ZNF224和DEPDC1在肺腺癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的探究锌指蛋白224(ZNF224)、DEP结构域蛋白1(DEPDC1)在肺腺癌(LUAD)中的表达及其临床意义。 方法收集73例LUAD组织及相应的癌旁组织。采用qRT-PCR法测定LUAD组织、癌旁组织ZNF224、DEPDC1 mRNA相对表达量。免疫组化法测定LUAD组织、癌旁组织ZNF224、DEPDC1蛋白表达情况。分析LUAD组织ZNF224、DEPDC1 mRNA及其蛋白与LUAD临床病理特征的关系；Pearson相关性分析LUAD组织ZNF224 mRNA及其蛋白分别与DEPDC1 mRNA及其蛋白的相关性；Kaplan-Meier生存曲线法分析LUAD组织ZNF224、DEPDC1 mRNA表达与LUAD预后的关系；COX回归法分析影响LUAD患者预后的因素。 结果LUAD组织ZNF224、DEPDC1 mRNA表达及其蛋白表达阳性率均高于癌旁组织(P＜0.05)。LUAD组织TNM分期、分化程度、淋巴结转移,ZNF224低表达组与高表达组、DEPDC1低表达组与高表达组比较,差异均有显著性(P＜0.05)。LUAD组织中ZNF224 mRNA和蛋白表达分别与DEPDC1 mRNA和蛋白表达呈正相关(P＜0.05)；ZNF224、DEPDC1 mRNA低表达组LUAD患者累积生存率分别高于其高表达组(P＜0.05)。TNM分期、ZNF224 mRNA、DEPDC1 mRNA、淋巴结转移是影响LUAD患者不良预后的独立危险因素(P＜0.05)。 结论LUAD组织ZNF224、DEPDC1表达较高,二者呈正相关,且均与LUAD患者预后关系密切,有望作为评估LUAD患者预后的潜在标志物。     

亲环蛋白B在脑胶质瘤中的表达及意义

目的 探讨亲环蛋白B(cyclophilin B, PPIB)在脑胶质瘤中的表达与临床病理特征、患者生存期的关系,以及与肿瘤相关巨噬细胞浸润的相关性。方法 基于癌症基因组数据集(The Cancer Genome Atlas, TCGA)数据库资料,比对正常、低级别和高级别脑胶质瘤中PPIB的表达情况,采用免疫组织化学染色方法检测脑胶质瘤病理组织中PPIB的表达;基于TCGA数据库临床病例资料,分析脑胶质瘤PPIB表达与临床病理特征的关系;采用Kaplan-Meier法评估PPIB表达差异对脑胶质瘤患者生存期的影响;免疫荧光法分析脑胶质瘤病理组织中PPIB表达及其与肿瘤相关巨噬细胞浸润的相关性。结果 高级别脑胶质瘤中PPIB的表达明显高于正常组织及低级别脑胶质瘤;PPIB与胶质瘤级别、IDH野生型、1p/19q非共缺失等显著相关(P＜0.001);PPIB高表达患者的总生存期、无进展间隔期均低于PPIB低表达患者;除高级别脑胶质瘤病理组织中PPIB表达升高外,PPIB高表达区域伴随大量肿瘤相关巨噬细胞浸润。结论 相较于低级别胶质瘤,高级别胶质瘤PPIB表达水平更高,且PPIB表达区域存在明显肿瘤相关巨噬细胞浸润。提示PPIB可能作为脑胶质瘤患者独立预后因素,为患者预后判断提供参考。     

