超声造影与彩色多普勒诊断肝肿瘤的临床应用

目的比较实时超声造影和彩色多普勒超声在肝肿瘤诊断中的临床应用价值。方法应用超声造影技术及彩色多普勒超声对常规二维超声难以定性的30例患者31个肝占位灶进行检查,并与病理结果相对照。结果31个病灶中肝恶性肿瘤24个,肝血管瘤3个,肝硬化增生结节1个,肝脓肿2个,肝包虫1个。除1例肝包虫外,其余30个病灶超声造影均在不同时相出现不同程度强化现象。彩色多普勒超声在病灶内部或周边能检测到动脉血流频谱者共19例20个病灶;以增强早期呈高回声而增强晚期呈低回声为恶性肿块的诊断标准,则超声造影对肝癌诊断的准确性为93%;以病灶内部检测到动脉样血流频谱为诊断恶性肿块的诊断标准,则彩色多普勒超声诊断肝恶性肿瘤的准确性为74%,二者差别有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论实时超声造影能提高肝肿瘤诊断的准确性,对肝肿瘤良、恶性的诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要的临床应用价值。     

Indium-111 tropolonate leucocyte scanning in the detection of intra-abdominal abscesses

Indium-111 leucocyte scanning is established as an accurate method for localising intra-abdominal abscesses. With the currently available cell labelling techniques there is a variable and significant delay in localisation of abscesses which is a major disadvantage in comparison with ultrasound or computed tomography. We have examined the speed and accuracy of localisation of leucocytes labelled in plasma with a new chelating agent, indium-111 tropolonate, in 90 patients with suspected intra-abdominal abscess. In 50 patients a comparison with ultrasound was made. Nineteen patients had abscesses. The sensitivity and specificity of labelled leucocytes were 95% and 99%, respectively. Comparative results for ultrasound were 60% and 83%. In nine out of 10 patients with abscesses scanned sequentially from 40 min after return of the labelled cells, activity corresponding to the abscess was already visible on the 40 min scan. These results demonstrate that indium-111 plasma labelled leucocyte scanning is both rapid and an accurate method of detecting abscesses.     

High-resolution slice-selective Fourier velocity encoding in congenital heart disease using spiral SENSE with velocity unwrap

Quantification of peak velocity is important in the assessment of stenotic flow jets in patients with congenital heart disease. Phase-contrast magnetic resonance underestimates peak velocities. Hence, clinically Doppler ultrasound is used as the reference standard for assessing stenoses. It is possible to accurately measure peak velocity in MR using Fourier velocity encoding (FVE). In this study, a fast, high-resolution slice-selective FVE sequence was developed with the use of spiral trajectories, parallel imaging, and partial Fourier in the velocity dimension and a novel velocity-unwrap technique. The resulting sequence was acquired within a short breath-hold (more than 15 heartbeats) making this FVE technique clinically achievable. Peak velocities were compared from Doppler ultrasound, phase-contrast magnetic resonance, and FVE. Experiments were carried out in vitro and in vivo in 25 patients with congenital heart disease with stenoses. It was shown that in vitro and in vivo phase-contrast magnetic resonance tended to underestimate peak velocity when compared with Doppler ultrasound, whereas FVE agreed well with Doppler ultrasound.     

Granulomatous mastitis: radiological findings

Purpose: To evaluate the radiological, ultrasonographic, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis.

Material and Methods: Between April 2002 and June 2005, the mammography, ultrasound, color Doppler ultrasound, nonenhanced MR, and dynamic MR findings of nine patients with the preliminary clinical diagnosis of malignancy and the final diagnosis of granulomatous mastitis were evaluated.

Results: On mammography, asymmetrical focal densities with no distinct margins, ill-defined masses with spiculated contours, and bilateral multiple ill-defined nodules were seen. On ultrasound, in four patients a discrete, heterogenous hypoechoic mass, in two patients multiple abscesses, in one patient bilateral multiple central hypo peripheral hyperechoic lesions, in two patients heterogeneous hypo- and hyperechoic areas together with parenchymal distortion, and in one patient irregular hypoechoic masses with tubular extensions and abscess cavities were seen. Five of the lesions were vascular on color Doppler ultrasound. On MR mammography, the most frequent finding was focal or diffuse asymmetrical signal intensity changes that were hypointense on T1W images and hyperintense on T2W images, without significant mass effect. Nodular lesions were also seen. On dynamic contrast-enhanced mammography, mass-like enhancement, ring-like enhancement, and nodular enhancement were seen. The time-intensity curves differed from patient to patient and from lesion to lesion.

Conclusion: The imaging findings of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis have a wide spectrum, and they are inconclusive for differentiating malignant and benign lesions.     

