDS). All patients were guided to improve the way of life.RESULTS After a year, KI, MENQOL and SAS in the three groups were improved significantly (P=0.003, 0.007, 0.014). KI and MENQOL were improved earlier than SAS. SDS was improved but not significantly(P=0.109). KI, MENQOL, SAS and SDS of patients in group 1 were improved significantly, but improved more weakly than those in group 2 and group 3. There is negative correlation between HRT and the values of every scale, and there is positive correlation between culture degree and SAS, SDS score values. CONCLUSION HRT canim prove the quality of life in climacteric women. The improvement in physical symptoms is earlier than that in mental symptoms. Anxiety and depression are more likely to occur in menopausal patients with high degree of education. Traditional Chinese medicine, exercise therapy and physical rehabilitation can be used as an auxiliary treatment for patients who are unable or unwilling to accept the HRT.     

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??OBJECTIVE To optimize the formula of celecoxib gel by studying the effects of different doses of penetration enhancers on the penetration of celecoxib through skin in vitro. METHODS With sodium alginate as the gel base, factorial design method was used to choose the optimal formula of penetration enhancers among four different formulas to prepare celecoxib gels. The release rate of celecoxib in the release media was detected by modified Franz diffusion cells method, and the steady percutaneous speed (J), permeability coefficient (K_p) and the accumulative permeation quantity (Q) in 12 h were calculated. RESULTS The accumulative permeation quantity (Q) in 12 h of celecoxib from the gels made with the four different formulas were 27.93,25.12,18.79 and 19.35 ??g??cm^-2, respectively. The gel with 1% azone and 1% menthol as penetration enhancers had the maximum Q value, 27.93 ??g??cm^-2, its penetration process conformed to Higuchi equation, and the steady percutaneous speed (J) and permeability coefficient(K_p)were also higher than the other three experimental groups. CONCLUSION With sodium alginate as the gel base, azone and menthol have a synergistic effect on the percutaneous penetration of celecoxib gels, and the best formula is 1% azone and 1% menthol.     

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??Dengue fever is one of the most important vector-borne human diseases caused by mosquito vector Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Dengue virus can cause dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. There are no approved drugs for the treatment of dengue disease so far. According to the mechanism of anti-dengue virus(anti-DENV) action, drugs under development for dengue disease can be divided into two categories:viral replication inhibitors and anti-cell factor pathway inhibitors. The former is further divided into DENV entry inhibitors, capsid protein inhibitors, NS3 protein inhibitors, NS5 protein inhibitors, and NS4B protein inhibitors; the latter is further divided into cell receptor inhibitors, lipid synthesis and metabolism inhibitors, and glucosidase inhibitors. The R&D of anti-DENV drugs is facing enormous challenges. Development of effective drugs which can be used for the treatment of four serotypes of dengue has a broad application prospect, and it will bring new hopes for dengue fever prevention and therapy.     

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??OBJECTIVE To establish an HPLC-MS method for the analysis of the impurity profile of cefotaxime sodium. METHODS Shimadzu-LCMS-IT-TOF was used with Waters XBridge Shield (RP18,4.6 mm??250 mm, 5 ??m) column. Mobile phase A was 20 mmol??L^-1 ammonium acetate (pH adjusted to 6.25)-methanol (92:8), and mobile phase B was set at 20 mmol??L^-1 ammonium acetate-methanol (60:40) (pH adjusted to 6.25).Gradient elution was performed at a flow rate of 1.0 mL??min^-1. ESI source was used.Positive and negative ion scanning was conducted in the range of m/z 150-900.The heating temperature was 200 ??, CDL temperature was maintained at 200 ??, atomization gas flow rate was 1.5 L??min^-1, dry gas pressure was 94.0 kPa, and the post-column diversion ratio was 1:4.Some related substances in cefotaxime sodium were identified by comparing the retention time in chromatography,[M+H]⁺ spectrum and MS² spectrum with those of reference substances, the others which haven't reference substances were deduced or speculated by analyzing the MS² or MSⁿ fragmentation with the help of a rule summarized from the MS² fragmentation of cefotaxime sodium and the reference substances of system suitability impurities. RESULTS Twenty-six related substances were separated and detected in the sample, all of which were identified or deduced. They were cefotaxime sodium isomeric compounds and homologs generated during the production process or degradation products. CONCLUSION The method can be applied in the identification and qualitative analysis of the related substances of cefotaxime sodium and the quality control and optimization of the synthesis of cefotaxime sodium.     

