Selection of operation in patients with bleeding esophageal varices.

The results of surgical treatment of bleeding esophageal varices over an 8-year period in 155 patients are reviewed. Primary treatment of bleeding was conservative, with intravenous administration of vasopressin and balloon tamponade. Emergency operations were carried out after 48 hours in persons with persistent bleeding who were surgical candidates. Operative mortality was higher in this group (40%) than in those undergoing elective or urgent operations (each 10%). Postoperative encephalopathy occurred in 35% of patients and was correlated closely to late death after establishment of a shunt. The mesocaval shunt is no better than the portacaval but appears to be a good alternative in an emergency. In a controlled trial the distal splenorenal shunt was found to be associated with a lower rate of postoperative encephalopathy than the portacaval shunt, but thus far the long-term survival rates have not differed.     

Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy

The clinical course of 71 patients with esophageal varices who were treated surgically at the Toronto General Hospital in the 17-year period 1947-1964 was reviewed. Forty-five portacaval anastomoses, 19 splenorenal anastomoses and seven transesophageal ligations were performed. The splenorenal shunt was 62% effective and the portacaval shunt 89% effective in preventing further hemorrhage. The end-to-side portacaval shunt was the preferred operation. The overall hospital mortality from a shunting procedure (including emergency procedures) was 17%. The mortality rate was much lower in patients with reasonably normal liver function than in those with elevated serum bilirubin, lowered serum albumin, or refractory ascites. Over 70% of the patients were still alive three years after surgical treatment of the portal hypertension.     

脾腔静脉分流治疗门脉高压症(附41例分析)

作者对41例门静脉高压症患者施行脾腔静脉分流手术,认为脾腔分流术不受单侧肾功能及肾血管畸形影响,腔静脉术野较浅,比脾肾静脉分流操作方便,手术成功率高,分流量较脾肾静脉吻合大,减压效果也较脾肾静脉分流好。本组脾腔静脉分流术后4～5年生存率为73.8％,不低于同类手术,至少不低于脾肾静脉分流术。92.6％恢复了全日工作及轻工作,再出血率为6.5％,明显低于国内报道的脾肾静脉分流术及门腔静脉分流术。     

选择性和非选择性分流术控制食管曲张静脉出血的结果

我们自1980年1月至1985年12月使用分流术治疗门静脉高压症伴食管曲张静脉出血41例,其中一组行非选择性肠-腔桥式分流术12例;另一组行选择性远端脾肾静脉分流术29例。两组患者的临床和实验室检查资料以及肝功能分级情况无明显差异。治疗结果非选择性分流组术后1例死亡,经随诊平均59.5月复发出血率27.3%,肝性脑病率9.1%,1～5年生存率90.9%;选择性分流组亦1例术后死亡,随诊平均33.4月,复发出血率3.6%,无脑病发生,1～5年均存活。从治疗效果看选择性分流优于非选择性分流。本文还对治疗方法选择的认识,施行远端脾肾静脉分流术的体会和理想手术方法等问题进行了初步探讨。     

胃左静脉扩张与食管静脉曲张出血关系研究

目的：探讨肝硬化患者在伴有或不伴有其他侧枝循环时胃左静脉增宽与食管静脉破裂出血的关系。方法：使用彩色多谱勒超声对三组肝硬化患者的门静脉主干内径及其时间平均血流速度,胃左静脉内径及其时间平均血流速度进行了测量,并比较三组的食管静脉出血率。结果：曲张组的胃左静脉宽度、血流速度、血流量、食管静脉曲张出血率均大于其他两组,脾肾分流组的胃左静脉的扩张程度及出血发生率均小于其他两个组,脐旁静脉组的胃左静脉扩张程度与脾肾分流组比较有统计学意义。结论：在没有其他分流的情况下,胃左静脉扩张患者的食管静脉破裂出血率高,脐旁静脉开放可以减少食管静脉破裂出血的几率,而有脾肾静脉分流患者的食管静脉出血率明显较低。     

