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?? Zingiber officinale has a long application history in China, it is used as medicine, also condiment, food and drinks. The chemical constituents of Zingiber officinale include volatile oil, gingerol,diaryl-heptnaoids and so on. Scientific research showed that Zingiber officinale is widely used in anti-nausea, resisting gastric ulcer, anti-bacterial, anti-phlogistic, analgesia, antioxidant, resisting motion sickness, anti-tumor, hypoglycemic,antilipidemic,and improving cardiocerebral vascular system and so on.Zingiber officinale is recommended as a healthy food by doctor of traditional Chinese medicine in all times. In summary, it's worth to be researched and developed in detail.     

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??OBJECTIVE To observe the change of EPO in brain of aging rat induced by D-galactose(D-gal) and the EPO-based antiaging of the water extract of Radix Rehmanniae Preparata(WERRP). METHODS D-gal-treated groups were received subcutaneous injection of D-gal at dose of 50, 150 and 250 mg??kg^-1 daily for 8 weeks to imitate an aging model that was induced by oxidative stress. After the detection of EPO in hippocampus, the 150 mg??kg^-1 D-gal group was chose as the aging model. In addition the WERRP-treated group and vehicle group was set. The WERRP-treated group was given WERRP oral gavage at a dose of 4 g??kg^-1 daily starting from the 5th week. Morris water maze (MWM) test was used to assess the spatial learning and memory. SOD, MDA and ??-galactosidase in brain were examined by Assay Kits. Finally, EPO, EPOR, and HIF-2?? in hippocampus were determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. RESULTS D-gal-treated group showed significant longer latency to platform and less times of cross the platform(P<0.05) in MWM. After treated with D-gal, SOD was drastically decreased and MDA and ??-galactosidase were remarkably increased in brains compared with vehicle (0.9% saline)-treated rats (P<0.01). In addition, the expression of EPO,EPOR and HIF-2?? were significantly decreased in the brains of D-gal-treated rats compared with vehicle-treated rats. Meanwhile, there was a negative correlation between EPOR and MDA in content. Interestingly, WERRP-treated rats showed significant improvement of spatial learning and memory, decrease of oxidative stress and enhancement of EPO/EPOR in the brain compared with 150 mg??kg^-1 D-gal-treated rat(P<0.05). CONCLUSION The aging rats induced by D-gal show a significant decline of EPO in brain which indicate the decrease of brain EPO in aging is related to the increase of oxidative stress. That WERRP reverses the decline of the EPO expression in aging model may be the underlying mechanism of the role of anti-aging of WERRP.     

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??OBJECTIVE To choose a PPK model of vancomycin most suitable for Chinese pediatric patients, in order to guide the dosage adjustment.METHODS Based on the database of PubMed and CNKI, all studies regarding vancomycin population pharmacokinetics were investigated and their basic information including PPK models was extracted. The data of Chinese pediatric patients who were administered vancomycin and received therapeutic drug monitoring(TDM) were introduced into the reported final PPK models, and the fitting was conducted by model fitting graphics. RESULTS Twelve vancomycin PPK studies during 1986-2014 were included. As judged by the correlation coefficient (R) and R-square(R2) between predicted concentration and measured concentration, the models 4 and 9 presented a relatively better fitting with the data of Chinese pediatric patients we collected. The VPC fitting demonstrated that number 1 model achieved the best fitting. However, because the limited data used in this study was based on irregular sampling time, so the VPC test results were difficult to be distinguished and could only be used as a secondary reference. On the other hand, NPDE has corresponding statistical test, and its evaluation ability for the model is not affected by the factors of the experimental design. NPDE analysis showed that one-compartment model was better than two-compartment model, and model 4 and model 9 achieved better fitting to the collected data than others.CONCLUSION The fitting effects of most reported vancomycin PPK models, except individual models, were poor for the TDM data of Chinese pediatric patients, therefore it is necessary to establish a vancomycin population pharmacokinetic model particularlly for Chinese pediatric patients, in order to guide dosage adjustment more accurately.     