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??OBJECTIVE To prepare sulfadiazine solid dispersion, determine its solubility and dissolution in vitro, and investigate its physical properties. METHODS Using in vitro dissolution as an index, single factor test and orthogonal design were used to optimize the preparation process of sulfadiazine solid dispersion. The existing state of sulfadiazine was identified by DSC, IR spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction. RESULTS The solubility and dissolution rate of sulfadiazine solid dispersion prepared by the optimized preparing process were increased by 17 times and 3 times respectively than crude sulfadiazine. Sulfadiazine existed in an amorphous state as shown by phase identification. CONCLUSION The solid dispersion prepared by the solvent-molten method with PEG4000 as the carrier can significantly improve the solubility and the dissolution rate of sulfadiazine.     

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??OBJECTIVE To investigate the risk of magnolol interfering into propofol glucuronidation in human.METHODS This study was performed in pooled microsomes from human liver, intestine and kidney (HLM, HIM, HKM, respectively). Kinetic analyses were conducted to gain the inhibition potentials of magnolol against propofol glucuronidation in HLM, HIM, and HKM.RESULTS Magnolol can potently inhibit propofol glucuronidation in HLM and HKM, following mixed inhibition kinetics with K_i values of 0.1 and 0.2 ??mol??L^-1, respectively. Different from HLM and HKM, propofol glucuronidation in HIM was not affected by the presence magnolol. CONCLUSION Magnolol is hardly to depress systemic propofol glucuronidation due to lack of inhibition of the intestinal metabolic pathway.     

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??OBJECTIVE To synthesize low molecular weight chitosan-acetylcysteine (LMWC-NAC) conjugate and investigate its renal targeting profile and the rapeutic effects in model mice with acute kidney injury (AKI).METHODS NAC was conjugated to LMWC by EDC/NHS reaction and the LMWC-NAC conjugate was identified by ¹H-NMR. The cellular uptake of LMWC-NAC conjugate and megalin receptor involved in this process was investigated in vitro. In addition, the tissue distribution of ICG-labelled LMWC-NAC conjugate was investigated in nude mice. AKI were induced by LPS intraperitoneal injection (20 mg??kg^-1).The parameters including Scr, BUN, inflammatory factors (TNF-?? and IL-1??),and oxidative stress (MDA) were determined and renal histology was observed.RESULTS LMWC-NAC conjugate was successfully synthesized by the amide interaction.The in vitro studies demonstrated that the uptake of LMWC-NAC conjugate was mediated by the megalin receptor on HK-2 cells, and the tissue distribution experiment indicated that LMWC-NAC conjugate was mainly accumulated in the kidney.LMWC-NAC conjugate significantly suppressed Scr, BUN, inflammatory factors and oxidative stress (P<0.01) and improved kidney injury. CONCLUSION LMWC-NAC conjugate showed good renal targeting profile and effect in recovering renal functions, which indicates the potential of LMWC-NAC conjugate as a safe and efficient drug delivery system for the treatment of AKI.     

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??OBJECTIVE To select the fungi which can induce Dalbergia odorifera to produce active substances. METHODS Twenty-five fungi were inoculated in the stems of six or seven-year-old D. odorifera under natural conditions. Fungi with biological activity to induce D. odorifera producing active substances were obtained through field screening and chemical quality evaluation. The ethanol-soluble extractives and total flavonoids of D. odorifera were analyzed by spectrophotometry and hot maceration method, respectively. RESULTS Six active fungi inducing the formation of heartwood were obtained. CONCLUSION This study is very important for utilizing fungi in the induction of D. odorifera and sustainable utilization of this special medicinal material.     