A COMPARATXVE STUDY OF LONG-TERM RESULTS OF SPLENORENAL SHUNT AND MEDICALTEREATMENT FOR lNTRAFIEPATIC PORTAL HYPERTENSXON AN ANALYSIS OF 258 CASES

The Iong-term results of 25S cases of in- trahepatic portal h3-pertensiw treated eit;her surgically (splenorenal shunts) or mcdically in this hospital during 19s3-197s are analyz.ed. The 5-year, 10-year, la-year and 20-ycar absolute survival rat.es of the l-1-0 surgical ca.ses and the 118 medical cases were respectively as follows: (i7.8% and;21.3% 52.0% and 7.7%; 50.O% and 2.5% and 30.O% and O%. The results in the medical group arc poorer even ii Child's C patients were exclutled. Patients trea.ted by splenorenal shunts have a ruuch more tavoraWe prognosis than those treated medically. Pro- phsiactic snunts can considerabIy rcduce the iiicidcnce oY UPPer gastrointestinal hlecding and lcaa to langer survivaI. PrOPhyIactic shunl, is considered a justifiable procedure and s~eno- renal shunt the operation of choice.     

抗凝治疗在门静脉高压症联合手术中的应用意义

目的探讨抗凝治疗在门静脉高压症联合手术中的应用意义。方法将67例均行联合手术的门静脉高压症患者随机分为2组。抗凝组(32例)在术后行抗凝治疗;对照组(35例)术后未行抗凝治疗。比较两组间门静脉系统血栓形成、远期上消化道再出血发生率及手术前后门静脉高压胃病的改善情况。结果抗凝组术后门静脉系统血栓形成发生率为0,明显低于对照组的20.0%(P<0.05)。对照组远期上消化道再出血发生率为30.0%,明显高于抗凝组的7.1%(P<0.05)。抗凝组与对照组比较,门静脉高压性胃病得到明显缓解。结论抗凝治疗可明显降低联合手术后门静脉系统血栓形成、远期上消化道再出血的发生率,是一种安全、有效的辅助治疗措施。     

中晚期食管癌同期放化疗36例临床观察

目的:研究Ⅲ-Ⅳ期食管癌采用同期放化疗治疗的临床疗效.方法:将2007年3月～2009年3月于我院进行治疗的Ⅲ-Ⅳ期食管癌患者共36例,随机平均将其分为两组,研究组采用放化疗,对照组单纯放疗,观察两组患者治疗效果及1年、2年生存率.结果:单纯化疗组患者的疗效与化放疗组患者对比有统计学差异(P<0.05).单纯化疗组患者1年生存率为44.44%,2年生存率为33.33%;放化疗组患者1年生存率为66.67%,2年生存率为61.11%,两组对比有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:对Ⅲ-Ⅳ期食管癌患者进行放化疗,其疗效明显优于单纯化疗患者,且可提高患者的晚期生存率.     

吻合器联合门奇静脉断流加脾肾静脉分流治疗门脉高压症

目的探讨吻合器联合门奇静脉断流加脾肾静脉分流治疗门脉高压症的疗效。方法采用吻合器联合门奇静脉断流加脾肾静脉分流治疗33例门脉高压症并与40例单纯断流术及39例吻合器加断流术进行比较。结果临床疗效满意,术后近期无一例再出血,远期仅1例再出血,术后无一例发生吻合口溃疡、狭窄、梗阻及吻合口漏,1例发生肝性脑病。结论吻合器联合门奇静脉断流加脾肾静脉分流术既保留了断流术及分流术的优点,又克服了二者的缺点,是治疗门脉高压症一种合理可行的术式。其远期疗效尚需积累更多的病例和进行更长期的随访进一步观察。     

紫杉醇每周给药同步调强放射治疗食管癌的效果观察

目的探讨紫杉醇单药同步调强放射治疗食管癌的近期疗效、局部控制率及毒性作用.方法60 例食管癌患者为调强放射治疗+紫杉醇组(放化组),43 例为单纯调强放射治疗组(单放组).调强放射治疗,95%计划靶区(PTV):66 Gy/30~33 次,每周5 次;放射治疗第1 天即紫杉醇60 mg 静脉滴注,每周1 次,共6 次.结果病灶近期有效率放化组83%,单放组60%;1 、2 年生存率,单放组为56%、33%,放化组为87%、68%,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05).不良反应放化组稍高于单放组,但差异无统计学意义.结论紫杉醇单药每周方案同步调强放射治疗食管癌近期疗效和局部控制率较好,可能提高远期生存率,虽毒性反应增加但能耐受.     