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??OBJECTIVE To investigate the cardioprotective effect of exogenous zinc (Zn²⁺)on the mitochondrial pathway, and to explore its possible mechanism. METHODS Rat heart tissue-derived H9c2 cardiac cells were cultured, and then randomly divided into control group, ZnCl₂ group (1-20 ??mol??L^-1, 20 min), ZnCl₂ plus inhibitor group [PI3K inhibitor LY294002, 10 ??mol??L^-1 and mitochondrial ATP sensitive potassium channel (mKATP) inhibitor 5-HD, 0.5 mmol??L^-1, inhibitors treated cells for 10 min and then ZnCl₂ 20 min] and inhibitor group (10 min). The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening was evaluated by measuring mitochondrial membrane potential (????m). Tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE) diacetate fluorescence images were obtained with laser scanning confocal microscopy. GSK-3?? and AKT phosphorylation were determined with Western blot. The cells were subjected to simulated ischemia/reperfusion injury, cell viability were determined with flow cytometry. Cells were transfected with constitutively active GSK-3??-S9A(GSK-3??-S9A)plasmid by Fugene 6 transfection kit, mPTP opening was evaluated by confocal microscopy. RESULTS Compared with the normal, exposure of cells to H₂O₂ for 20 min caused a marked decrease in TMRE fluorescence, treatment of cells with different dose of Zn²⁺ prevented the loss of TMRE fluorescence caused by H₂O₂ with the peak at 10 ??mol??L^-1. Western blot showed that Zn²⁺significantly enhanced the GSK-3?? and AKT phosphorylation, the effect that was significantly reversed by LY294002, but not 5-HD. Compared with the normal, ischemia/reperfusion markedly reduced cell viability. Zn²⁺ applied at ischemia did not increase the cell viability, but significantly increased the cell viability when given at reperfusion. Zn²⁺could mimic the specific mPTP inhibitor cyclosporin A (1 ??mol??L^-1) and prevent the mPTP opening, which was again reversed by LY294002 but not 5-HD. Zn²⁺ was not able to exert protection in cells transfected with the GSK-3??-S9A. CONCLUSION Zn²⁺ can induce myocardial mitochondrial protective effect by modulating the mPTP opening through the inactivation of GSK-3?? via PI3K/AKT pathway. mKATP may not be involved in the action of Zn²⁺.     

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??OBJECTIVE To study and collate the literature on rare diseases in domestic and abroad, and comparative analysis, provide a scientific basis for the domestic rare diseases research. METHODS Retrieved the Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure from January 2011 to June 2016 published literature about rare diseases. RESULTS Through the screening of literature, finally determine the 200 articles for analysis. It is divided into seven research directions:rare diseases policy research, rare diseases legal and regulatory research, rare diseases medical social security study, orphan drugs availability research, orphan drugs economic evaluation study, orphan drug development research, rare diseases defined standard research. CONCLUSION Rare diseases policy research is the focus of research both domestic and abroad. Compared with foreign countries, the domestic research on the availability and economic evaluation of orphan drug is less, especially the economic evaluation research is almost blank. It is suggested that the researchers study the multiple aspects of rare diseases and drugs, and to provide the basis and reference for build rare disease policy in China.In addition to the field of rare diseases research, rare diseases drugs face many difficulties in pharmaceutical research, production and supply.The precondition to solve these problems is the nation formulate specific policies and regulations for rare diseases,and then clear the official definition standards of rare diseases,establish relevant policies to encourage pharmaceutical companies to develop rare diseases drugs.     

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??OBJECTIVE To explore the determination of pethidine hydrochloride injection by using Raman spectroscopy to realize in-site non-invasive inspection. METHODS CLS algorithm was used to eliminate the interference of the ampoule, correlation coefficient was used for identification, and PLS algorithm was used to establish the quantitative model. Moreover, the transfer performance of the models was investigated when used on different portable Raman instruments. RESULTS Nineteen samples of four different batches were used to verify the method. The RESULTS showed a good coincidence with reference RESULTS on both identification and quantification, and the relative deviation from HPLC method was within 5%. Meanwhile, the Raman method showed good accuracy and repeatability with relative deviation of mean and RSD value within 1% for samples from the same batch. The differences between instruments were controlled by the key index, and quantitative analysisRESULTS of 51 samples measured on three instruments all fell in the range of 90% to 110%, among which 96% fell in a more narrow range of 95% to 105%. CONCLUSION The Raman method established in this study could be used for the in-situ non-invasive determination of pethidine hydrochloride injection.     

