非扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨骨折

1997年 3月～ 2 0 0 0年 8月 ,我们使用Ｏｒｔｈｏｆｉｘ型带锁髓内钉非扩髓治疗 6 5例开放性胫骨骨折 ,取得良好的效果。1　材料与方法1 1　病例资料　本组 6 5例 ,6 8侧胫骨 ;男 38例 (41侧 ) ,女 2 7例 (2 7侧 ) ;年龄 2 5～ 76岁。受伤原因 :车祸伤 39侧 ,坠伤 18侧 ,跌伤 11侧。按Ｇｕｓｔｉｌｌｏ开放性骨折分型 :Ⅰ型 39侧 ,Ⅱ型 17侧 ,Ⅲ型 12侧 (Ⅲａ型 4侧、Ⅲｂ和Ⅲｃ型 8侧 )。见图 1。图 1　开放性胫骨骨折术前1 2　治疗方法　Ⅰ型开放性骨折 ,常规清创 ,行闭合髓内钉内固定 ;Ⅱ型和Ⅲａ型在常规清创后 ,行开放髓内钉内固定手…     

不扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨开放性骨折

对于胫骨开放性骨折 ,往往由于皮肤和软组织损伤严重 ,骨折端血供破坏 ,治疗较为困难。国内外对此类骨折的治疗有不同见解 ,尤其对骨折固定方法无统一认识。 1998年 1月～ 2 0 0 1年 12月 ,我们应用不扩髓交锁钉治疗 36例胫骨开放性骨折 ,取得良好的效果。1　材料与方法1.1　病例资料　本组 36例 ,男 2 6例 ,女 10例 ,年龄 2 0～ 6 2岁。跌伤 9例 ,车祸 2 3例 ,压伤 4例 ,均为开放性骨折。Gustillo分型 :Ⅰ型 16例、Ⅱ型 13例、ⅢA型 5例、ⅢB 型 2例。外伤至手术的时间为 2～ 7h ,平均 4h。1.2　治疗方法　彻底清创后采用不扩髓交锁钉技…     

Comparison of unreamed nailing and external fixation of tibial diastases--mechanical conditions during healing and biological outcome.

Locked intramedullary nailing and external fixation are alternatives for the stabilization of tibial shaft fractures. The goal of this study was to determine to what extent the mechanical conditions at the fracture site influence the healing process after unreamed tibial nailing compared to external fixation. A standardized tibial diastasis was stabilized with either a locked unreamed tibial nail or a monolateral fixator in a sheep model. Interfragmentary movements and ground reaction parameters were monitored in vivo throughout the healing period. After sacrifice, the tibiae were examined mechanically and histologically. Bending angles and axial torsion at the fracture site were larger in the nail group within the first five weeks post-operatively. Unlike the fixator group, the operated limb in the nail group did not return to full weight bearing during the treatment period. Mechanical and histomorphometrical observations showed significantly inferior bone healing in the nail group compared to the fixator group. In this study, unreamed nailing of a tibial diastasis did not provide rotational stability of the osteosynthesis and resulted in a significant delay in bone healing.     

Mechanical borderline indications in the treatment of unreamed tibial nailing

The extended usage of unreamed tibial nailing resulted in reports of an increased rate of complications, especially for the distal portion of the tibia. The goal was to gain a thorough understanding of the load-sharing mechanism between unreamed nail and bone in a fractured tibia, and to identify borderline indications due to biomechanical factors. In finite element analyses of a human tibia, horizontal defects were modeled using unreamed nailing for five different fracture locations, including proximal and distal borderline indications for this treatment method. The findings of this study show that with all muscle and joint contact forces included, nailing leads to considerable unloading of the interlocked bone segments. Unreamed nailing of the distal defect results in an extremely low axial and high shear strain between the fragments. Apart from biological reasons, clinical problems reported for distal fractures may be due to the less favorable mechanical conditions in unreamed nailing. From a biomechanical perspective, the treatment of distal tibial shaft fractures with unreamed nailing without additional fragment contact or without stabilizing the fibula should be carefully reconsidered.     