Bleeding varices: 2. Elective management.

Patients who have previously bled from esophageal varices should have their hepatic function, neurologic status and nutritional status evaluated and should be examined for ascites before elective variceal decompression is done to prevent recurrent variceal hemorrhage. The two most important procedures used for this evaluation are liver biopsy and visceral angiography. If the liver biopsy reveals little or no necroinflammatory activity, shunt surgery is indicated. For patients with moderate or severe necroinflammatory activity, surgery is delayed until the inflammation subsides. The central aim of visceral angiography is to determine whether the patient has hepatopetal or hepatofugal portal venous flow. Patients with hepatopetal flow are treated with a selective distal splenorenal shunt. Those with hepatofugal flow are managed with a total shunt, such as an interposition H-graft portacaval or mesocaval shunt.     

Analysis of prognostic factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with distant organ metastasis at initial diagnosis

BackgroundEsophageal cancer is the eighth most common malignancy and sixth most fatal disease worldwide. However, it is the fourth most common cause of death in China. Although surgery is currently the recommended course of treatment, there are some patients that do not receive radical treatment due to the presence of distant organ or lymph node metastasis. There is at present no established treatment standard for esophageal cancer patients with distant organ metastasis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic factors involved in determining survival of esophageal cancer patients with distant organ metastasis at initial diagnosis, and to provide a reference for the planning of a clinical treatment strategy.MethodsThe data of 57 evaluable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients with distant organ metastasis at initial diagnosis were studied retrospectively. The survival rate was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method, and the log-rank test was used to test the differences. Multivariable analysis was performed using the Cox proportion hazards model.ResultsThe median survival time for all patients was 6 months (range, 1–55 months), and the 1- and 2-year survival rates were 21.1% and 11.8%, respectively. The median survival time for patients with single metastasis was 10 months with 1- and 2-year survival rates of 47.4% and 28.1%, respectively. For patients with multiple metastases, the survival duration was 5 months, with 1- and 2-year survival rates of 7.9% and 3.9%, respectively (p < 0.001). The 1- and 2-year survival rates with multimodality treatment were 70% and 45%, respectively, which were significantly better than chemotherapy alone (13.3% and 8.9%, respectively, p = 0.003) and best supportive care (5.9% and 0%, p < 0.001), but there was no significant difference between the latter two groups (p = 0.061).ConclusionFor esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients with distant organ metastasis upon initial diagnosis, the presence of a single metastasis appeared to favor overall survival compared to multiple metastases. Multimodality treatment may also improve patient survival, but chemotherapy alone has not been established as a favorable prognostic factor.     

胸中下段局部晚期食管鳞癌术前多西他赛联合奈达铂新辅助治疗的初步疗效评价

目的 评价多西他赛＋奈达铂方案新辅助化疗并手术治疗胸中下段局部晚期食管鳞癌的近、远期疗效和安全性.方法 2009年1月～2012年1月64例经病理学证实的胸中下段局部晚期食管鳞癌,采用多西他赛＋奈达铂方案新辅助化疗,多西他赛75mg/m2,d1,奈达铂80mg/m2,d2,每3周重复,应用两周期,化疗结束后3周进行手术评估并行手术治疗.结果 新辅助化疗的不良反应多为1～2级反应,其中3～4度血液学毒性累计：白细胞计数减少15.6％（10/64）,血小板计数减少3.1％（2/64）.化疗有效率为58.3％ （35/64）,手术切除率为96.7％（60/64）,完全性切除率为91.7％（56/60）,无围术期死亡,术后并发症发生率低.定期随访,随访率为100％,1年、2年的生存率、无局部、区域复发生存率以及无转移生存率分别为86.7％（52/60）和71.7（43/60）,73.3％（44/60）和65.0％ （39/60）,88.3％ （55/60）和78.3％（47/60）.结论 多西他赛联合奈达铂新辅助治疗胸中下段局部晚期食管鳞癌近期疗效高,两年生存率较高,不良反应可耐受,安全性好.     