基于生物信息学方法分析脑胶质瘤组织中糖蛋白M6A的表达

目的 探讨糖蛋白M6A(glycoprotein M6A,GPM6A)在脑胶质瘤标本中的表达及其临床意义。方法 运用生物信息学方法分析中国脑胶质瘤基因组图谱(Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas,CGGA)数据库325例患者GPM6A表达情况及其与临床病理参数关系。运用STRING在线数据库筛选分析GO功能注释以及与GPM6A相互作用的可能蛋白-蛋白作用功能网络。利用TIMER2.0数据库评估GPM6A与胶质瘤细胞纯度及浸润性CD8⁺T细胞水平之间的关系。结果 CGGA数据库在线分析显示,在各病理组织学分级(WHO:G₂、G₃、G₄级)与各组织学病理分型中均有GPM6A表达,各分级或各分型脑胶质瘤的GPM6A表达水平比较,差异均有统计学意义(分级:F=50.25,P＜0.001;分型:F=14.26,P＜0.001);GPM6A表达水平与分子IDH突变状态、1p19q联合缺失以及患者年龄密切相关,差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.01),但与患者性别无关(t=1.45,P>0.05)。GPM6A表达水平在原发性胶质瘤中稍高于继发性胶质瘤,差异无统计学意义(t=1.82,P＞0.05)。患者生存期数据分析显示,在低级别胶质瘤中GPM6A低表达的患者生存期较GPM6A高表达患者明显缩短(χ²=69.79,P＜0.001),但GBM患者中,无论GPM6A表达水平高低,生存期差异无统计学意义(χ²=0.63,P＞0.05)。GO功能分析显示,GPM6A与神经系统中跨膜蛋白运输、突触形成与发育、细胞之间信息交流等功能密切相关。TIMER2.0数据库分析显示GPM6A与胶质瘤肿瘤细胞纯度和浸润的CD8⁺T细胞水平正相关。结论 GPM6A低表达胶质瘤患者预后显著差于高表达患者,其表达水平可作为评估胶质瘤预后的预测因素。     

ncRNA介导的EphB4上调与低级别胶质瘤不良预后及肿瘤免疫浸润的相关性

目的 探讨促红细胞生成素生成人肝细胞受体B4(erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular receptors B4,EphB4)在低级别胶质瘤(lower-grade glioma,LGG)组织中的表达、其上游靶点以及与患者预后及肿瘤免疫浸润的相关性,分析其作为治疗靶点的潜在作用。方法 首先应用癌症基因组图谱(The Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA)数据库胶质瘤数据分析EphB4在胶质瘤与正常脑组织中的表达差异,并用基因表达谱交互分析(Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis,GEPIA)数据库分析EphB4对不同癌症生存期的影响。用R语言和starBase数据库分析EphB4可能上游调节非编码RNA (non-coding RNA,ncRNA)。用肿瘤免疫评估资源(Tumor Immune Estimation Resource,TIMER)数据库进行EphB4表达与肿瘤免疫细胞浸润、免疫细胞生物学标志物和免疫检查点相关性分析。结果 UBA6-AS1/hsa-miR-346轴是最有潜力影响LGG中EphB4表达的上游ncRNA相关通路。同时,EphB4水平与LGG肿瘤免疫细胞浸润、免疫细胞生物学标志物、免疫检查点表达均呈显著正相关。结论 ncRNA介导的EphB4上调与LGG的不良预后和肿瘤免疫浸润相关。     

