隐匿性乙型肝炎病毒感染的流行病学研究进展

HBV感染是指血清中HBsAg和HBV DNA检测阳性.然而随着高灵敏分子生物学技术在HBV检测中的应用,发现部分HBV感染者血清HBsAg阴性,但血清或肝组织HBVDNA持续存在,从而提出隐匿性HBV感染(occult hepatitisB virus infection,OBI)的概念^[1].HBsAg阴性的HBV感染与许多临床情况有关,由于HBsAg阴性HBV感染难以用常规方法检出,成为较复杂的流行病学和临床问题^[2].目前OBI的流行病学研究主要集中于OBI在不同人群患病率的横断面调查,由于选取研究对象的方法不-,检测指标及方法各异,造成结果差别很大.本文就近年来OBI的流行病学调查方法、发病情况等研究进展进行综述.     

多种肝脏疾病中隐匿性HBV感染检出率及其S基因MHR免疫逃逸相关突变特点分析

目的　分析多种肝脏疾病中隐匿性HBV感染（occult HBV infection, OBI）检出率,并探讨OBI患者HBV S基因主要亲水区（major hydrophilic region, MHR）免疫逃逸相关突变特点。方法　回顾性分析2005年1月—2017年12月就诊于中国人民解放军总医院第五医学中心的91 037例HBV感染住院患者临床资料,筛选出OBI患者并扩增其HBV S基因序列,分析其HBV S基因MHR免疫逃逸相关突变特点。结果　91 037例住院患者中OBI总检出率为0.53%（487/91 037）,急性乙型肝炎患者中OBI检出率最高（9.26%,130/1404）,肝硬化患者中OBI检出率最低（0.26%,78/29 921）。62例OBI患者组与124例非OBI患者组相比,OBI患者组MHR免疫逃逸相关突变总体检出率显著高于非OBI患者组（59.68% vs. 35.48%;P＜0.05）;OBI患者组MHR多个免疫逃逸相关突变的联合检出率显著高于非OBI患者组（43.55% vs. 22.58%;P＜0.05）;其中,sT118K、sK122R和sV168A 3种单点突变的检出率显著高于非OBI患者组。结论　本研究显示临床HBV感染患者中有较高的OBI检出率,而且不同肝脏疾病中OBI检出率不同。此外,HBV S基因MHR的免疫逃逸相关突变与临床实践中OBI的发生密切相关。     

隐匿性乙型肝炎病毒感染的机制及其对血液安全的影响

血清HBsAg阴性者肝组织或血清中仍可检出HBV DNA,此现象称为隐匿性HBV感染(occult hepatitis B virus infection,OBI)。OBI对保障输血安全、临床诊断和HBV流行病学监控带来很大困难,进一步阐明其机制有利于OBI的预防和治疗。本文综述了近年来对OBI发生机制的研究进展、OBI对血液安全的影响以及核酸检测工作对血液安全的促进作用。     

乙肝母亲HBV DNA含量及肝功能与其新生儿HBV宫内感染的关系

[目的]探讨乙型肝炎母亲血清HBV DNA含量及反映肝脏损伤的相关肝功能指标与新生儿HBV宫内感染的关系. [方法]连续收集2006年9月～2007年7月在太原市传染病医院产前检查及分娩的191例HBsAg阳性孕妇及其新生儿为研究对象,用荧光定量PCR(FQ-PCR)法检测母亲及其新生儿血清HBV DNA含量;用全自动生化仪检测肝功能;酶联免疫吸附试验(ELJSA)检测新生儿血清HBsAg.采用SPSS13.0统计软件进行统计分析. [结果]孕妇血清HBV DNA含量与HBV官内感染有关,且HBV DNA含量≥104 copy/ml以上与宫内感染显著相关;乙肝母亲丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)水平与HBV宫内感染无关联. [结论]孕妇血清HBV DNA含量是HBV宫内感染的危险因素,且HBV DNA含量≥104 copy/ml时,宫内感染发生率显著增加;乙肝母亲肝功能异常与HBV宫内感染无关.     

