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??OBJECTIVE To investigate the kinetic and thermodynamic characteristics of adsorption of avilamycin on silica gel. METHODS By measuring the adsorption of avilamycin on silica gel at different temperatures, the adsorption kinetics curves and adsorption isotherm were drawn, and the kinetics and thermodynamic parameters were studied. RESULTS The adsorption of avilamycin on silica gel could be described well by Pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption process had feature of shrinking nonreactive core model, and the internal diffusion was the main rate-limiting step. The equilibrium adsorption data of avilamycin on silica gel fit the Langmuir isotherms well. The thermodynamic parameters were as follows:change in entropy (??S) was 108.115 2 J??mol^-1??K^-1, change in enthalpy (??H) was 24.654 6 J??mol^-1, and changes in free energy (??G) were -8.752 9, -8.104 3, and -7.455 6 J??mol^-1 at 309, 303 and 297 K, respectively. CONCLUSION The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for further study on the isolation and purification of high purity avilamycin by silica gel.     

SP825型大孔树脂对栀子苷的吸附性能考察

目的:优选栀子苷的大孔树脂吸附条件,考察栀子苷在SP825型大孔树脂的吸附动力学、热力学过程。方法:在单因素试验基础上,以栀子苷吸附率为指标,采用响应面法优化栀子苷的吸附条件,确定SP825型树脂吸附栀子苷的等温吸附模型、动力学模型和热力学参数。结果:最佳吸附条件为上样液质量浓度83 g·L-1,pH 2.79;最大吸附量247 mg·g-1。Freundlich方程可很好地拟合等温吸附热力学过程,拟二级方程可很好地描述吸附动力学过程。结论:栀子苷的吸附过程为自发放热反应,且低温有利于吸附,吸附速率主要由液膜扩散控制。     

大孔树脂吸附南五味子总三萜的动力学和热力学分析

目的:考察大孔树脂吸附南五味子总三萜的动力学与热力学特征,为该类化合物的分离纯化提供参考。方法:以吸附率、洗脱率为综合评价指标,通过静态吸附-洗脱试验从11种大孔树脂中筛选最适合纯化南五味子总三萜的大孔树脂类型,建立AB-8型树脂纯化南五味子总三萜的吸附动力学模型和等温吸附模型,并计算热力学参数。结果:选择AB-8型树脂,该树脂对南五味子总三萜在0~50 min为快速吸附阶段,50~200 min为缓慢吸附阶段,200 min后为吸附饱和阶段。AB-8型树脂对南五味子总三萜的吸附行为符合准二级吸附动力学方程,吸附速率由液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散共同控制;平衡吸附数据符合Freundlich等温方程,属于多分子层吸附;高温有利于吸附。结论:AB-8型树脂对南五味子总三萜的吸附为熵推动过程,固-液界面上分子运动更为混乱,有更多水分子杂乱地由固体表面向溶液中运动,为南五味子总三萜的纯化工艺优选具有一定指导意义。     

大孔树脂吸附知母总皂苷的动力学与热力学研究

目的：研究大孔树脂吸附知母总皂苷的动力学与热力学特征。方法：通过静态和动态吸附解吸试验筛选出纯化知母总皂苷的大孔树脂类型,确定了AB-8树脂纯化知母总皂苷的吸附动力学模型、等温吸附模型和热力学参数。结果：可用拟二级动力学方程很好地描述吸附动力学过程,可用Langmuir方程较好地拟合等温吸附热力学过程。结论：吸附过程为吸热反应,自发进行,高温有利于吸附,吸附速率主要由颗粒内扩散控制。     

Adsorption Properties for Separation of Apigenin from Viola yedoensis on LSA-10 Resin