食管癌114例放疗后远期疗效分析

本文报道自1979年5月～1983年12月我科收治1217例食管癌的放疗效果分析。随放率95.39％,其中存活5年以上114例,5年生存率9.37％。(1)女性5年生存率高于男性,分别为15.71％和7.43％,P<0.005。(2)59岁以下5年生存率比60岁以上高P<0.01。(3)病变部位上段、中段、下段,5年生存率依次下降,分别为15.21％9.05％和3.12％,但P>0.05。（4)病变长度<5cm,较>7cm者为高、5年生存率分别为16.95％和8.25％,P<0.025。(5)锁骨上淋巴结有转移,其预后差。(6)剂量在60～70Gy之间,5年生存率高9.37％,对于再次放疗,作者认为仍有一定的姑息治疗价值,但必须慎重选择病例。肿瘤局部复发是食管癌放疗失败的主要原因。因此,如何使放疗对食管癌病变局部更好地控制是提高放疗疗效的关键。     

食管癌适形调强放疗病人预后多因素回归分析及其预测模型构建

目的探究食管癌适形调强放疗病人预后的影响因素,并根据可能影响因素构建可预测病人预后的Nomogram模型。方法回顾性分析2012年9月至2015年10月接受适形调强放疗的80例食管癌病人。采用Kaplan-Meier法计算食管癌病人1、2、3、5年生存率,以Log Rank法行单因素预后分析,以Cox法多因素分析筛选影响病人生存的独立因素,并利用R软件建立Nomogram预测模型。结果病人随访中位时间是36个月,1、2、3、5年生存率依次为72.50%、61.25%、53.75%和22.50%。单因素分析显示,肿瘤长度、T分期、N分期、TNM分期、化疗应用、大体肿瘤体积(GTV)、单个或多发病灶、放疗剂量与病人适形调强放疗预后有关(P < 0.05~P < 0.01);Cox多因素分析显示,N分期、化疗应用、放疗剂量、GTV是影响食管癌适形调强放疗预后的独立预测因素(P < 0.01)。获得Nomogram预测模型的一致性指数C-index为0.746(95%CI:0.633~0.895)。结论N分期、化疗应用、放疗剂量、GTV是影响食管癌适形调强放疗病人预后的独立影响因素,基于以上结果构建的Nomogram模型预测食管癌病人预后的效果良好。     

食管静脉曲张破裂出血应用硬化剂治疗的远期疗效

观察用硬化剂治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血的远期疗效。用硬化剂（乙氧硬化醇）注射治疗３６例食管静脉曲张破裂出血病人，作静脉旁及静脉内联合注射，直至曲张静脉消失或基本消失，平均随访７ａ，观察其再出率及生存率，并与同期内科常规治疗的３３例食管静脉曲张破裂出血病人作对比分析（采用Ｘ２检验及Ｆｉｓｈｅｒ＇ｓ精确概率法）。结果：硬化剂治疗组与内科常规治疗组的５ａ生存率分别为７１．４％与２７．３％（Ｐ＜０．０１），１０ａ生存率分别为４１．７％与１２．１％（Ｐ＜０．０１），再出血率分别为２７．８％与７５．７％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：硬化剂治疗能有效地降低再出血率，延长生存期，其远期疗效是满意的。用硬化剂对食管静脉曲张的根治及随之产生的肝功能改善是成功地延长生存期，降低再出血率的关键。     