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??OBJECTIVE To probe into the operation and management of quality control of chemotherapy in cancer hospital, so as to improve the efficacy and standardization of chemotherapy. METHODS By summarizing management practice of clinical chemotherapy of pharmacist inrapy drugs, and analyzing the pharmacists?? work and problems in cancer hospital, combining with domestic and foreign literature reports of pharmacists in quality control of chemotherapy, the concept and scope of chemothe sting in quality control of chemotherapy were formulated. RESULTS The scope of quality control of chemotherapy should include standardization of all drugs in the process of chemotherapy; pharmacists' work about quality control mainly includes two aspects: the quality control of pharmaceutical affairs management and clinical pharmaceutical care; the barriers of quality control are the lack of clinical knowledge and pharmaceutical guidelines, and the records of patients' chemotherapy.CONCLUSION With the pharmacist participating in clinical chemotherapy, pharmacists have the ability to become the interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary cooperation in tumor chemotherapy of participants, so as to guarantee the specification of the chemotherapy.     

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??OBJECTIVE To establish an interferon-resistant hepatitis B virus cell model and provide experimental basis for further investigating the mechanism of HBV resistance to interferon. METHODS HepG2.2.15 was continuously grown in the presence of 10,30,50 and 70 u??mL^-1 of interferon ??-2b for up to 48 weeks. The HepG2.2.15/IFN??-2b cell model was constructed after 48 weeks of induction. The cells were treated with the best-effect concentration. Then, the levels of HBsAg, HBeAg, and HBV DNA in the supernatant of cell culture medium before and after the treatment were compared. RESULTS After stimulation with low concentrations of IFN??-2b for 12 weeks, the 50 u??mL^-1 group showed significant resistance to the best-effect concentration of IFN??-2b. Compared with the levels before stimulation, the inhibition rate on HBsAg, HBeAg, and HBV DNA decreased by 25.48%, 8.40%, and 15.43%, respectively, suggesting that 50 u??mL^-1 was the best-stimulation concentration. After stimulated with 50 u??mL^-1 IFN??-2b for 12-48 weeks, the results showed that the inhibition rate on HBsAg, HBeAg, and HBV DNA after 36 weeks was the most significant. CONCLUSION Continuous induction with 50 u??mL^-1 IFN??-2b for 36 weeks could most easily induce drug resistance in HepG2.2.15 cells.     

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??OBJECTIVE To synthesize 5-substituted indole-3-deoxypodophyllotoxin derivatives and study their antitumor activity. METHODS The target compounds were synthesized through a series of reactions and their anti-tumor activity in vitro were evaluated against Hela, K562 and K562/A02 cell lines by MTT as assay. RESULTS Ten target compounds were synthesized and confirmed by ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and HR-ESI-MS. All the target compounds had different degrees of cytotoxic activity in vitro. Most of the compounds had significant anti-MDR activity in vitro. CONCLUSION 5-Substituted indole-3-deoxypodophyllotoxin derivatives have good antitumor activity and worth of further study.     

中医诊疗过程的逻辑——一个信念修正理论的阐释

从分析中医诊疗过程的特点入手,运用信念修正理论来阐释这一过程中的逻辑规律。主张要更好地理解中医理论的发展,需要重视具体的中医诊疗实践,特别是中医学家的信念及其动态改变所起的作用及其规律的研究。     

中医药治疗骨质疏松症概况

骨质疏松的预防与治疗已成为现代医学研究的热点和难点之一。中医中药在诊治骨质疏松症领域有独特优势,尤其是近年来,大量的临床和实验研究更开创了现代中西医结合的先河。将有关骨质疏松症的经典理论研究、临床方药疗效及预防研究、治疗药物作用机制的实验研究最新概况和存在的不足进行了报道。     

中医药治疗蛋白尿

蛋白尿属"精微下注""精气下泄",属"虚损"范畴。蛋白为人体精微物质,由脾化生,由肾收藏,脾虚不能升清,谷气下流,脾失固涩精微下注,肾虚则封藏失司,肾气不固,精微下泄,不能正常滋养五脏,脾肾虚损重;脾虚不能化生精微,进一步浊阴弥漫,与脏腑功能损害互为因果,恶性循环,则病情日趋严重。病机为"虚""湿""痰"。从"虚""湿""痰"论治,常用黄芪、冬虫夏草、川芎、雷公藤、昆明山海棠,标本兼治,疗效显著。     