3种常见脂多糖所致急性肺损伤大鼠模型肺损伤程度相关性研究

目的研究3种常见脂多糖所致急性肺损伤（ALI）大鼠模型,并探讨模型制作的方法和经验。方法选择130只健康SD大鼠,随机分4组,尾静脉注射组（40只）采用尾静脉注射造模,气管注入模型组（40只）采用气管注入造模．二次打击模型组（40只）采用“二次打击”方式造模,另选10只SD大鼠为对照组。结果完成实验后,尾静脉注射组死亡4只,气管注入模型组死亡10只,二次打击模型组死亡12只,尾静脉注射组与气管注入模型组、二次打击模型死亡率组比较具有明显差异。肺组织干湿质量比3组之间无显著性差异;病理学显示气管注入模型组病理损伤不均匀,以气道上皮的水肿、坏死脱落,气道内以中性粒细胞为主的多种炎细胞浸润为主要特点。尾静脉注射组及二次打击模型组病理损伤多较均匀,以毛细血管渗透性增高,纤维蛋白渗出,肺水肿形成为主要特点。尾静脉注射组较气管注入模型组量化值稍高,但未见明显统计学差异,尾静脉注射组、气管注入模型组与二次打击模型组量化值比较,量化值增高明显,具有显著差异（P〈0．05或0．01）。结论3种方式均能成功制造急性肺损伤模型,但尾静脉注射组死亡率低,操作简便且病理学较为符合人类ALI病理学改变,且稳定可靠。     

肺部吸入微球致大鼠急性肺损伤的初步研究

 目的 对吸入微球的肺部安全性进行初步研究。方法 通过考察肺组织的病理变化、肺泡灌洗液成分分析评估微球的初步安全性,探讨微球致肺损伤的机制。 结果 经肺给予微球后可引起肺部的病理损伤,并表现出剂量依赖性。与正常大鼠相比,给药组肺泡灌洗液中各成分均有所升高。病理表现为以细支气管为中心的炎症反应,粒细胞浸润,毛细血管扩张充血、通透性增加,肺间质水肿以及肺上皮细胞损伤。结论 吸入微球可致大鼠肺损伤,应对该给药系统的安全性给予高度关注,建立完善的评价体系。     

加味清营颗粒对脂多糖诱导大鼠急性肺损伤模型炎性因子的影响

目的 观察加味清营颗粒对急性肺损炎性因子的影响.方法 144只wistar大鼠随机分为空白对照组,模型组,加味清营颗粒低、中、高剂量组,地塞米松组,每组24只,连续灌胃6d,尾静脉注射LPS（5 mg/kg）后于1,3,5h不同时相处死大鼠.采用ELISA法检测肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中炎症介质白细胞介素（IL）-1β、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α、IL-10的含量变化;用Bradford检测BALF蛋白含量;HE染色观察病理切片.结果 模型组各时相炎症因子均明显高于其他各组;与模型组比较,各治疗组均可显著降低的炎症介质IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-10的表达（P＜0.05）;与地塞米松组比较,加味清营颗粒低、中、高剂量组在1h、3h时相降低IL-1β、TNF-α的表达有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;与模型组相比较,各治疗组均可显著降低的BALF蛋白的表达（P＜0.05）;与地塞米松组比较,加味清营颗粒各时相剂量组在降低BALF蛋白的表达方面有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;肺组织HE染色病理结果示肺泡结构破坏或实变,肺泡隔增厚显著,毛细血管充血明显,肺泡腔内、细动脉周围和细支气管壁可见成堆炎症细胞浸润,而加味清营颗粒各剂量组肺组织病理均有较大程度的改善.结论 加味清营颗粒可降低急性肺损伤时炎症因子IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-10的释放,降低BALF中蛋白的含量,从而减轻肺部炎症细胞浸润,对损伤的肺组织起到修复保护的作用.     