长沙地区无偿献血人群隐匿性乙型肝炎病毒感染情况分析

目的 了解长沙地区无偿献血人群隐匿性乙型肝炎病毒感染(occult hepatitis B virus infection,OBI)流行情况,探讨HBV基因型分布特征和S区氨基酸突变的情况。方法 对长沙地区检测结果为HBsAg-/HBV DNA+的无偿献血血液样本进行HBV血清标志物检测,对其中的OBI样本进行HBV病毒载量检测和S区基因扩增,分析血清学标志物抗HBs与病毒载量检出与否的关系,并对扩增产物进行HBV基因分型和突变位点分析。结果 2019年1月—2020年1月长沙地区173 893份无偿献血标本共确认58例OBI样本,OBI流行率为0.033%;共发现7种血清学模式,抗HBc单独阳性最多,占38.98%,所有样本中抗HBc阳性率为89.83%;16例样本能检测出病毒载量,其中14例样本浓度小于100 IU/ml;抗HBs阳性组和阴性组间的病毒载量检出率无统计学差异;75.0%(12/16)样本扩增出S区序列,基因型均为B型,均发生突变,其中11例的HBsAg抗原决定簇及周边主要亲水区域(major hydrophilic region, MHR)发生氨基酸突变。结论 长沙地区无偿献血者中的OBI感染率在全国属于偏低水平;HBV基因型主要是B型,MHR区的氨基酸突变可能是造成OBI的原因,突变有本地特点。     

母血HBV DNA含量与新生儿HBV感染关系

目的 探讨HBsAg阳性孕妇外周血乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)DNA含量及细胞转运与新生儿HBV感染的关系.方法 用荧光定量PCR方法定量检测HBsAg阳性孕妇血清HBV DNA;用等位基因特异性PCR及半巢式PCR技术扩增HBsAg阳性孕妇新生儿外周血中母亲DNA,通过检测谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTM1)、血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)等位基因确定母-胎细胞转运;用巢式PCR检测新生儿血清、外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中HBV DNA.结果 随着孕妇血清HBV DNA含量的增加,新生儿HBV DNA阳性的危险性呈现增高趋势(X~2=13.16,P<0.05,趋势X~2=12.42,P<0.05),而孕妇血清HBV DNA含量与新生儿PBMC HBV DNA阳性无关(总X~2=2.41,P>0.05,趋势X~2=0.35,P>0.05);孕妇血清HBV DNA含量与母-胎细胞转运无关(总X~2=4.14,P>0.05,趋势X~2=0.001,P>0.05);母-胎细胞转运与新生儿外周血PBMC HBV DNA阳性有关(X~2=10.26,P<0.05),而与新生儿外周血HBV DNA阳性无关(X~2=0.49,P>0.05).结论 HBsAg阳性孕妇血清HBV DNA含量、母-胎细胞转运与新生儿HBV感染有关,分别是新生儿血清、PBMC HBV感染的重要危险因素.     

湖州地区献血人群隐匿性乙型肝炎病毒感染血清学及病毒变异分析

目的 探讨湖州地区献血人群中HBsAg(-)而HBV DNA(+)的血清学和病毒变异特征。 方法 对56例HBsAg(-)/HBVDNA(+)无偿献血者的血清学特征进行分析,并对随访确认的隐匿性乙型肝炎病毒感染(occult hepatitis B infection,OBI)患者的标本进行核酸检测和S基因序列测定,分析突变位点情况。 结果 不同性别间OBI感染率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。初次献血者OBI感染25例(感染率为0.09%);重复献血者31例(感染率0.13%),两者相比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。不同年龄组献血者OBI感染率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001),以41～50岁OBI感染率最高(0.23%),18～30岁最低(0.03%)。HBsAg(-)/HBVDNA(+)献血者免疫特征共7种血清学模式,各种血清标志物阳性中,HBcAb(+)率最高,达78.57%,S基因存在高变区M133T/L,S143T,Q129H的高频率突变。 结论 献血者中存在一定比例的OBI患者,应加强HBV感染的检测,降低输血传播HBV的风险。     

