肝切除术治疗肝内胆管结石20年的演变

目的 分析肝内胆管结石肝切除术的治疗效果及相关因素.方法 回顾性分析解放军总医院1986至2005年245例连续性肝内胆管结石肝切除术病例的临床资料.结果 20年间肝内胆管结石肝切除术病例数占同期所有肝切除术治疗良性肝胆疾病病例数的29.6%(245/827),其中男性88例,女性157例,平均年龄(46.9±11.3)岁.肝切除术的范围,与1963至1985年相比,涉及右肝切除和肝段切除者明显增多.术中输血者占45.3%,术后并发症发生率16.3%,其中感染性并发症3.3%,胆漏2.4%,术后平均住院时间(15.7±9.2)d,围手术期病死率0.4%(1/245).结论 个体化的肝切除术是肝内胆管结石外科治疗上的重要手段.在重视优化围手术期处理和创新手术技术的前提下,能够使肝内胆管结石肝切除术保持低并发症发生率和低病死率.     

肝切除术为主的联合手术治疗肝内胆管结石

目的探讨肝切除术为主的联合手术治疗肝内胆管结石的方法及疗效。方法回顾分析2000年7月至2005年7月采用以肝切除为主的联合手术治疗肝内胆管结石169例的治疗效果。结果本组无手术死亡;有结石残留23例,残石率13.61%;随访145例,术后有轻度胆管炎症状者13例,占8.97%;再手术3例,手术优良率92.4%。术后并发症:本组36例发生手术并发症,发生率21.43%,包括胆瘘、肝断面感染、切口感染、胆道术后出血。结论以肝切除术为主的联合手术是治疗肝内胆管结石的有效办法,可降低残石率和复发率,提高手术疗效,肝叶、段切除是肝内胆管结石手术治疗的核心。     

肝切除术治疗肝内结石354例

目的探讨肝切除术治疗肝内结石的效果。方法分析１０年来采用肝切除术治疗３５４例肝内结石患者的临床表现、结石的部位和分布情况、手术方式、手术后并发症及结石残留等情况,并将１９９０年以后与１９９０年前的资料进行比较。结果肝内结石以左肝较多（３２３例）,肝切除仍以左外叶及左半肝切除为主。１３．８％的病例有结石残留;６０例出现手术后并发症;手术死亡４例。１９９０年以后再次手术的病例、术后残石率均比以前下降。治疗效果优良者占８８％。结论肝切除手术是治疗肝内结石的主要方法,为减少结石的残留和复发,应根据结石情况同时行肝内狭窄胆管切开整形、胆管空肠吻合治疗。     

提高复杂肝切除术的安全性

肝切除术是治疗原发性肝癌最有效的方法之一.复杂肝切除术目前尚无统一的定义,一般认为,巨大肝癌(＞10 cm)切除术、右半肝及左或右三叶切除术、肝中叶(Ⅳ、V、Ⅷ段)切除术、肿瘤侵犯第一、第二肝门或者下腔静脉时所施行的肝切除术、肝癌合并胆管癌栓或门静脉癌栓的肝切除术、特殊部位的肝切除术如尾状叶切除和第Ⅷ段切除属于复杂肝切除术.近年来,随着医疗技术的进步及围手术期管理水平的提高,肝切除手术死亡率已显著下降.然而,由于复杂肝切除术中需切除的肿瘤体积巨大或位置特殊而可导致大血管、胆管损伤及肝功能不全等严重并发症,复杂肝切除术仍存在一定的手术风险.只有术前做好充分的安全性评估,术中选择恰当的肝血流控制措施及尽可能保护肝组织,术后提供强有力的对症支持治疗,才能保障复杂肝切除术的安全实施.     

左肝部分切除治疗肝内胆管结石97例分析

目的 观察左肝部分切除治疗肝内胆管狭窄及结石的疗效.方法 回顾性分析97例肝内胆管狭窄及结石病例的手术方法、术后并发症及复发情况.结果 远期随访疗效,随访率占80.4%,优良率占89.7%,其中完全无症状占61.9%,偶发胆管炎占20.6%.结论 部分肝切除术治疗肝内胆管狭窄及结石的临床疗效较好.     