BICD货物接头蛋白1基因作为胶质瘤级别进展分子标志物的研究

目的 检测BICD货物接头蛋白1（BICD1）基因在中国人群各级别胶质瘤样本中的表达水平,并探讨其在低级别胶质瘤向高级别胶质瘤进展过程中的潜在作用。方法 从中国脑胶质瘤基因组图谱（CGGA）的全转录组表达谱芯片数据库和全转录组测序数据库中收集BICD1的mRNA表达数据,结合胶质瘤的世界卫生组织（WHO）级别、分子亚型、患者无进展生存期和总生存期及经典分子标志物的表达与突变数据,分析BICD1表达与胶质瘤的级别进展及恶性程度的相关性。收集WHO Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ级胶质瘤组织各10例,提取RNA并反转录为cDNA进行实时荧光定量PCR（qPCR）,分析各级别胶质瘤样本中BICD1在转录水平上的表达差异。结果 CGGA全转录组表达谱芯片和全转录组测序数据库中提取的表达数据显示,BICD1的表达水平随着胶质瘤的级别升高而升高（WHO Ⅲ及Ⅳ级vs WHO Ⅱ级：t=7.901,P<0.01）。qPCR结果显示较高级别的胶质瘤组织中BICD1的表达水平更高（WHO Ⅲ级vs WHO Ⅱ级：t=3.514,P<0.01;WHO Ⅳ级vs Ⅲ级：t=2.128,P=0.037 6）。BICD1高表达与胶质瘤患者更短的无进展生存期和总生存期均有关（P均<0.01）。BICD1在前神经元型、神经元型、经典型和间质型胶质瘤样本中的表达水平不同（F=21.8,P<0.01）,其中间质型胶质瘤样本中BICD1表达水平最高,前神经元型胶质瘤样本中表达水平最低。BICD1的表达水平与异柠檬酸脱氢酶1（IDH1）突变、染色体1p19q联合缺失、人第10号染色体缺失的磷酸酶和张力蛋白同源基因（PTEN）突变等指示胶质瘤恶性程度的经典分子标志物相关,其中IDH1突变胶质瘤样本中BICD1的表达水平低于野生型样本（t=7.769,P<0.01）。结论 BICD1可能是指示低级别胶质瘤发生级别进展和恶性进展的潜在分子标志物。     

磁共振DWI评估脑胶质瘤预后及其与肿瘤细胞Ki-67表达及IDH1基因型的相关性

目的 研究磁共振扩散加权成像(DWI)预测脑胶质瘤预后的价值,进一步探讨其与肿瘤细胞Ki-67表达及IDH1基因突变状态的相关性。方法 纳入58例胶质瘤患者,其中21例低级别胶质瘤患者、37例高级别胶质瘤患者;对高、低级别胶质瘤组不同的表观扩散系数(ADC)值进行生存分析,并找出胶质瘤的独立预后因素;进一步比较表观扩散系数(ADC)与肿瘤增殖生物标志物Ki-67表达及IDH1基因突变状态的相关性。结果 ADC值<1.020的患者比ADC值≥1.020的患者生存期短,差异有统计学意义(P<0.0001);ADC值、Ki-67表达、IDH1基因突变状态是胶质瘤的独立预后因素(P<0.05)。ADC值与肿瘤增殖生物标志物Ki-67表达呈负相关(r=-5.00,P<0.01)。结论 DWI参数ADC值可作为胶质瘤患者的独立预后指标,有效评估胶质瘤患者预后;ADC值也有助于预测胶质瘤患者Ki-67的表达。     

Smo、Gli2及FoxM1对神经胶质瘤诊断和预后的评估价值

目的探讨Smo、胶质瘤相关癌基因同源蛋白2(Gli2)及叉头框转录因子M1(FoxM1)对神经胶质瘤诊断和预后的评估价值。 方法取80例神经胶质瘤标本为神经胶质瘤组,60例正常脑组织标本为正常组。免疫组化法检测两组Smo、Gli2、FoxM1表达水平,分析其与神经胶质瘤患者临床病理特征的关系;Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析不同Smo、Gli2、FoxM1表达水平神经胶质瘤患者预后的差异,分析影响神经胶质瘤预后的相关因素。 结果神经胶质瘤组织Smo、Gli2、FoxM1高表达率均高于正常脑组织,且随神经胶质瘤患者组织学分级升高而表达率增高(P＜0.05)。不同组织学分级、不同Smo、Gli2、FoxM1表达水平的神经胶质瘤患者5年生存率存在显著差异(P＜0.05)。组织学Ⅲ~Ⅳ级、Smo高表达、Gli2高表达、FoxM1高表达是神经胶质瘤预后的危险因素(P＜0.05)。 结论Smo、Gli2、FoxM1高表达是神经胶质瘤预后的危险因素,三者有望作为神经胶质瘤诊断和预后的判断指标。     