彩色多普勒超声在乳腺癌TNM分期中的应用

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声检查对乳腺癌TNM分期的评价能力。方法108例乳腺癌患者于术前1周内均经临床乳房触诊分期和彩色多普勒超声分期,并与术后1周内病理分期(用作金标准)相比较。结果术前彩色多普勒超声检查对TNM分期的准确率与术后病理分期无明显差异(P>0.05),而显著高于术前临床乳房触诊分期(p<0.01)。该两种方法的TNM分期准确率分别为92%和76%。临床触诊对腋淋巴结的误诊率与漏诊率分别为15%和17%,而彩超仅为5%和4.6%。结论彩色多普勒超声对乳腺癌术前TNM分期具有明显优势,且能减少术前单靠临床触诊所导致的盲目性。     

Transvaginal pelvic abscess drainage with US guidance

Transvaginal catheter drainage of pelvic and intraabdominal abscesses with the use of real-time ultrasound guidance is described. The technique was successfully used in two patients to drain abscesses in the cul-de-sac. Transvaginal drainage is a safe, simple alternative to transabdominal, transgluteal, and transrectal drainage of these abscesses.     

Inaccessible Postoperative Abdominal Abscess: Percutaneous Drainage Technique with Puncture of a Sinus Tract

The present report describes percutaneous drainage involving puncture of a sinus tract in 14 patients with inaccessible postoperative abdominal abscesses. In eight patients, a sinus tract formed by a previously placed surgical drain was percutaneously punctured under ultrasound guidance. In six patients, a sinus tract was accessed under fluoroscopic guidance, aiming at an indwelling surgical drain. A drainage catheter was successfully placed into the abscesses in 13 patients (92.9%). Complete resolution of abscesses was documented on follow-up computed tomography. Percutaneous drainage with puncture of a sinus tract may be a feasible and effective treatment for inaccessible postoperative abdominal abscesses.     

Treatment of breast abscesses with ultrasound-guided aspiration and irrigation in the emergency setting

The purpose of our study was to describe the efficacy of ultrasound (US)-guided aspiration and intracavitary irrigation of breast abscesses in the emergency setting. Ten cases of mastitis clinically suspected of having a breast abscess were referred from the emergency department for breast ultrasound. Eleven abscesses depicted at US were treated with US-guided aspiration and intracavitary irrigation. All patients were given antibiotics, and the success of US-guided treatment was determined. Three abscesses that were smaller than 3 cm were treated with single aspiration and irrigation. Ninety-one percent of patients were cured with US-guided aspiration and irrigation requiring no further surgical intervention. One case of chronic mastitis fistulized to the skin and was drained surgically. No recurrences were observed in the follow-up period. US-guided percutaneous aspiration and irrigation is a successful method for treatment of breast abscesses in the emergency setting. This method is more successful in abscesses with a maximum dimension smaller than 3 cm and should be preferred to the surgical drainage.     

Granulomatous enterocolitis: findings by ultrasonography and computed tomography

Granulomatous enterocolitis was evaluated in 51 patients by ultrasonography, and in 14 of those patients also by computed tomography (CT). The features of granulomatous enterocolitis include abscesses in various locations and bowel loops that are matted and inflamed, dilated due to obstruction, or have thickened walls. Although the diagnostic findings of ultrasound and CT examinations are not as specific as those of barium-enhanced radiographic examinations, they are helpful in the clinical management of patients. Serial ultrasound examinations are ideal to demonstrate progression or regression of the inflamed bowel-loops and abscesses. Real-time scanning is important in the differentiation of fluid-filled or matted and inflamed bowel-loops from abscesses. However, manual scanning is usually better for the delineation of the abdominal wall and complicated retroperitoneal abscesses.     