联合尾状叶切除的半肝切除术:31例报告

目的研究联合尾状叶切除的半肝切除术的合理性和可行性,并探讨其适应证。方法回顾性分析31例联合部分或全部尾状叶切除的半肝切除术病例,其中原发性肝癌16例、肝转移癌1例、肝门部胆管癌5例、肝内胆管结石4例、肝巨大血管瘤3例、肝炎性假瘤1例、肝外伤1例。结果手术完成时间130~367 min,平均(218±61)min。术中出血80~1 100 ml,平均(350±283)ml,19例患者术中未输血。无围手术期死亡。术后并发症总发生率为35.5%(11/31)。其中,右侧胸腔积液5例;切口脂肪液化2例;轻度肝性脑病1例;胆漏3例,均经保守治疗而痊愈。结论肝脏的良性或恶性病变侵及尾状叶时,实施联合尾状叶的半肝切除术是安全可行的。     

肝切除术治疗区域性肝胆管结石

目的 探讨肝切除术治疗区域性肝胆管结石的效果。方法 分析12年来采用肝切除术治疗儿2例区域性肝胆管结石患者的临床表现、结石的部位和分布情况、手术方式、手术后并发症及结石残留等情况。结果 肝内结石以左肝较多(108例),肝切除仍以左外叶及左半肝切除为主。10．8％的病例有结石残留；13例出现手术后并发症；无手术死亡。治疗效果优良者占93％。结论 肝切除手术是治疗区域性肝胆管结石的主要方法，为减少结石的残留和复发，应根据结石情况同时行肝内狭窄胆管切开整形、胆管空肠吻合治疗。     

肝切除治疗肝内胆管结石

探讨肝切除术治疗肝胆管结石的效果。方法分析１９８９年７月－１９９９年７月采用肝切除术治疗１８４例肝内胆管结石患者的结石部位和分布情况、手术方式、手术后并发症、病理结果等情况。结果肝内胆管结石以左肝为主（１６５例）,肝切除也以左肝叶段切除为多（１５３例）;３２例出现手术后并发症（１７．３９％）无手术死亡。随访３月－１０月年,效果优良者占９６．２０％,包括４例早期胆管癌。结论肝切除术手是治疗内胆管结珠     

原发性肝癌规则与非规则性肝切除术式探讨

目的 分析原发性肝癌规则性肝切除和非规则性肝切除的围手术期因素,探讨原发性肝癌治疗中二者手术适应证。方法 回顾性分析中国人民解放军空军总医院1990-2010年原发性肝癌中274例规则性肝切除术和586例非规则性肝切除术病人的临床资料。结果 统计分析表明,规则性肝切除与非规则性肝切除相比,对术前病人肝功能状态要求更加严格,术中切除肝体积以及出血量、输血量均较非规则性肝切除组显著增多,手术时间延长,术后并发症发生率增加。但实施规则性肝切除术病人的肿瘤体积明显大于非规则性肝切除病人,切除肝段数目大于三段者所占比例亦显著高于非规则性肝切除组。结论 对于＜5cm的肝癌病人,采用非规则性肝切除保留更多功能性肝实质,可能更有利于病人术后恢复,减少相关并发症的发生。     

肝切除术治疗肝内胆管结石98例临床分析

目的 探索肝内胆管结石经肝切除治疗患者的疗效和预后情况.方法 回顾性分析1984年4月至2009年3月北京协和医院经肝切除治疗的98例肝内胆管结石患者的临床资料.结果 本组98例患者中男女比例1:1.7,中位年龄55岁.58例(59.2%)既往接受过治疗,其中手术治疗50例.单纯左肝结石88例(89.8%),单纯右肝结石2例(2.0%),左右均受累8例(8.2%);51例(52.0%)合并肝外胆道结石,30例(30.6%)合并胆道狭窄,28例(28.6%)有既往胆道蛔虫病病史,5例(5.1%)合并胆道恶性肿瘤.全部病例均根据结石部位行肝脏部分切除术,8例双侧受累者,行左半肝切除、右肝管取石术.术后出现并发症14例(14.3%),围手术期死亡2例(2.0%).随访超过1年且未合并肿瘤者78例(79.6%),疗效优良率为91.0%,结石残存率和复发率均为2.0%.结论 肝切除术治疗既能清除结石,又能切除病变的胆道,具有结石残存率低和复发率低的优点,同时能对胆道恶性肿瘤早诊早治,是治疗肝内胆管结石的重要手段.     

