磁共振水成像在外伤性尿道狭窄诊断中的评估

目的:探讨磁共振水成像(MRH)在外伤性尿道狭窄围手术期中的应用价值.方法:使用PHLIPS 1.5TMRI机器,对25例外伤性尿道狭窄患者作常规磁共振(MRI),采用自旋回波技术SE序列,T1WI、T2WI扫描成像,再行MRH检查,经尿道注入生理盐水,采用快速自旋回波技术及脂肪抑制及预饱和技术行矢状位、冠状位、横断位重T2WI成像.所有病例常规X线尿道造影,并行外科手术评估.结果:磁共振在狭窄部位的定位、狭窄长度的测量、瘢痕范围的估测等方面优于常规尿道造影,与手术结果完全符合.结论:MRH结合MRI可以对尿道狭窄及尿道周围的瘢痕病变作出准确的定位诊断,可更全面地提供尿道狭窄病变的信息.     

神经根型颈椎病MRI检查方法探讨

【目的】研究神经根型颈椎病的MRI成像方法。【方法】临床综合确诊的神经根型颈椎病60例,常规矢状面及横断面像检查完后加做双侧颈椎斜矢状面T2WI。评价颈椎斜矢状面像的诊断价值。【结果】21例（35％）颈椎斜矢状面像能提供更多的有用诊断信息。【结论】部分神经根型颈椎病除行常规矢状面与横断面成像外,应加做斜矢状面像。     

SPACE序列MRI的脊柱和脊髓成像

目的 观察SPACE序列MRI在脊柱和脊髓成像中的应用价值.方法 对25例脊柱侧弯患者行3D SPACE序列扫描,并利用3D后处理软件对其原始图像进行矢状位、冠状位和横轴位重建;对28例脊柱侧弯患者行常规2D T2 TSE矢状位和横轴位扫描;对5例血管畸形患者同时行上述两种检查.分别比较矢状位和横轴位两种序列的信噪比(SNR)、对比噪声比(CNR)及图像质量.结果 SPACE序列横轴位图像的SNR和CNR优于常规T2 TSE序列(P＜0.01),矢状位图像的SNR和CNR差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),图像质量能够满足临床诊断的需要.结论 利用3D重建软件对SPACE序列进行各个方向和层面的重建,可简化图像采集过程,为临床诊断提供更多信息.     

眼眶神经鞘瘤的MRI诊断

目的　研究眼眶神经鞘瘤的MRI表现特征 ,提出对眼眶神经鞘瘤诊断与鉴别诊断的依据。方法　对 2 3例经手术病理证实的眼眶神经鞘瘤患者分别行MRI矢状位、横轴位、冠状位的TSE序列T1加权、T2 加权扫描 ,平扫不压脂 ,增强扫描均压脂。结果　 14例位于肌锥内 ;5例位于肌锥外 ,均呈边缘清楚锐利的椭圆形或长条状 ;4例位于眼眶与海绵窦 ,呈哑铃形 ,跨眶尖 ,为颅眶沟通性神经鞘瘤。结论　MRI的三维立体扫描能准确地显示肿瘤的位置、形态、大小、内部结构、与邻近组织关系以及增强表现 ,并能作出定位、定性诊断     

脊髓动静脉畸形的MRI、CT诊断分析

【目的】探讨脊髓动静脉畸形的MRI和CT表现。【方法】对10例经MRI冠状面、矢状面SE序列T1、T2加权像、行Gd—DTPA增强扫描。CT行层厚4mm、层距2mm、螺距1.3螺旋扫描＋增强扫描及脊髓造影后CT扫描（CTMeyeLography）。【结果】10例患者中．4例位于胸段脊髓．6例位于胸腰段脊髓。MRI表现为①病变处脊髓局限性膨大,T2WI脊髓信号增加。③畸形血管在T1WI为点状、条状混杂的无信号影。③增强扫描后畸形血管迅速强化。CT表现为①脊髓表现异常血管。②脊髓密度异常．伴有脊髓出血。③静脉增强后的异常强化。①可伴有椎管内血肿。6倒手术证实。2例插管造影证实．另2例根据CT、MRI典型表现确诊。【结论】脊髓动静脉畸形MRI表现有一定特征性．MRI对诊断动静脉畸形有较大价值。     