苓甘五味姜辛汤对脂多糖诱导的急性肺损伤大鼠免疫细胞和炎性细胞因子的影响

目的观察苓甘五味姜辛汤对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的急性肺损伤(ALI)大鼠的可能作用并探讨其机制。方法将90只清洁级的SD大鼠按随机数字表法分为6组(空白对照组,ALI模型组,地塞米松组与中药高、中、低剂量组),每组15只,连续用药27 d后采用LPS暴露式气管滴注方法制备大鼠ALI模型,实验结束前30 min收集腹主动脉血并进行左侧支气管肺泡灌洗以收集灌洗液,取大鼠右肺下叶组织,进行苏木精-伊红(HE)染色后显微镜下观察肺组织病理形态学改变并进行病理学评分;取大鼠右肺中叶置电子天平称量肺组织湿质量,然后将组织置于70℃烘箱48 h至恒重后再次称量干质量,计算肺湿/干质量比(W/D)值。采用流式细胞技术对大鼠动脉血中T淋巴细胞亚群进行测定;将支气管肺泡灌洗液采用ELISA法测定白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的浓度。结果病理形态学方面,ALI模型组大鼠肺组织结构出现破坏,肺泡水肿明显,肺泡腔内炎症细胞浸润,肺间质弥漫性充血水肿;地塞米松组及中药高、中剂量组的肺组织上述变化较ALI模型组明显减轻。病理学评分方面,ALI模型组评分明显高于空白对照组(P <0.05);经不同药物干预后,地塞米松组和中药高、中剂量组评分均明显降低(P <0.05)。W/D比值方面,与空白对照组相比,ALI模型组肺组织W/D比值明显增加(P <0.05);地塞米松组与中药高剂量组、中剂量组肺组织W/D比值较ALI模型组明显减轻(P <0.05)。免疫细胞方面,ALI模型组动脉血中CD3+、CD4+、和CD4+/CD8+水平较空白对照组明显降低(P <0.05),CD8+水平明显升高(P <0.05)。与ALI模型组比较,中药高剂量组、中剂量组动脉血中CD3+、CD4+和CD4+/CD8+水平明显升高(P <0.05),CD8+水平明显降低(P <0.05);地塞米松组和中药低剂量组与ALI模型组相比各项指标变化不明显(P> 0.05)。LPS造模后大鼠BALF中IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α水平均升高,与空白对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);经高、中剂量的中药处理可显著降低各项指标的水平,与地塞米松组效果相当,与ALI模型组比较差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论中药干预后能明显改善ALI大鼠肺组织损伤,减少炎症细胞浸润数量,减轻充血、水肿程度;降低肺组织病理学评分;降低肺组织W/D比值;并能使ALI大鼠动脉血中的CD3+、CD4+和CD4+/CD8+值升高,CD8+降低;还能降低ALI大鼠BALF中IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α水平,提示苓甘五味姜辛汤能减轻肺损伤,改善肺水肿,提高机体免疫力,纠正机体细胞免疫抑制状态,抑制IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α等炎性因子的合成和释放,有效减轻LPS诱导ALI,为临床救治急性肺损伤提供了新思路。     

卢帕他定对大鼠油酸型急性肺损伤的保护作用研究

 目的探讨卢帕他定(rupatadine)对大鼠油酸型急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)的作用特性及其对肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)表达的影响。方法制备油酸型大鼠急性肺损伤模型,利用动物肺功能测定仪测定肺损伤过程中吸气气道阻力(IR)、呼气气道阻力(ER)和动态肺顺应性(Cdyn)的变化并分析诸项指标变化的意义、称重法计算湿/干重比(W/D),紫外分光光度法检测肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中蛋白含量,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测TNF-α含量。结果卢帕他定可显著改善油酸型肺损伤大鼠的肺功能指标,降低肺组织湿/干重比,减少肺泡灌冼液中蛋白含量,抑制TNF-α的升高,抑制率达到24.22%。结论卢帕他定时大鼠油酸型肺损伤有明显的保护作用且具剂量依赖性,其作用机制可能与降低ALI时肺组织中TNF-α炎症因子合成与释放有关     

参附注射液对肠缺血-再灌注大鼠肺损伤的影响

目的探讨参附注射液（SF）对肠缺血-再灌注（ⅡR）所致肺损伤的防治作用及其对肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、诱生型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）和细胞间黏附分子-Ⅰ（ⅠCAM-1）的影响,及其防治肠源性肺损伤机制。方法SD大鼠随机分为缺血再灌注组、假手术组、SF组并予相应处理。以病理学改变作为评价肠、肺损伤的指标;监测再灌注前后平均动脉压变化;ELISA法检测血浆、肺组织TNF-α含量;用免疫组织化学方法检测肺及小肠组织iNOS和ICAM-1蛋白的表达。结果SF可明显减轻IIR导致的肺和小肠组织的病理损害,抑制IIR后出现的血浆及肺组织TNF-α水平升高,肺及小肠组织iNOS和ICAM-1蛋白表达的增加;再灌注后SF组平均动脉压变化较缺血再灌注组明显减轻。结论SF有防止肠源性肺损伤的发生,进而预防组织病程向多器官功能不全综合征发展的重要作用,这种作用可能通过抑制TNF-α、ⅠCAM-1和iNOS等介质的释放而实现。     