One hundred consecutive hepatobiliary resections for biliary hilar malignancy: preoperative blood donation, blood loss, transfusion, and outcome

BACKGROUND: Many reports on blood loss and transfusion requirements during hepatectomy for metastatic liver cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma have been published; however, there are no reports on these issues in hepatectomy for biliary hilar malignancy. The aim of this study was to review our experience with blood loss and perioperative blood requirements in 100 consecutive hepatectomies for biliary hilar malignancy. METHODS: One hundred consecutive hepatectomies with en bloc resection of the caudate lobe and extrahepatic bile duct for hilar malignancies were performed, including 81 perihilar cholangiocarcinomas and 19 advanced gallbladder carcinomas involving the hepatic hilus. Fifty-eight hilar resections were combined with other organ and/or vascular resection. Data on preoperative blood donation, intraoperative blood loss, and perioperative transfusion were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Preoperative autologous blood donation was possible in 73 patients (3.4 +/- 1.2 U). Intraoperative blood loss was 1850 +/- 1000 mL (range, 677-5900 mL), and it was < 2000 mL in 62 patients. Intraoperatively, only 7 of the 73 patients (10%) who donated blood received transfusion of unheated, homologous blood products (packed red blood cells or fresh frozen plasma), whereas 18 the 23 patients (67%) without donation received homologous transfusions. Only 16 patients received transfusion postoperatively, and overall, 35 patients received unheated homologous blood products. Total serum bilirubin concentrations after hepatectomy in patients receiving autologous blood transfusion only was similar to those in patients who did not receive transfusion. The incidence of postoperative complications was higher in the 35 patients who received perioperative homologous transfusion than in 65 patients who did not (94% vs 52%; P <.0001). The mortality rate (including all deaths) was 3% (myocardial infarction, intra-abdominal bleeding, and liver failure, 1 patient each). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the technical difficulties arising from hepatectomy for biliary hilar malignancy, approximately two thirds of hepatectomies can be performed in an experienced center without perioperative homologous blood transfusion using preoperative blood donation.     

�����˸�����ǻ�����г���142������

??Outcomes of robot-assisted laparoscopic liver resection: A report of 142 cases WANG Xiao-ying, GAO Qiang, DING Zhen-bin, et al. Department of Liver Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
Corresponding author:FAN Jia, E-mail:jiafan@zs-hospital.sh.cn
Abstract Objective To analyze the perioperative and oncological outcomes of robot-assisted laparoscopic liver resection. Methods The clinical data of 142 cases of liver neoplasm underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic liver resection between March, 2010 and December, 2016 at Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University were analyzed retrospectively. Results There were 62 cases of primary liver cancer, 55 cases of liver metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRLM), 1 case of hilar cholangiocarcinoma, 23 cases of benign liver disease, and 1 case of living donor hepatectomy. Liver resection was the major resection (≥3 segments) in 52 cases (36.6%) and was the minor liver resection(<3 segments) in 90 cases (63.4%). Conversion rate is 0. Operative blood loss was??119.0±121.8??mL, and 2 cases (1.4%) received blood transfusion. The R0 resection rate was 100%. The perioperative complication incidence ??> grade ?? and mortality were 1.4% and 0, respectively. The hospital stay was??5.5±2.2??days. The 1, 3, 5-year overall survival rates for primary liver cancer were 97.8%??90.8%76.2%, respectively. The 1, 2-year overall survival rates for CRLM were 97.8% and 97.8%, respectively. Conclusion Robot-assisted laparoscopic liver resection for liver neoplasm is safe and feasible in selected patients, with favorable operative outcome and long-term oncologic results.     

Two hundred forty consecutive portal vein embolizations before extended hepatectomy for biliary cancer: surgical outcome and long-term follow-up