Retrospective analysis of healing problems after reamed and unreamed nailing of femoral shaft fractures

168 fractures of the femoral shaft treated by intramedullary nailing were analyzed retrospectively. From 1986-1992 116 fractures had been treated with the reamed AO universal nail (RFN) and from 1993-1996 52 fractures with the AO unreamed femoral nail (UFN). In 24% of the RFN-group and in 2% of the UFN-group (p < 0.0001) open reduction of the fracture had been necessary. The time to radiological consolidation was similar in both groups (18.1 weeks +/- 6.1 vs. 18.3 weeks +/- 5.7, [mean +/- SD]). Delayed unions were less frequent in the RFN-group than in the UFN-group (3% vs. 13%, p = 0.01). Non-unions occurred in the RFN-group in 4%, in the UFN-group in 8%, the difference is not statistically significant (p = 0.46). Fractures with impaired consolidation (delayed-unions and non-unions) in the RFN group were distributed randomly along the femoral diaphysis, whereas all 11 fractures with retarded healing in the UFN group were short transverse or oblique fractures localized immediately distal to the femoral isthmus. We believe that there is mainly a mechanical reason for this phenomen, in addition to fracture type and fracture localization the (insufficient) length of the unreamed nails might have impaired stability further. The different factors should be investigated in larger series. As a consequence we now treat transverse and short oblique fractures of diaphyseal femoral fractures distal to the femoral isthmus with a RFN whereas in other types and localizations of diaphyseal femoral fractures we continue to use the UFN with special attention to maximal nail diameter and length.     

Reamed or unreamed intramedullary nailing for tibial fractures: a meta-analysis

Objective：To compare the treating effects of different intramedullary nailing methods on tibial fractures in adults.Methods：Literature reports in both Chinese and English languages were retrieved （from the earliest available records to October 1,2013） from the PubMed,FMJS,CNKI,Wanfang Data using randomized controlled trials （RCTs） to compare reamed and unreamed intramedullary nailing for treatment of tibial fractures.Methodological quality of the trials was critically assessed,and relevant data were extracted.Statistical software Revman 5.0 was used for data-analysis.Results：A total of 12 randomized controlled trials,comprising 985 patients （475 in the unreamed group and 510 in the reamed group）,were eligible for inclusion in this meta-analysis.The results of metaanalysis showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the two methods in the reported outcomes of infection （RR=0.64; 95％CI,0.39 to 1.07;P=0.09）,compartment syndrome （RR=1.44; 95％CI,0.8to 2.41; P=0.16）,thrombosis （RR=1.29; 95％CI,0.43to 3.87; P=0.64）,time to union （WMD=5.01; 95％CI,-1.78 to 11.80; P=0.15）,delayed union （nonunion）（RR=1.56; 95％CI,0.97 to 2.49; P=0.06）,malunion （RR=1.75; 95％CI,1.00 to 3.08; P=0.05） and knee pain （RR=0.94; 95％CI,0.73 to 1.22; P=0.66）.But there was a significantly higher fixation failure rate in the unreamed group than in the reamed group （RR=4.29; 95％CI,2.58to 7.14; P＜0.00001）.Conclusion：There is no significant difference in the reamed and unreamed intramedullary nailing for the treatment of tibial fractures,but our result recommends reamed nails for the treatment of closed tibial fractures for their lower fixation failure rate.     

胫骨下段骨折内踝入路非扩髓动力髓内固定与钢板固定的对照研究

目的　比较胫骨下段骨折内踝入路非扩髓动力髓内固定与钢板固定的效果。方法　 5 0例胫骨下段骨折 ,随机分至内踝入路非扩髓动力髓内固定组 (A组 )与钢板固定组 (B组 )各 2 5例。平均随访 13个月 (8～2 4个月 ) ,观察骨折愈合、并发症、术后处理、肢体功能情况。结果　骨折愈合时间 :A组 10～ 4 0 (19 0 4±5 2 3)周 ,B组 16～ 4 8(2 1 92± 7 97)周 ,P =0 137。延迟愈合 :A组 1例 ,B组 7例 ,P =0 0 2 1;两组均无骨不连。感染 :A组 1例 ,B组 2例 ,P =0 5 5 2。术后局部不适或疼痛 :A组 10例 (4 0 % ) ,B组 2例 (8% ) ,P =0 0 0 8。术后辅助石膏固定 :A组 2例 ,B组全部 ,P <0 0 0 1。石膏固定时间 :A组 0～ 30 (2 0 4± 7 18)d ,B组5 0～ 10 0 (6 9± 12 9)d ,P =0 0 2 1。术后去除或更换石膏 :A组 4次 ,B组 5 4次 ,P <0 0 0 1。早期负重 :A组 3～ 2 1(7 5± 5 2 4 )d ,B组 10～ 4 0 (2 1 4 4± 7 6 3)d ,P <0 0 0 1。膝关节屈曲 :A组 135～ 14 5 (14 0± 3 4 4 )° ,B组70～ 14 5 (12 4± 2 0 4 3)° ,P <0 0 0 1。踝关节背伸 :A组 17～ 2 5 (2 2 16± 2 5 4 )° ,B组 0～ 2 5 (15 96± 7 89)° ,P<0 0 0 1。结论　胫骨下段骨折内踝入路动力髓内固定是一值得临床探讨的方法 ,后处理及     