Ultrasound in Crohn's disease of the small bowel

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this work is to prospectively evaluate high resolution ultrasonography with graded compression in the ability to detect Crohn's disease of the small bowel (CDSB) together with its complications and activity signs, compared with enteroclysis, CT and immunoscintigraphy in the mirror of the final diagnosis. METHODS AND MATERIAL: In a series of 73 consecutive patients, who were referred for enteroclysis with suspected Crohn's disease of the small bowel computed tomography (CT), ultrasound (US), immunoscintigraphy with 99mTc labeled monoclonal antigranulocyte antibody (AGAb) examinations were performed within 10 days from each other. For the final evaluation the diagnosis of CDSB was based on combination of clinical and enteroclysis findings (73 cases) and in 17 cases additional surgical and pathological data were available. The results of other modalities were blinded to the radiologists performing and reading out the exams. The diagnostic values of each modality was assessed also in those 18 patients, who had early Crohn's disease. In the group of 43 patients with proven CDSB who had all the four imaging modalities, the modalities were compared in their ability to demonstrate various pathological conditions related to CD. Increased (>500 ml/min) flow measured by Doppler US in the superior mesenteric artery and increased color signs in the gut wall seen by power Doppler sonography were compared to CDAI. RESULTS: Of the 73 patients the combination of enteroclysis and clinical tests demonstrated CDSB in 47. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of ultrasound were 88.4, 93.3 and 90.4%, respectively. Enteroclysis was the most accurate method. CT was more sensitive than US, but less specific. The accuracy of US, CT and scintigraphy were similar. In the group of 18 patients, who had early CDSB, the sensitivity of US decreased to only 67%, CT and scintigraphy had higher values. Intra- and perimural abscesses, and sinus tracts were also more frequently visualized by US, especially if they were small. US was superior than CT in detecting stenoses and skip lesions, but inferior to enteroclysis. US and CT detected more fistulas, than enteroclysis. Compared to CT, US detected more cases with mesenteric lymphadenopathy, equal cases with abscesses and free peritoneal fluids. In detecting mesenteric inflammatory proliferation CT, and in detecting colonic involvement CT and immunoscintigraphy were slightly superior than graded compression US. Patterns of mural stratification detected by ultrasound correlated well with the enteroclysis severity stages. There was only 59% agreement between increased superior mesenteric artery flow detected by Doppler sonography and CDAI, and 60.5% agreement between increased number of Color pixels in the gut wall measured by power Doppler and increased CDAI. CONCLUSION: High resolution graded compression sonography is a valuable tool for detecting small intestinal Crohn's disease. It has similar diagnostic values as CT. However in early disease the sensitivity substantially decreases. In known Crohn's disease for following disease course, evaluating relapses and extramural manifestations US is an excellent tool. Doppler and Power Doppler activity measurements do not correlate well with the more widespread clinical activity index.     

Doppler ultrasound scanning in the detection of renal artery stenosis in hypertensive patients.

The diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasound in the detection of renal arterial disease has been assessed in a prospective study of 61 hypertensive patients. The findings of Doppler ultrasound were compared with the results of renal angiography. In 15 patients (24.5%) no accurate Doppler signs could be obtained and the Doppler ultrasound examination was considered a technical failure. Of the remaining 46 patients, 24 had renal artery stenosis. Nine of the stenoses were not detected by Doppler ultrasound and in three patients a false positive diagnosis of renal artery stenosis was made. The sensitivity of Doppler ultrasound was 62.5%, the specificity 86.4% and the overall diagnostic accuracy was 73.9%. By comparing the 15 patients in whom Doppler ultrasound failed with the 46 in whom it was successful, age appeared to be higher and creatinine clearance lower in the failure group. By comparing the 34 patients with true positive and true negative results with the 12 patients with false results, no significant differences were found. In a multivariate analysis, higher age showed a significant relation to failure of Doppler ultrasound. Doppler ultrasound has limited value in the screening of hypertensive patients for renal artery stenosis.     

Midgut volvulus in an adult

We report a case of duodenal malrotation that presented in adulthood as midgut volvulus. On colour Doppler ultrasound, findings of a clockwise rotation of the superior mesenteric vein around the superior mesenteric artery (whirlpool sign) and a distinctive 'whirl'-like pattern resulting from an encircling of loops of the bowel around the SMA on CT is diagnostic of midgut volvulus.     

Sonography of hepatic amebic abscesses

The spectrum of gray scale ultrasonographic patterns are described as seen in 17 hepatic amebic abscesses in eight patients. Of the abscesses 16 had a lower gray tone than the adjacent normal liver. In patients with multiple lesions, generally there was a reciprocal relation between abscess size and echogenicity and a direct relation between internal echogenicity and through transmission. The results in these eight patients suggest a role for ultrasound both in the diagnosis and treatment of hepatic amebic abscesses.     

Renal carcinoma: duplex Doppler evaluation

Doppler ultrasound has a clearly defined role in the assessment of carotid and peripheral vascular disease. In these situations vessel pathology produces alterations in velocity and volume flow and in the flow-velocity spectrum. Flow in the renal arteries is affected not only by disease of the renal vessels but also by the peripheral resistance to flow within the kidney. Alterations in this peripheral resistance resulting from renal disease are reflected in the Doppler flow spectrum analysis. In 14 patients with renal carcinoma, three different blood flow patterns were observed, reflecting the differing vascularity of the renal tumours. These were compared with blood flow in normal kidneys and in kidneys containing renal cysts. Doppler ultrasound adds further information to the study of renal carcinomas, allowing the prediction of tumour vascularity, and may be useful as a preliminary investigation prior to angiography and embolisation.     