SFRP1、LINE1基因启动子区CpG岛甲基化状态在肝细胞癌预后评估的价值

目的 探讨分泌型卷曲相关蛋白（SFRP）1、长散在核元件（LINE）1基因启动子区CpG岛甲基化与人原发性肝癌( 简称肝癌)临床病理参数的关系,及其在肝癌预后评估的意义。方法 收集105例肝癌患者血浆和50例对照健康人血浆DNA,使用甲基化特异性PCR（MSP）检测了SFRP1基因启动子区CpG岛高甲基化和LINE1基因启动子区CpG岛低甲基化的情况;分析两种基因启动子甲基化和肝癌患者临床病理参数之间的关系;通过Kaplan-Meier曲线、对数秩检验及Cox多因素分析,分析SFRP1、LINE1基因甲基化状态与肝癌患者总生存率及无病生存率之间的关系。 结果 105例肝癌患者血浆中SFRP1基因启动子区CpG 岛高甲基化阳性率为59.05 % (62/105),LINE1基因启动子区CpG岛低甲基化率为66.67%（70/105）,基因SFRP1高甲基化和LINE1低甲基化表达均阳性为43.81% (46/105),正常对照组中未发现有这两种基因甲基化;SFRP1高甲基化、LINE1低甲基化均与HBsAg是否阳性及甲胎蛋白（AFP）值相关(P<0.05);SFRP1、LINE1基因启动子区域的甲基化状态与总生存率及无病生存率有关：SFRP1高甲基化阴性+LINE1低甲基化阴性组患者预后最好,而SFRP1高甲基化阳性+LINE1低甲基化阳性组患者预后最差。结论 SFRP1、LINE1基因启动子区CpG岛甲基化与肝癌的发生、发展有一定联系,SFRP1和LINE1基因甲基化状态可以作为潜在可靠的分子标记物对患者预后进行预测。     

GTSE1在肝癌中的表达及其对预后和免疫浸润的影响

目的 研究G₂/S期应答相关蛋白1(G₂ and S phase-expressed protein 1,GTSE1)在肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)中的表达、免疫学作用和预后分析,及其潜在作用机制。方法 使用公共数据库癌症基因组图谱(The Cancer Genome Atlas, TCGA)提供的数据,用Kaplan-Meier、肿瘤免疫评估资源(Tumor Immune Estimation Resource, TIMER)数据库和基因表达谱交互分析(Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis,GEPIA)数据库进行GTSE1基因表达、免疫学作用及预后分析,通过免疫组化实验验证GTSE1在临床样本中的表达,应用R软件对GTSE1相关差异基因进行基因本体(gene ontology, GO)和京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, KEGG)富集分析。结果 GTSE1在人类癌组织中显著高表达,且与肝细胞癌预后不良显著相关(P＜0.05);GTSE1基因表达与HCC中浸润性免疫细胞的丰度显著相关(P＜0.001)。GTSE1相关的差异表达基因主要富集于核分裂、细胞器裂变、离子通道活性等基因模块;其参与的信号通路主要包括神经活性配体-受体的相互作用、细胞周期等。结论 GTSE1在HCC中的表达显著上调并与患者预后不良显著相关,且在免疫细胞浸润中发挥重要作用,可作为HCC的预后标志物和免疫治疗靶点。     

补体C3a受体1与低级别胶质瘤预后及免疫细胞浸润的关系

目的 借助癌症基因组图谱(TCGA)数据库研究低级别胶质瘤(LGG)组织中补体C3a受体1(C3AR1)的表达水平及其与LGG患者预后及肿瘤免疫细胞浸润的关系.方法 从TCGA数据库下载514例LGG患者的基因表达谱数据和临床信息.比较C3AR1基因在LGG组织和正常组织中的表达水平,分析不同WHO分级LGG组织样本中...     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.