Open tibial fractures: faster union after unreamed nailing than external fixation

Unreamed intramedullary nailing is an alternative to external fixation in the treatment of open tibial fractures. We compared a prospective series of thirty-one patients managed with a solid nail with static interlocking without intramedullary reaming, with a retrospective series of thirty-one patients managed by external fixation. The protocol for soft tissue treatment was the same throughout the study period. Most fractures were caused by high energy trauma and included Grade I to III B injuries. The fracture wound infection rate was equal in both groups; there were two deep and three superficial infections in the nail group and three deep and two superficial infections in the external fixation group. In addition, eleven patients in the external fixation group had severe pin track infections. The mean time to union was five months in the nail group and eight months in the external fixation group. The incidence of delayed union was twice as high in the external fixation group as in the nail group. The number of surgical procedures performed to promote union was three times higher in the external fixation group. The malunion rate did not differ between the groups. Although the treatment groups are not fully comparable, the results indicate that intramedullary nailing is superior to external fixation in the treatment of most open tibial fractures.     

"Biorigid" interlocking after unreamed intramedullary nailing of tibial shaft fractures

Between April 1996 and December 1999, 76 tibial shaft fractures were treated at the Department of Trauma Surgery of the Justus-Liebig-University in Giessen, Germany and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the University of Louisville, USA with a newly developed, unreamed, solid, small diameter tibial nail interlocked "biorigidly" with screws in grooves of the nail. 69 Patients were reviewed with a minimal follow-up period of 16 months. In 65 patients, the fractures united without exchange nailing, although four of these fractures showed a delay of healing. In further four cases, non-union occurred, one of which was associated with the only break of a nail located at a distal interlocking groove of the nail. In one patient, a late medullary infection so far has not recurred following treatment. In 358 implanted interlocking screws, no implant failure was observed. First clinical experience suggests that, especially due to the low rate of material fatigue, the biorigid nail is an alternative to other implants for unreamed intramedullary nailing of the tibia.     

Fracture healing after reamed and unreamed intramedullary nailing in sheep tibia

Intramedullary nailing is a well-established method for stabilisation of long-bone shaft fractures. It is still a controversy as to whether the procedure should be done by an unreamed or reamed technique.In the present animal study, 24 sheep were treated with intramedullary nailing. Midshaft fractures (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthese (AO) type 42-A2/3) were created. Eight sheep were treated with an unreamed nailing technique (UN), a further eight sheep underwent tibia nailing by the reamed technique using the conventional AO reaming system (RC) and in a further eight sheep, reamed nailing was performed using an experimental reaming system (RE). Intra-operatively, the intramedullary pressure was measured and, during a healing time of 10 weeks, the growth of callus formation was labelled with fluorescence markers after 4 and 6 weeks. After 10 weeks, the animals were euthanised and the quality of fracture healing was determined by recording stiffness in torsion, antero-posterior and mediolateral bending and the load at yield. In addition, the callus formation at the fracture zone was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy and macroradiographs.The results showed a decrease of intramedullary pressure when reamed nailing was performed with the RE (72.5 mmHg) system compared with the conventional AO reaming system (227 mmHg). Mechanical testing did not reveal any significant differences either for torsional or bending stiffness or for load at yield for any of the three procedures. Histological evaluation showed a similar callus formation for the UN group and the RE group. Callus formation in the UN (65 mm²) and RE (63 mm²) groups showed a higher increase during the first 6 weeks than those treated with the conventional AO reaming system (27 mm²). This means that, especially during the first weeks of fracture healing, damage to the bone by the reaming process can be reduced by reaming with a reaming device with lowered cutting flutes and smaller drive-shaft diameter.Intramedullary pressure can be significantly reduced by using reaming systems with reduced drive-shaft diameters and deepened cutting flutes. In the early phase of fracture healing, callus formation can be influenced positively when using the RE system.     