Objective To explore the adsorption properties for the separation of apigenin from Viola yedoensis on LSA-10 resin.Methods After different types of macroporous resins were optimized,the effects of initial concentration,temperature,pH value,and other factors on resin adsorption were studied,and the kinetics and thermodynamics in the process of the static adsorption of LSA-10 resin for the apigenin separation from V.yedoensis were also investigated.Results The initial concentration of 4.0 mg/mL,temperature of 50 oC,and pH 5 were suitable for the resin adsorption,the experimental data of adsorption isotherms of LSA-10 resin were validated to fit the Freunclich and Langmuir equation,the adsorption process of apigenin was fitted to the first order adsorption kinetics equation,and the adsorption rate was mainly affected by film diffusion.The thermodynamic parameters such as adsorption enthalpy change(ΔH0),adsorption free energy change(ΔG0),and adsorption entropy change(ΔS0)were investigated.Conclusion The adsorption for the separation of apigenin on LSA-10 resin was an entropy-driven spontaneous process of decalescence and entropy increase,which belongs to physical adsorption.LSA-10 resin is suitable for the industrial separation of apigenin from V.yedoensis.     

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??OBJECTIVE To study the flavonoid glycosides of Urena lobata. METHODS Compounds were isolated and purified using various column chromatographies such as D101 macroporous adsorption resin, silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and prep HPLC. Their structures were identified on the basis of their physicochemical properties and various spectroscopic experiments, including HRESIMS, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, HSQC, and HMBC. RESULTS Ten flavonoid glycosides were obtained from the n-BuOH extract of U. lobata including quercetin-3-O-??-D-glucopyranosyl-(1??2)-??-D-galactopyranoside(1), kaempferol-3-O-??-D-glucopyranosyl-(1??2)-??-D-glucopyranosyl-7-O-??-L-rhamnopyranoside(2), quercetin-3-O-??-D-apiofuranosyl-(1??2)-??-D-glucopyranosyl-7-O-??-L-rhamnopyranoside(3), kaempferol-4'-O-??-D-apiofuranosyl-3-O-??-D-glucopyranosyl-7-O-??-L-rhamnopyranoside(4), kaempferol-3-O-??-D-apiofuranosyl-(1??2)-??-D-glucopyranosyl-7-O-??-L-rhamnopyranoside(5), quercetin-3-O-??-D-glucopyranosyl-7-O-??-L-rhamnopyranoside(6), quercetin-3-O-??-D-glucopyranosyl-(1??2)-??-D-glucopyranoside(7), kaempferol-3-O-??-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1??6)-??-D-glucopyranosyl-(1??2)-??-D-glucopyranoside(8), kaempferol-3-O-??-D-glucopyranosyl-(1??2)-[??-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1??6)]-??-D-glucopyranoside(9) and kaempferol-3-O-??-D-glucopyranosyl-(1??2)-??-D-glucopyranoside(10). CONCLUSION Compounds 1-3 and 6-10 are firstly obtained from U. lobata.     

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??OBJECTIVE To study the chemical constituents from the aerial parts of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis. METHODS The compounds were isolated and purified from the 75% ethanol extract by chromatography on HPD100 macroporous resin, silica gel, and Sephadex LH-20 as well as semi-preparative HPLC. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral data. RESULTS Eleven compounds were isolated and identified as corchionoside C (1), ??-ecdysterone (2), coronatasterone (3), kaempferol-3-O-??-D-galactopyranoside (4), astragalin (5), isorhamnetin-3-O-??-D-glucopyranoside (6), kaempferol-3-O-??-D-glucopyranosyl-(l??2)-??-D-galactopyranoside(7), isorhamnetin-3-O-??-D-glucopyranosyl-(l??2)-??-D-galactopyranoside (8), kaempferol-3-O-??-D-glucopyranosyl-(l??2)-??-D-glucopyranoside (9), isorhamnetin-3-O-??-D-galactopyranosyl-(l??6)-??-D-glucopyranoside (10), and isorhamnetin-3-O-??-D-gentiobioside (11). CONCLUSION Compounds 1 and 3-11 are isolated from this plant for the first time and compounds 1, 3-5 and 8-10 are isolated from Paris plants for the first time.     