大承气汤对内毒素引致肺损伤保护作用的实验研究

体外实验表明，去芒硝大承气汤具有抑制内毒素对肺泡巨噬细胞过度诱生ＴＮＦ、ＩＬ－１、ＩＬ－６的作用；以大承气汤（ＤＴ）经口投予肠源性内毒素血症大鼠，其肺灌洗液中总磷脂、白蛋白水平、表面张力值、肺泡单核／巨噬细胞ＮＢＴ吞噬百分率、肺组织６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１α／ＴＸＢ２比值均较模型组明显不同，而呈显著的保护效应。     

痰热清注射液对内毒素型急性肺损伤大鼠的保护作用

目的:探讨痰热清注射液对内毒素型急性肺损伤大鼠的保护作用及可能的机制。方法:SD大鼠56只,随机分7组:实验对照组;LPS 2h、4h、6h组;痰热清2h、4h、6h组。以尾静脉注射LPS 5mg/kg诱导建立大鼠急性肺损伤模型,以痰热清注射液进行干预,分别于LPS处理后2h、4h、6h取血和肺组织,全自动生化仪检测血清总蛋白(total proteins,TP)含量;测肺湿干比重(wet weight/dry weight,W/D),测定支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中TP含量、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平及中性粒细胞比例(PMN%),计算肺通透指数(lung permeability index,LPI),显微镜下观察病理。结果:实验中痰热清组大鼠肺组织大体及病理损伤程度均明显轻于LPS组,同时W/D,及BALF中TNF-α水平、中性粒细胞比例,肺通透指数亦较LPS组明显降低。结论:痰热清注射液对内毒素型急性肺损伤大鼠有较好的保护作用,其机制可能与抑制PMN的趋化黏附和调节早期促炎因子相关。     

黄芩苷对急性肺损伤大鼠的保护作用

目的:探讨黄芩苷对脂多糖所致大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用.方法:SD大鼠随机分为对照组、急性肺损伤(ALI)模型组、地塞米松组(5 mg·kg-1)、黄芩苷组(50,100,200 mg·kg-1),每组10只.连续腹腔注射给药7d.末次给药1h后,除对照组外,其余各组均气管滴注脂多糖(4 mg·kg-1)建立ALI模型.造模6h后处死动物,收集血清,采用ELISA试剂盒测定白介素(IL)-1β,IL-8和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α浓度;分离肺组织,称重并计算湿/干重比和肺含水量;酶法试剂盒测定肺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)和环氧合酶(COX)-2活性.结果:与对照组相比,ALI模型组肺湿/干重比及含水量均显著增加(P＜0.05).与ALI模型组相比,黄芩苷组肺水肿则明显减轻(P＜0.05),血清IL-1β,IL-8和TNF-α浓度显著下降(P＜0.05),肺组织MPO和COX-2活性亦显著降低(P＜0.05).结论:黄芩苷对脂多糖诱导的ALI具有保护作用,其机制可能与抑制炎症有关.     

穿心莲内酯对内毒素诱导急性肺损伤大鼠炎症介质的影响

目的:探讨穿心莲内酯对内毒素诱导急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织炎症介质的影响。方法:SD大鼠56只,随机分7组:实验对照组;LPS 2 h、4 h、8 h组;穿心莲内酯2 h、4 h、8 h组。向气道内滴注内毒素(LPS)建立大鼠急性肺损伤模型,以穿心莲内酯注射液进行干预,分别于LPS处理后2 h、4 h、8 h取血和肺组织,测定各组大鼠动脉血氧分压(Pa O2),血浆肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1(IL-1)和白介细胞素-6(IL-6)水平;测肺湿干比重(wet weight/dry weight,W/D);测定支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中的中性粒细胞比例(PMN%);观察各组大鼠肺组织的病理改变。结果:LPS损伤组大鼠Pa O2呈进行性降低;血浆TNF-α、IL-1和IL-6水平,肺W/D,及BALF的中性粒细胞比例均明显增加;肺组织病理示肺内中性粒细胞大量浸润,伴出血、透明膜形成。LPS加穿心莲内酯组的各项指标均较LPS损伤组减轻。结论:穿心莲内酯能降低内毒素诱导急性肺损伤大鼠血浆炎症因子水平,减轻肺组织的病理损害。