交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折

2003年7月～2007年1月,我科对105例胫骨骨折采用切开复位或闭合复位髓内钉治疗,取得满意效果。     

非扩髓闭合交锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折

目的　观察与分析闭合非扩髓交锁髓内钉技术治疗股骨干骨折的临床疗效与优点。方法　应用闭合非扩髓交锁髓内钉技术治疗新鲜股骨干骨折 2 83例。 2 83例患者均进行了 1次以上随访 ,随访时间为 3个月～ 4年 (平均随访时间 30个月 )。结果　骨折愈合时间 9～ 15周 ,平均 12周。术后3个月时 ,膝关节伸屈活动已与伤前相仿 ,无一例发生感染 ,无患肢疼痛、肿胀或关节僵硬等并发症。2 4例C型骨折中有 3例患肢短缩 1cm ,2例患肢轻度内翻 ,但成角 <7° ,1例交锁髓内钉在远端交锁螺钉孔处发生断裂。结论　闭合非扩髓交锁髓内钉内固定手术创伤小、保留了骨折处的血肿、不剥离骨折周围软组织、较少破坏骨内膜血供 ,为骨折愈合提供了良好的条件。同时 ,可进行早期功能锻炼 ,从而可防止关节肿胀、僵硬等骨折并发症发生 ,是目前治疗股骨干骨折较为理想的方法     

Treatment of type IIIA open fractures of tibial shaft with Ilizarov external fixator versus unreamed tibial nailing

Introduction The aim of this study was to compare the radiographic results and clinical outcome of unreamed tibial nailing (UTN) and Ilizarov external fixation (IEF) for the treatment of type IIIA open fractures of the tibia. Materials and Methods Sixty-one patients with open type IIIA tibial shaft fractures were treated with an IEF (n = 32) or UTN (n = 29). Both groups were compared for union time, secondary outcomes of nonunion, infections, mechanical failure of the implant, and malunion. Results The average time-to-bone healing was 19 weeks (range 14–23 weeks) for IEF and 21 weeks (range 16–36 weeks) for UTN; it was significantly shorter in the IEF group (P = 0.039). One patient had refracture in the IEF group. Malunion occurred in four patients for each group. Posttraumatic osteomyelitis occurred in two patients in the IEF group and in three patients in the UTN group. In the IEF group, additional surgical procedures were indicated in three cases including sequestrectomy (n = 1), and pin replacement (n = 2). In the UTN group, seven patients needed additional surgery including bone grafting (n = 3), nail exchanged (n = 1), and posttraumatic osteomyelitis (n = 3). Conclusion The results of the current study showed that IEF technique had a notable incidence of pin-tract infection, joint contracture, and shorthening related to treatment of the delayed union. The UTN technique had the disadvantage of a posttraumatic osteomyelitis and delayed union requiring additional surgery. We believe that the decision to use IEF or UTN should be made on a case-by-case basis.     

扩髓与非扩髓髓内钉固定治疗胫骨闭合性骨折的系统评价

[目的]系统评价扩髓髓内钉(reamed intramedullary nailing,RTN)与非扩髓髓内钉(unreamed intr-amedullary nailing,UTN)治疗胫骨闭合性骨折的疗效。[方法]通过计算机检索、手工检索和其他检索方法,收集RTN与UTN治疗胫骨闭合性骨折的随机对照试验(randomized controlled trials,RCT)和半随机对照试验(quasi-ran-domized controlled trials,CCT),按Cochrane协作网推荐的方法进行系统评价。[结果]共纳入6个RCT研究,总病例数为1214例。Meta分析显示:(1)RTN组的骨折不愈合率低于UTN组,差异有统计学意义(RR=0.41;95%CI(0.21,0.78),P=0.007);(2)RTN组的内置物失败率低于UTN组,差异有统计学意义(RR=0.32;95%CI(0.20,0.50),P<0.000 1);(3)RTN组与UTN组术后畸形愈合率及感染率差异无统计学意义,两者相对危险度分别为0.45(95%CI(0.16,1.22),P=0.12)、0.45(95%CI(0...     