不寐病因病机

不寐病因病机为外感邪气、脾胃不和、气血阴阳失衡、情志失常。病机总属阳盛阴衰、阴阳失交,任何原因引起气血阴阳失衡均可导致不寐。年老者和围绝经期妇女失眠多为气血阴阳失调,宜以补益气血、调和阴阳;青壮年者多因饮食不节、痰热内扰、情志不遂,宜调和脾胃,疏肝解郁。     

不寐病因病机

不寐病因病机为外感邪气、脾胃不和、气血阴阳失衡、情志失常。病机总属阳盛阴衰、阴阳失交,任何原因引起气血阴阳失衡均可导致不寐。年老者和围绝经期妇女失眠多为气血阴阳失调,宜以补益气血、调和阴阳;青壮年者多因饮食不节、痰热内扰、情志不遂,宜调和脾胃,疏肝解郁。     

近年来颈椎病的中医治疗概况

中医学认为,颈椎病的病因多为肝、脾、肾虚损,风、湿、寒、痰、瘀等实邪阻滞经络。多数医者认为本病迁延难愈,且易复发,颇影响患者的生活质量。运用中医辨证论治,采用经方、针灸推拿及综合疗法,对此病疗效显著。现总结近几年来临床对本病的有效疗法,为进一步的理论研究和临床实践提供借鉴。     

中药有效性评价与药效物质基础发现

中药有效性是中医药治疗优势的根本体现,而有效性的科学阐释是沟通中医学与现代医学科学的渠道,中药有效性评价是发现药效物质基础的前提。因此急需建立一种生物学语言,把中药的有效性科学地表达出来,让现代生命科学领域认识和接受中医理论及临床实践的科学价值。证候和方剂是中医学的两个关键科学问题,直接关系到疾病的诊断和临床疗效的有效性。由此,本课题组以证候生物标记物发现为切入点,以方剂为研究对象,建立阐释中药有效性的理论及研究方法——中医方证代谢组学（Chinmedomics）,为中药有效性评价提供了有效途径。利用中医方证代谢组学研究方法,揭示临床常见中医证候的生物标记物及其相关方剂的有效性,推动了证候的精准诊断及临床治疗经验的挖掘,为提升中医理论及临床实践的科学价值的认识提供了科学依据。     

子宫内膜异位症中医治疗概况及民间疗法总结

祖国医学治疗子宫内膜异位症具有独特的优势,其通过整体调节、多途径作用,疗效可靠、副作用小,且不影响正常子宫内膜生理情况。本文针对内异症的中医治疗概况及民间疗法做以综述。目前中医对内异症的治疗方法包括:内治法、外治法、针灸疗法、穴位贴敷法、综合疗法、中西医结合疗法、其他疗法;民间关于内异症的治疗方法主要是食疗法。但中医治疗方面还存在一些问题有待解决,民间治疗方法的疗效也尚有待证实。     

中医中药在印尼的发展浅述

中医中药扎根于印尼有着悠久的历史,是印尼传统医药的组成部分。随着中印两国邦交的正常化发展,中医药疗法越来越被印尼大众认识与重视。目前印尼全国已有28万传统医疗工作者,而印尼全国应用传统医药的社会人士,也由过去的20.5%上升到31.7%,足见人民对传统医疗方法的信任有所增加。1简况中医中药在印尼广为流传的历史已有上千年,而有史迹可作为考证的也不下五、六百年。自公元1602年起,中医中药在印尼各地的发展属于自由性。当时以中药店为中心,中医师仅是附属在各中药店里驻诊服务,不需证件,可自由行医。而比较兴旺的时期是印尼还处于荷兰…     

中医药治疗膝骨性关节炎研究概况

从病因病机(古代、现代)、中医证候、治疗(内服、外用、针灸推拿、综合疗法、其它)、实验研究等方面,介绍中医药治疗膝骨性关节炎研究概况。指出未来期望中医药治疗膝骨性关节炎应朝着更规范、更系统的深层次研究方向努力,充分发挥中医药独特优势。