OBJECTIVE: To assess clinical benefit of portal vein embolization (PVE) before extended, complex hepatectomy for biliary cancer. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Many investigators have addressed clinical utility of PVE before simple hepatectomy for metastatic liver cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma, but few have reported PVE before hepatectomy for biliary cancer due to the limited number of surgical cases. METHODS: This study involved 240 consecutive patients with biliary cancer (150 cholangiocarcinomas and 90 gallbladder cancers) who underwent PVE before an extended hepatectomy (right or left trisectionectomy or right hepatectomy). All PVEs were performed by the "ipsilateral approach" 2 to 3 weeks before surgery. Hepatic volume and function changes after PVE were analyzed, and the outcome also was reviewed. RESULTS: There were no procedure-related complications requiring blood transfusion or interventions. Of the 240 patients, 47 (19.6%) did not undergo subsequent hepatectomy. The incidence of unresectability was higher in gallbladder cancer than in cholangiocarcinoma (32.2% versus 12.0%, P < 0.005). The remaining 193 patients (132 cholangiocarcinomas and 61 gallbladder cancers) underwent hepatectomy with resection of the caudate lobe and extrahepatic bile duct (n = 187), pancreatoduodenectomy (n = 42), and/or portal vein resection (n = 63). Seventeen (8.8%) patients died of postoperative complications: mortality was higher in gallbladder cancer than in cholangiocarcinoma (18.0% versus 4.5%, P < 0.05); and it was also higher in patients whose indocyanine green clearance (KICG) of the future liver remnant after PVE was <0.05 than those whose index was >or=0.05 (28.6% versus 5.5%, P < 0.001). The 3- and 5-year survival after hepatectomy was 41.7% and 26.8% in cholangiocarcinoma and 25.3% and 17.1% in gallbladder cancer, respectively (P = 0.011). In 136 other patients with cholangiocarcinoma who underwent a less than 50% resection of the liver without PVE, a mortality of 3.7% and a 5-year survival of 27.6% were observed, which was similar to the 132 patients with cholangiocarcinoma who underwent extended hepatectomy after PVE. CONCLUSIONS: PVE has the potential benefit for patients with advanced biliary cancer who are to undergo extended, complex hepatectomy. Along with the use of PVE, further improvements in surgical techniques and refinements in perioperative management are necessary to make difficult hepatobiliary resections safer.     

微创化技术在精准肝切除中的应用

目的 分析微创化技术对肝切除患者围手术期的影响.方法 收集南京医科大学第一附属医院肝移植中心单个手术小组于2003年8月至2008年8月间所开展的338例肝切除手术患者的临床资料,分析应用微创化技术对患者术中出血量、并发症发生率、围手术期病死率的影响.结果 338例肝切除术的病例中,255例(75.4%)患者进行解剖性肝叶或肝段的精准肝切除术.手术平均时间150 min(45～650 min);术中出血量300 ml(100～4600 m1),211例(62.4%)术中未输血.围手术期总并发症发生率为18.1%,病死率为0.6%.多因素Logistic回归分析表明,围手术期输血和低血小板血症足肝切除围手术期并发症发生的独立预后因子.结论 体现微创化技术的精准肝切除术可使患者获得较好的临床结果 ,并发症发生率和病死率处于较低的水平.减少术中出血是获得围手术期良好临床结果 的重要因素.     

肝门部胆管癌根治术中的门静脉切除与重建的体会

目的探索门静脉切除与重建在肝门部胆管癌扩大根治术中的价值。方法回顾性分析2003年1月至2009年12月收治的在行根治性手术同时,行联合门静脉切除重建和/或肝切除的扩大根治术的肝门部胆管癌10例的临床资料。结果全组获R0切除6例,R1切除4例。行门静脉壁部分切除修补4例中,术后病理检查未提示门静脉壁肿瘤侵犯2例。行门静脉主干切除重建6例中,联合肝叶切除术者4例,联合肝动脉切除重建病例2例。术后发生胆漏3例,出现肝动脉血栓形成1例,无门静脉血栓形成或吻合口狭窄,无术后肝功能衰竭和消化道出血。本组无围手术期死亡病例,平均住院时间(32.5±15.7)d。本组2003年至2008年完成手术的6例中,存活超过1年者4例,超过3年者2例,尚无存活5年者。2009年完成的4例中,3例尚存活。结论肝门部胆管癌联合肝叶切除和门静脉切除与重建的扩大根治术并不增加围手术期死亡率和并发症发生率。     

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Surgical resection has been reported to be only hope for cure for the patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Therefore, first of all, radical surgical resection should be considered to be a therapeutic option for hilar cholangiocarcinoma as much as possible. In preoperative staging for hilar cholangiocarcinoma, various extensive patterns of cancer such as the involvements of bile duct, portal vein, hepatic artery and lymph node etc, should be evaluated in each patient. As most patients are associated with obstructive jaundice at presentation, liver function has to be evaluated by appropriate tests for deciding the suitable surgical procedure. When the future remnant liver volume is less than 40% or severe liver functional damage exists or greater surgical stress is expected, preoperative portal vein embolization might have to be selected. On the other hand, if hilar cholangiocarcinoma involves limited region of the hilar bile duct confluence, parenchyma preserving hepatectomy such as S1 resection and S1 + S4 resection should be selected for avoiding the occurrence of liver failure. Combined portal vein resection should be done for the case of the cancer involvement of the portal vein without hesitation to improve the prognosis. However, hepatic artery resection and reconstruction in the involved case should be carefully performed only in severely selected cases. By using several useful pre-operative and intra-operative therapeutic modalities, hilar cholangiocarcinoma should be surgically resected with curative intent and without increasing surgical morbidity and mortality rates.     