结核性腹膜炎158例彩色多普勒超声诊断分析

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声诊断结核性腹膜炎的临床价值。方法对158例结核性腹膜炎患者,采用低频与高频彩色超声及血流显像、多普勒频谱功能综合检查分析。结果彩色多普勒超声诊断符合率94.1%,其中腹水148例(93.6%);腹膜增厚136例(86.1%);淋巴结肿大110例(69.6%);团块75例(47.5%)。结论彩色多普勒超声可作为结核性腹膜炎的首选检查方法。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断良恶性甲状腺结节的参考价值

目的分析良、恶性甲状腺结节的彩色多普勒超声表现,以提高超声诊断和鉴别诊断良、恶性甲状腺结节的价值。方法回顾性分析经手术、病理明确诊断的157个良、恶性甲状腺结节的彩色多普勒超声表现,良、恶性结节的形态、回声、钙化特点、彩色多普勒血流图血流信号分布等。结果157个甲状腺结节经病理诊断,其中 90个为良性结节,67个为恶性结节;本组病例彩色多普勒超声检查的特异性为92.2%,敏感性为80.6%,诊断符合率为87.2%;彩色多普勒超声图像显示甲状腺良、恶性结节的形态、边界、包膜、回声、血流信号分布、内部钙化情况、血流阻力指数值比较,差异比较均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论彩色多普勒超声可诊断甲状腺病变,依据重要的参考指标,可评价甲状腺结节的良、恶性。     

Computer-assisted quantitative assessment of power Doppler US: effects of microbubble contrast agent in the differentiation of breast tumors

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To objectively quantify the effects of a microbubble contrast agent to differentiate breast tumors with power doppler ultrasound and to compare these results with color doppler ultrasound (CD US). METHODS: In 47 patients a microbubble contrast agent was injected intravenously. Computer-assisted quantitative assessment of the color pixel density was performed to evaluate the increase in Doppler signals. Results were compared to previously published results of a color Doppler ultrasound study. RESULTS: Peak color pixel density at contrast-enhanced power Doppler ultrasound was higher for carcinomas than for benign tumors (P < 0.03). Time to peak enhancement was shorter in carcinomas than in benign tumors (P < 0.01). For both parameters, diagnostic accuracy of power Doppler ultrasound was 69 and 78%, and for color Doppler ultrasound 62 and 76%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative assessment of contrast-enhanced power Doppler ultrasound showed significant differences in malignant and benign breast tumors. Diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced power Doppler ultrasound was higher compared to color Doppler ultrasound.     

Comparison of colour Doppler ultrasound with venography in the diagnosis of axillary and subclavian vein thrombosis

The primary imaging technique in suspected venous occlusive disease has for many years been contrast venography. Recent studies have shown ultrasound with the addition of colour Doppler imaging to be a suitable alternative method in the diagnosis of lower limb venous thrombosis. We have applied these techniques to the upper limb venous system, and have performed a prospective study of 19 patients (30 limbs) comparing colour Doppler ultrasound with venography in the diagnosis of axillary and subclavian vein thrombosis, for which colour Doppler ultrasound has a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. If vein stenosis is included, the sensitivity falls to 89%. We propose that colour Doppler ultrasound is a suitable first-line alternative to venography in the diagnosis of axillary and subclavian vein thrombosis. In addition to showing the major venous drainage of the upper limb, ultrasound routinely assesses patency of the internal jugular vein, which is, on occasion, of clinical relevance when determining possible future sites of venous access. If, however, colour Doppler ultrasound is normal then bilateral upper limb venography is indicated to exclude a more central venous problem or localized stenotic lesion.     

超声造影与彩色多普勒超声诊断异位妊娠的对比研究

目的对比研究超声造影与彩色多普勒超声诊断异位妊娠的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2011年8月～2013年2月我院收治的100例异位妊娠患者的临床资料。结果 100例中,手术病理证实为异位妊娠的88例,经腹腔镜及刮宫病理证实宫内孕12例。超声造影诊断异位妊娠的敏感性为98.2%,特异性为80.0%,准确性为96.0%;彩色多普勒超声诊断异位妊娠的敏感性为86.2%,特异性为53.3%,准确性为81.4%,超声造影诊断异位妊娠的敏感性、特异性、准确性均明显比彩色多普勒超声高（P〈0.05）。结论超声造影比彩色多普勒超声诊断异位妊娠具有较好的临床效果,值得推广。     

应用彩色多普勒超声诊断下肢静脉血栓形成的临床意义

目的分析下肢静脉血栓形成的彩色多普勒超声影像学特征,评价其临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析67例经彩色多普勒超声检查的下肢静脉血栓患者的临床及影像学资料。结果 67例患者中,彩色多普勒超声诊断急性血栓34例,亚急性血栓23例,慢性血栓10例,各期血栓超声影像学表现均具有一定的特征性。结论彩色多普勒超声诊断下肢静脉血栓具有安全、无创、准确性高、可多次复查等优点,对于确定治疗方案及预后具有重要的临床意义。