绿激光加尿道支架治疗尿道狭窄与传统手术的疗效比较

【目的】比较绿激光加尿道支架治疗尿道狭窄与传统手术的疗效和实用性。【方法】采用绿激光加尿道支架治疗尿道狭窄患者7例(A组),传统开放手术患者21例(B组)。比较两组手术时间、手术并发症状的发生率;手术成功率;住院时间;住院费用的差异。【结果】A组手术时间平均为56.14min,B组手术平均为191.66min,两组差异有显著性(P<0.01)。A组的并发症发生率、住院时间、住院费用与B组比较差异均有显著性(P<0.05)。而两组手术成功率分别为85.71%和76.19%,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。【结论】绿激光加尿道支架治疗尿道狭窄的疗效和实用性优于传统开放手术。     

动态增强MRI在子宫内膜癌术前分期中的应用

目的 探讨动态增强MRI在子宫内膜癌术前分期中的临床价值.方法 对36例经手术病理证实为子宫内膜癌的患者术前行轴位T1W、T2W,矢状位T2W SPIR,矢状位及常规轴位Gd-DTPA动态增强,矢状位T1W增强扫描.分析常规序列扫描和动态增强扫描图像中肿瘤、结合带及子宫肌层的情况,评估动态增强MR扫描在子宫内膜癌临床分期中的价值.结果 应用MR常规序列扫描图像判断子宫内膜癌术前临床分期的正确率为44.44％(16/36),结合动态增强序列扫描图像对肿瘤术前临床分期的正确率为94.44％(34/36).在动态增强扫描图像中,各期图像对子宫结合带及肌层组织显示清晰.结论 DCE-MRI能够清晰显示子宫内膜癌的范围及周围组织的受侵情况,对肿瘤术前分期及选择治疗手段有重要意义.     

磁共振常规图像诊断腰椎间盘突出的不足:与手术结果对比研究

目的通过与手术结果比较,找出目前腰椎MR横轴位及矢状位图像诊断腰椎间盘突出的缺陷与不足,并提出解决方法。材料与方法回顾100例经手术证实存在腰椎间盘突出并术前有MR平扫资料的病例,观察MR常规序列(包括矢状位T1WI、T2WI及压脂序列,横轴位T2WI),分别以手术结果为标准,计算矢状位与横轴位图像诊断腰椎间盘突出的准确率及对腰椎间盘突出特殊征象的检出率,并分析横轴位及矢状位图像的漏诊原因。结果 MR横轴位图像对腰椎间盘突出总体诊断准确率为93.6%,矢状位为84.8%,前者高于后者(χ~2=5.02,P0.05);横轴位图像对腰椎间盘向上下方突出或脱出和髓核游离的检出率低(36.00%、45.45%),矢状位检出率高(96.00%、100.00%),前者检出率明显低于后者(χ~2=20.05、8.25,P0.05)。横轴位对椎间孔型及椎间孔外侧型椎间盘突出的检出率高(96.30%、88.89%),矢状位上分别为74.07%、38.89%,前者检出率明显高于后者(χ~2=5.28、9.75,P0.05)。横轴位局限于椎间隙层面的扫描范围和矢状位缺乏参照是MR常规图像漏诊椎间盘突出的主要原因。结论 MR常规图像对特殊类型椎间盘突出的漏诊,可以通过密切结合MR矢状位图像,根据需要局部增加横轴位扫描层面或结合三维电子计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)检查来解决。     

MRI动态增强扫描在子宫恶性肿瘤分期中的价值

目的：探讨MRI动态增强扫描在子宫恶性肿瘤术前分期中的临床价值.材料与方法：39例经手术病理证实为子宫恶性肿瘤的患者术前行横断面T1WI、横断面T2WI、矢状面T2WI STIR、Gd-DTPA动态增强矢状面及常规横断面、矢状面T1WI增强扫描,分析常规序列扫描和动态增强扫描的图像上肿瘤、结合带及子宫肌层的情况,评估MRI动态增强扫描在子宫恶性肿瘤临床分期中的价值.结果：应用常规MRI扫描序列对子宫恶性肿瘤的临床分期的正确率为48.7％,结合动态增强序列扫描对肿瘤分期的正确率为92.3％,并且动态增强扫描图像对子宫各层次组织显示清晰.结论：MRI动态增强扫描图像能够清晰的显示子宫恶性肿瘤的范围及周围组织的侵犯情况,对肿瘤的术前分期及治疗手段的选择有重要意义.     

低场MRI脂肪抑制术在膝关节外伤性骨挫伤中的应用

目的 分析膝关节外伤所致周围骨挫伤的MRI表现，探讨其形成的病理学机制。方法回顾分析25例经MRI检查发现膝关节外伤性骨挫伤的资料，除常规T1、T2加权像检查外，均有矢状面和冠状面脂肪抑制术检查。结果MRI脂肪抑制T2加权像能准确显示膝关节外伤性骨挫伤。结论MRI脂肪抑制术在膝关节外伤性的诊断应用中具有重要价值。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.