肝胰十二指肠切除术治疗肝门部胆管癌:附11例

目的 总结肝胰十二指肠切除术(HPD)治疗肝门部胆管癌的经验.方法 回顾性分析2000年6月至2008年1月11例HPD治疗肝门部胆管癌的临床资料.结果 全组11例肝门部胆管癌按Bismush-corline分型,Ⅲ型8例,Ⅳ型3例.肝方叶切除+胰十二指肠切除术2例,肝尾叶切除+胰十二指肠切除术5例.右半肝+尾状叶+门静脉部分切除重建+胰十二指肠切除术1例,左半肝+胰十二指肠切除术3例,无死亡.胆漏3例,胰漏1例,肺部感染2例,肝功能衰竭1例,随访8例,最长者63个月.结论 对肝门部胆管癌累及胰十二指肠区域者,HPD可提高其生存质量,是安全可行的.     

联合肝叶切除治疗肝门部胆管癌(附74例报告)

目的 研究肝门部胆管癌联合肝脏切除的手术方式、并发症及疗效。方法 总结1993—2004年中国人民解放军总医院肝胆外科联合肝叶切除治疗肝门部胆管癌74例临床资料。结果 联合行左半肝切除50例,右半肝切除14例。尾状叶切除2例,右三叶、右前叶切除各2例,左内叶切除4例;手术并发症发生率36．5％,围手术期死亡1例。随访率82．4％,1,3,5年存活率为75．4％、24．4％、12、2％,最长一例现已无瘤存活8年。结论 肝门部胆管癌应积极手术切除治疗,对无明显手术禁忌证的病人行肿瘤切除联合肝叶切除的扩大根治术可延长病人存活期;围手术期正确处理,是减少术后并发症,提高病人生活质量和延长存活期的关键。     

Liver transplantation for hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma was accepted as an indication for liver transplantation at the beginning of the transplantation era. Owing to disappointing long-term results for this indication, and in parallel, encouraging results in patients with benign disease, hilar cholangiocarcinoma has generally not been accepted as an indication for liver transplantation in recent years. To improve results, more aggressive approaches have been used: “abdominal organ cluster transplantation” and “extended bile duct resection”, which lead to increased long-term survival rates. However, with improving results after conventional extrahepatic bile duct resection in combination with partial hepatectomy, extended procedures in combination with liver transplantation never became a real option in the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. However, new awareness of liver transplantation in the treatment of this cancer has been raised for patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma in the context of underlying liver diseases such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, which preclude liver resection. Current results show increased survival figures, in particular in well-selected patients with early tumor stages. Further improvements in long-term survival may be reached with new adjuvant and neoadjuvant protocols. Patients with neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy show long-term results similar to those for liver transplantation for other indications. Also, photodynamic therapy and the use of new antiproliferative immunosuppressive agents may be an approach for further improvement of the long-term results. Currently, liver transplantation for the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma should be restricted to centers with experience in the treatment of this cancer and should be taken into consideration in patients with contraindications to liver resection.     

Hepatectomy (parenchyma-preserving) for hilar cholangiocarcinoma

The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of parenchyma-preserving hepatectomy as surgical treatment for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Ninety-three resected patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma were included in this study. The resected patients were stratified into three groups: the extended hepatectomy (EXH) group (n = 66); the parenchyma-preserving hepatectomy (PPH) group (n = 14); and the local resection (LR) group(n = 13). The EXH group underwent hepatectomy more extensive than hemihepatectomy, the PPH group underwent hepatectomy less extensive than hemihepatectomy; and the LR group underwent extrahepatic bile duct resection without hepatic resection. Surgical curability of the PPH and EXH groups was better than that of the LR group. Surgical morbidity was higher in the EXH group(48%) than in the LR group (8%) and the PPH group(14%) (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). The survival rates after resection were significantly higher in patients who underwent hepatectomy, including PPH and EXH, than in patients who underwent LR (29% vs 8% at 5 years, respectively, p < 0.05). However, no significant difference in survival was found between the PPH and EXH groups. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that significant prognostic factors for survival were resected margins, lymph node status, and vascular resection. In conclusion, PPH may be beneficial in highly selected patients based on cancer extent and high-risk patients with liver dysfunction and advanced age.