高灵敏度HBV DNA检测的临床应用及意义

定量检测乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)DNA能够有效监测HBV的感染状态和抗病毒疗效,因此在慢性乙型肝炎(慢乙肝)的临床诊断和抗病毒疗效的评价中具有重要的临床价值。相比于普通的HBV DNA检测,高灵敏度HBV DNA检测具有更低的检测下限和较广的线性范围,各国指南将高灵敏度HBV DNA检测作为慢乙肝患者接受核苷(酸)类药物治疗时评价病毒学应答和治疗终点的重要指标。本文将针对高灵敏度HBV DNA检测在筛查隐匿性HBV感染(OBI)者以增强输血安全,术前筛查HBV以降低HBV医源性感染,肿瘤患者放、化疗前筛查HBV以减少HBV再激活的发生,评价抗病毒疗效与治疗终点以减少停药后病毒反弹和疾病复发,以及HBV e抗原(HBeAg)阴性患者HBV耐药突变预测等方面进行评述。     

乙型肝炎病毒前C区1896 G→A点突变对母乳喂养安全性的影响

目的 探讨乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)前C区1896 G→A点突变对母乳喂养安全性的影响.方法 收集62例本院妇产科HBeAg阴性的HBV感染产妇血标本,同时收集这些孕妇产后48 h内初乳.应用PCR固相杂交法检测孕妇血清中HBV DNA前C区1896 G→A突变,荧光定量PeR(FQ-PCR)检测孕妇血清和初乳中HBV DNA含量.分析HBV前c区1896 D→A点突变及孕妇血清HBVDNA含量与初乳中HBV DNA含量的对应关系.结果 62例孕妇血标本共检测到38例HBV前C区1896 G→A点突变(61.3%);突变组初乳HBV DNA阳性率为28.9%(11/38),未突变组初乳HBVDNA阳性率为29.2%(7/24),两组间差异无统计学意义(X2=0.0003,P0.05).孕妇血中HBVDNA高含量组(≥1×105拷贝/ml)初乳HBV DNA阳性率为56.0%(14/25),低含量组(相似文献   

住院孕妇显性和隐匿性HBV感染及分子进化特征分析

目的了解住院孕妇显性和隐匿性乙型肝炎病毒感染(OBI)及其病毒株S基因分子进化特征。方法采用以医院为基础的住院孕妇队列研究,招募2012年6月1日—2013年3月15日医院产科孕妇1 130人,收集人口学资料和血清,并采用罗氏电化学发光法检测乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsA g)及巢式PCR进行HBV S片段的扩增并测序,分析并比较住院孕妇显性乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染与OBI的人口学分布特征及S区序列变异。结果在1 130名孕妇中,HBV感染比例为16.55%,其中显性HBV感染和OBI的比例分别为8.4%和8.1%。共获得136株HBV S基因序列,其中基因C型17株,基因B型119株。与基因B型显性HBV株相比,OBI株出现更高的核苷酸和氨基酸替换率,8个核苷酸位点出现统计学显著的次要等位基因频率,并导致HBV S基因和对应的HBV P基因出现非同义氨基酸替换,分别为5个(G44E、T126A、R129Q、W156L和Y200F)和4个(I438L、K478N/D、N481S/D和L511F)。此外,3例OBI出现W35终止码替换,1例OBI出现第123位和第124位点的插入替换。结论住院孕妇存在较高的HBV感染比例,OBI与显性HBV感染比例大致相当;B基因型OBI株出现统计显著的核苷酸和/或氨基酸位点替换,可能与OBI的发病机制有关。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.