Similar central hemodynamics and oxygenation in reamed and unreamed intramedullary nailing of tibial fractures

BACKGROUND: Reamed intramedullary nailing of a long bone fracture is considered to be of crucial importance in the genesis of pulmonary disturbances. Use of unreamed nailing technique has been encouraged to avoid temporary deterioration in lung functions. METHODS: Central hemodynamic changes were recorded in 20 healthy adults with a unilateral simple tibial fracture undergoing reamed or unreamed intramedullary nailing. The patients were cannulated with a pulmonary artery catheter. Intramedullary nailing was performed during general anesthesia. Pre- and immediate postoperative hemodynamic variables were compared. RESULTS: Unchanged cardiac performance but pathologically altered pulmonary vascular tone were unrelated to the type of nailing technique. Increased oxygen consumption was observed as well. CONCLUSION: Changes in cardiac and pulmonary hemodynamics are already present after the trauma and before the intramedullary nailing procedure.     

Attempted unreamed nailing in tibial fractures: A prospective consecutive series of 55 patients

We evaluated the possibility of unreamed insertion of an intramedullary nail (IMN) in a consecutive series of 55 tibial shaft fractures in 55 patients (30 men). 43 fractures were closed and 12 fractures were open. All surgeons involved were instructed to try unreamed insertion primarily. Selection of nail diameter was based on measurements of the narrowest part of the medullary canal on preoperative AP- and lateral radiographs, with a millimeter-ruler. Of the 25 cases where a 9 mm nail was chosen, 10 were impossible to insert without reaming. An 8 mm nail was selected in the remaining 30 cases, and here 10 required reaming. Mean time-to-union was 4.2 months. Delayed union was noted in 9 patients of whom 6 had been stabilized with an unreamed nail. The concept of unreamed insertion must be questioned since this could be done in only 35 patients and, in addition, we were not able to demonstrate any significant differences in time-to-union in fractures stabilized with an unreamed or a reamed nail. Implant failures were seen in 5 patients, all stabilized with an 8 mm nail. Failure of interlocking screws did not affect the final outcome. However, a possible combination of screw breakage and healing disturbances may lead to the need for more complex surgical procedures. Due to these reasons and the fact that the 8 mm nail could not be inserted unreamed in 10 of 30 patients, we stopped using the 8 mm nail.     

The incidence of non-union following unreamed intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures

Introduction

Stabilisation of fractures with an intramedullary nail is a widespread technique in the treatment of femoral shaft fractures in adults. To ream or not to ream is still debated. The primary objective of this study was to determine the incidence of non-union following unreamed intramedullary stabilisation of femoral fractures. Secondary objectives were intra- and postoperative complications and implant failure.

Methods

Between March 1995 and June 2005, 125 patients with 129 traumatic femoral shaft fractures were treated with as unreamed femoral nail. From this retrospective single centre study, 18 patients were excluded due to insufficient follow up data, including 1 patient who died within 2 days after severe head injury. Sixty-six patients had suffered multiple injuries. 21 fractures were open. According to the AO classification, there were 54 type A, 42 type B, and 14 type C fractures. Dynamic proximal locking was performed in 44 cases (36 type A and 8 type B fractures).

Results

Non-union occurred in two patients (1.9%; one type B and one type C fractures). Intra-operative complications were seen in three patients (2.8%). Postoperative in-hospital complications occurred in 29 patients (27%). Local superficial infection occurred in two patients (1.9%), there were no cases of deep infection. Implant failure occurred in three patients (2.8%): nail breakage was seen in two patients.

Conclusion

In this study, the incidence of non-union following unreamed intramedullary nailing is low (1.9%) and comparable with the best results of reamed nailing in the literature.     

The nail-insertion point in unreamed tibial nailing and its influence on the axial malalignment in proximal tibial fractures

The consequence of choosing a point of insertion for the nail (i.e. medial or lateral of the lig. patellae) in unreamed tibial nailing (AO unreamed tibial nail, UTN) was studied in 22 formaldhyde-fixed tibiae. A lateral osteotomy at the transition from the first to the second fifth of the tibia was used as a model for the fracture. A nail insertion point medial of the lig. patellae caused a valgus deformity, combined with a shift of the distal fragment to the medial side. A lateral point of entry resulted in a varus deformity, together with a lateral shift of the distal fragment. Our results show that the insertion point of the nail is important for the alignment of the axis. Choosing a different point for the insertion of the nail can be useful in operative correction of malalignment of the tibia. Received: 8 December 1999