老年食管鳞状细胞癌放疗疗效及影响预后因素研究

目的探讨影响老年食管鳞状细胞癌放疗治疗的生存因素。方法回顾性分析2007年10月～2008年9月来我院就诊并予以放射治疗的148例食管鳞状细胞癌患者的临床资料。结果148例患者经治疗完全缓解43例,部分缓解69例,无缓解36例,总有效率为75．68％。本组患者1、3年的生存率分别为91．22％、66．22％,中位生存时间为41．9个月。单因素分析：老年食管癌患者的化疗史、放射剂量、放疗方式与放疗疗效密切相关。多因素分析：老年食管癌患者的近期疗效、放疗剂量与预后密切相关。结论对近期疗效未缓解、放疗剂量〈60Gy的老年患者,临床上需予以特别观察,以提高其临床生存率。     

中晚期食管癌术后放疗临床分析

目的：评价中晚期食管癌术后放疗的临床价值。方法：40例食管癌术后患者均采用医用电子直线加速器6MV-X线外照射进行治疗。用模拟机定位，设三野或四野，无肿瘤残留者肿瘤照射剂量为5000cGy．有肿瘤残留者肿瘤照射剂量为6000-7000cGy。锁骨上淋巴结转移灶用6MV-X线和9MeV-E线的混合线束照射治疗，肿瘤照射剂量控制在6000-7000cGy。结呆：40例患者中38例随访2～9年．1、3、5年生存率分别为67．5％、34．3％、30．0％。死亡29例．死于局部复发3例（10．3％），远处转移19例（65．5％）．其它疾病2例（6．9％）．原因不明5例（17．2％）。结论：食管癌术后放疗能降低局部复发率．提高5年生存率．但不能降低远处转移率。     

局部晚期食管癌同步放化疗疗效观察

目的探讨局部晚期食管癌同步放化疗疗效观察。方法73例局部晚期食管癌分为对照组和治疗组。37例对照组行单纯放疗：照射野按病灶部位向上下各延长3-5cm,胸上段及颈段包括双锁骨上区。在模拟定位机下设野定位,常规分割,即200cGy／次,5次／周,先照射4000cCy／20次,然后避脊髓放疗,总量达6400-7000cGy。36例治疗组：放疗同对照组,同时采用PF化疗方案,即顺铂20mg／d,5-FU500mg／d,静脉滴注1-5d,同时支持对症止吐等处理,28d为1周期,共化疗2周期。结果对照组近期有效率为73％,治疗组为89％。骨髓抑制方面,两组I度、Ⅱ度、Ⅲ度、Ⅳ度发生率分别为13.5％、18.9％、16.2％、0％和36.1％、27.8％、16.7％、2.7％。1、2、3年生存率分别为59.5％、35.1％、16.2％和80.5％、55.5％、19.4％。结论同步放化疗可提高近期疗效和1、2年的生存率,但骨髓抑制有明显增加的趋势。     

陀螺旋转式钴60立体定向放射系统治疗食管癌的疗效观察

目的观察陀螺旋转式钴60立体定向放射系统（陀螺刀）治疗食管癌的近期疗效和急慢性毒副反应。方法采用国产陀螺旋转式钴60立体定向放射系统治疗食管癌120例,全组处方剂量4 200～4 800cGy,中位处方剂量4 500 cGy,350 cGy/次,5次/周,对其近期疗效及急慢性毒副反应进行评价。结果①1年局部控制率为72.50%,1年总生存率为79.25%,1年无瘤生存率为71.18%。②全组患者完全缓解81例（67.50%）,部分缓解38例（31.67%）,无缓解1例（0.83%）,肿瘤总有效率为99.17%。③急性放射性肺损伤0级101例（84.16%）,1级19例（15.83%）,无2、3、4级发生;晚期放射性肺损伤0级112例（93.33%）,1级8例（6.67%）,无2、3、4级发生;急性放射性食管损伤0级20例（16.67%）,1级98例（81.67%）,2级2例（1.7%）,无3、4级发生。晚期放射性食管损伤0级101例（84.17%）,1级17例（14.17%）,2级2例（1.67%）,无3、4级发生。结论陀螺刀治疗食管癌初期疗效较好,急慢性放射性食管和肺损伤发生率较低,是一种有效的局部治疗方法,其远期疗效有待进一步观察。