治疗性HPV疫苗的研究进展

人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)引起包括宫颈癌等在内的多种疾病,如何预防和治疗已为人们所关注.已上市的疫苗主要用于预防HPV的感染,对已感染HPV人群的治疗效果未做进一步研究,而目前临床治疗效果不够理想,因此利用治疗性疫苗通过免疫学方法治疗HPV引起的疾病逐渐成为研究的热点.以HPV E6和E7为靶抗原的治疗性疫苗研究开始较早,研究最为深入,已经取得了一定的进展.同时近年来的研究发现,HPV其他的蛋白如E2、E5、L1和L2等也可作为治疗性疫苗的候选靶抗原,并显示出较好的应用前景.     

人乳头瘤病毒感染与人乳头瘤病毒疫苗的研究进展

人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染与宫颈癌的发生密切相关,是宫颈癌发生的最主要诱发因素.预防性HPV疫苗是一种预防宫颈癌的新方法,其效果得到了多项临床试验的肯定.治疗性HPV疫苗的研发同样备受关注,目前治疗性疫苗的类型很多,但因其机制较复杂,大多仍处在实验阶段.     

治疗性HPV DNA疫苗的研究进展

HPV感染与宫颈癌的发生密切相关。治疗性HPV DNA疫苗可以治疗HPV感染,进而阻断由HPV引起的宫颈癌前病变。基于HPV及DNA疫苗的深入研究,研究者通过不同方法来改进治疗性HPV DNA疫苗,以期在不久的将来能应用于临床。     

HPV树突状细胞疫苗研究进展

人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染在人群中非常普遍,尚无有效预防和治疗办法.本文概述了以树突状细胞(DC)为基础的HPV疫苗研究现状,包括病毒蛋白及肽段负载的DC疫苗、HPV-DNA、RNA、病毒样颗粒刺激的DC疫苗及肿瘤细胞与DC融合疫苗等,并讨论了其在尖锐湿疣防治中的可能应用.     

HPV与宫颈癌关系及疫苗研究进展

流行病学和病原学研究表明,人乳头瘤病毒(HV)感染是妇女发生宫颈癌重要的原因之一.HPV是无包膜的小型双链环状DNA病毒,不同基因型病毒对细胞的转化能力不同,其中HPV-16、18与子宫颈癌关系最密切.HPV诱发官颈癌的主要机制,是其E6和E7蛋白基因在宫颈细胞中的表达增加,产生的E6和E7蛋白两个癌蛋白分别与抑癌蛋白p53和pRb结合而诱导后两者降解.HPV疫苗包括预防性疫苗和治疗性疫苗两大类.本文对HPV感染与宫颈癌发生的关系、疫苗研究进展进行了系统的阐述.     

HPV与宫颈癌关系及疫苗研究进展

流行病学和病原学研究表明,人乳头瘤病毒（HV）感染是妇女发生宫颈癌重要的原因之一.HPV是无包膜的小型双链环状DNA病毒,不同基因型病毒对细胞的转化能力不同,其中HPV-16、18与子宫颈癌关系最密切.HPV诱发官颈癌的主要机制,是其E6和E7蛋白基因在宫颈细胞中的表达增加,产生的E6和E7蛋白两个癌蛋白分别与抑癌蛋白p53和pRb结合而诱导后两者降解.HPV疫苗包括预防性疫苗和治疗性疫苗两大类.本文对HPV感染与宫颈癌发生的关系、疫苗研究进展进行了系统的阐述.     

子宫颈癌治疗性疫苗研究进展

子宫颈癌为妇女最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,其与人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)密切相关.HPV早期基因E6、E7的持续表达是维持癌细胞转化状态所必须的.因此,E6、E7可作为宫颈癌治疗的靶点.目前,针对HPV E66、E7的治疗性疫苗已取得了较大进展.本文就近年来子宫颈癌治疗性疫苗的最新进展进行了综述.     

人类乳头瘤病毒(H1PV)病毒样颗粒的研究进展

人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)是一类具有严格宿主范围和组织特异性的DNA病毒,主要感染人的皮肤或粘膜上皮细胞,引起感染部位发生良性和恶性病变.根据DNA序列的同源性组织特异性等,HPV可分为许多型别.目前发现的人乳头瘤病毒已超过100型[1],其中感染人生殖道的人乳头瘤病毒有35个型别[1],根据其致瘤性不同分为低危型和高危型两大类.高危HPV的感染与宫颈癌的发生有十分密切的关系.约80%的宫颈癌与四个型别的HPV感染有关,分别是HPV16、18、31和45型,其中50%的宫颈癌与HPV16感染有关[1].因此,使用疫苗阻断病毒的感染能有效的减少宫颈癌的发病率.同时还能减少其它一些和HPV相关的肿瘤如:肛门、外阴及扁桃体的肿瘤等.     

人乳头瘤病毒的致癌机理及其疫苗的临床试验研究

高危型人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)是引起宫颈癌的重要原因.诸多类型的HPV疫苗已经进入临床试验.在预防性疫苗中,嵌合型病毒样颗粒(cVLP)取得了不错的效果;在治疗性疫苗中,人们尝试了多肽疫苗,蛋白疫苗,DNA疫苗,病毒载体疫苗和联合免疫等方式,可以检测到所诱发的特异性免疫反应,但临床效果并不满意.无论预防性疫苗还是治疗性疫苗都面临着许多挑战.     

人乳头瘤病毒的致癌机理及其疫苗的临床试验研究

高危型人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）是引起宫颈癌的重要原因.诸多类型的HPV疫苗已经进入临床试验.在预防性疫苗中,嵌合型病毒样颗粒（cVLP）取得了不错的效果;在治疗性疫苗中,人们尝试了多肽疫苗,蛋白疫苗,DNA疫苗,病毒载体疫苗和联合免疫等方式,可以检测到所诱发的特异性免疫反应,但临床效果并不满意.无论预防性疫苗还是治疗性疫苗都面临着许多挑战.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.