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??OBJECTIVE To study the chemical constituents of the fruits of Akebiae quinata. METHODS Various column chromatography techniques including silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and macroporous adsorption resin column chromatography were used for fractionization and purification. The structures were identified on the basis of their physicochemical and spectroscopic evidence. RESULTS Fifteen compounds were obtained, and their structures were identified as geniposidic acid(1), 10-O-acetylgeniposidic acid(2), vomifoliol(3), p-hydroxybenzoic acid(4), protocatechuic acid(5), caffeic acid(6), tyrosol(7), palmitic acid(8), 15-nonacosanol(9), stigmasterol(10), stigmasterol-3-O-??-D-glycopyranoside(11), ??-sitosterol(12), ??-daucosterol(13), ursolic acid(14), and oleanolic acid(15). CONCLUSION Compounds 1-7, 9 and 14 were isolated from the fruits of Akebiae quinata for the first time.     

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??OBJECTIVE To study the chemical constituents from the root bark of Celastrus monospermus Roxb. METHODS The compounds were isolate and purified by repeated column chromatography on silica gel, ODS and Sephadex LH-20, and the chemical structures of compounds were determined by spectral data analyses. RESULTS Twenty-three compounds were isolated from this plant, which were identified as ??-sitosterol palmitate (1), friedelan-3-one (2), 3??-hydroxyolean-12-en (3), 3??-hydroxylcholest-5,22-dien (4), ??-sitosterol (5), 3,22-dioxo-20-taraxastene (6), 3,12-dioxofriedelane (7), 3-oxo-28-hydroxyfriedelane (8), 3-oxo-11??-hydroxyfriedelane (9), 3-oxo-12??-hydroxyfriedelane (10), pristimerin(11), 3-oxo-30-hydroxyfriedelane (12), 3-oxo-29-friedelanoic acid (13), salaspermic acid (14), celastrol (15), 3??, 21??-dihydroxy-30-nor-friedelan-20(29)-en-27-oic acid (16), 3??, 22??-dihydroxy-olean-12-en-29-oic acid (17), wilforol A (18), orthosphenic acid (19), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (20), 3-oxo-2??-hydroxyfriedelan-29-oic acid (21), 21-oxo-2??,3??,22??-trihydroxy-29-nor-friedelan-24,2??-lactone (22)and daucosterol (23). CONCLUSION Compounds 1,6, 13-14,16-22 are obtained from this plant for the first time, and compounds 16, 20-22 are isolated from the genus Celastrus for the first time.     

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??OBJECTIVE To investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of enteric-coated sodium mycophenolate(EC-MPS) or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) dispersible tablets after multiple oral doses in early renal transplant patients, providing references for the rational use of the study drugs in clinical practice. METHODS Thirty-eight first-time renal transplant patients were selected and randomly divided into EC-MPS group (n=18) or MMF dispersible tablets group (n=19). The patients received EC-MPS (540 mg, q12h) or MMF dispersible tablets (750 mg, q12h), combined with tacrolimus and methylprednisolone to prevent acute rejection, respectively. Blood samples were collected at pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 h after oral administration on the postoperative day 5. Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) was employed to determine the plasma concentration of MPA. The main pharmacokinetic parameters of the two durgs were assessed. RESULTS Pharmacokinetic parameters on the postoperative day 5 of EC-MPS and MMF dispersible tablet were as follows: AUC_{0-12 h} were(43.62??16.20) and(42.02??14.40)mg??h??L^-1(P>0.05);??_max were (17.85??11.32) and (13.96??5.11) mg??L^-1(P>0.05);t_max were (2.72??1.74) and(1.32??0.42)h(P<0.05); ??₀ were (1.63??1.18) and (1.66??0.93) mg??L^-1(P>0.05); ??₁₂ were(1.84??2.09) and (1.81??1.76) mg??L^-1(P>0.05); CL were (14.12??5.30) and (19.66??5.99) L??h^-1(P<0.05). Most of the patients revealed a second small peak in the 4-12 h after taking MPA in the two study groups. CONCLUSION There are large individual differences of pharmacokinetic between EC-MPS and MMF dispersible tablets in early renal transplant patients. It is necessary to carry out therapeutic drug monitoring of MPA to guide the adjustment of drug dosage.