反复性流产患者染色体脆性位点的分析

目的探讨习惯性流产患者细胞遗传学病因。方法采用低叶酸TC199培养诱导法,观察了86例染色体核型无异常的反复自然流产患者染色体脆性位点,并观察了脆性位点的分布。结果实验组染色体脆性位点的频率为12%;对照组为4.94%,两组相比差异非常显著。染色体脆性位点的分布两组基本一致。结论反复性流产与染色体脆性位点频率增高有关与脆性位点分布关系不大。     

419对习惯性流产夫妇染色体分析(附2例世界首报核型)

目的 探讨习惯性流产与染色体异常的关系。方法 对419对习惯性流产夫妇进行外周血淋巴细胞培养，常规G显带，必要时C显带。结果 染色体异常者39例，异常发生率为4．2％。结论 染色体异常是习惯性流产的主要原因之一，具有重要的临床意义。     

100例习惯性流产患者的病因及绒毛染色体分析

目的探讨习惯性流产与绒毛染色体异常及其环境因素的关系。方法将在我院就诊的100例早孕期习惯性流产患者作为研究组，加例正常早孕行人工流产术的患者作为对照组，对两组患者进行绒毛细胞染色体分析，并由专人询问、登记相关资料。结果研究组绒毛染色体异常发生率为53．00％。显著高于对照组（10．00％）；研究组染色体异常中以常染色体三体居多，占50．94％；研究组患者长期被动吸烟的发生率（50．00％）显著高于对照组（32．50％）；研究组中长期接触电脑、电视的患者显著高于对照组。结论绒毛染色体异常是导致孕早期习惯性流产的主要原因，孕妇长期被动吸烟、长期接触电脑、电视是引起习惯性流产的高危因素。     

徐州地区习惯性流产夫妇的细胞遗传学分析

目的 探讨习惯性流产与染色体异常的关系。方法采用外周血淋巴细胞培养，常规法制备染色体标本，G显带，镜下核型分析。结果352对惯性流产夫妇中共检出异常核型41例，占5．82％。结论其中平衡易位是引起流产的主要染色体核型。对习惯性流产夫妇进行染色体检查，具有重要的临床意义，不仅有助于病因的分析与诊断，而且也为临床治疗提供重要的依据。     

100对反复自发性流产夫妇的细胞遗传学研究κ

反复早期流产的原因一般不完全清楚,而且反复早期流产还和子宫异常、激素紊乱、免疫因子和感染疾病有关。1975～1979年已有8篇文献报导习惯性流产的夫妇中,染色体易位的频率较高(3～31％,平均为9.3％),它比新生儿中易位的频率(0.3％)要高30倍。这些作者认为,在反复性流产中,细胞遗传学分析可作为有效的工具。本文检查了100对习惯性流产夫妇,他     

太原地区1400例习惯性流产夫妇的细胞遗传学研究

目的探讨夫妻双方染色体异常与习惯性流产的关系.方法回顾性分析1400例前来遗传咨询的习惯性流产夫妇的染色体.结果 1400例习惯性流产夫妇中,染色体异常73例,占5.21%,其中常染色体异常发生率女性显著高于男性,性染色体异常发生率男性显著高于女性.结论夫妻双方染色体异常与习惯性流产有关,对习惯性流产夫妇进行细胞遗传学检查,不仅有利于明确病因,而且有利于生育指导.     

习惯性流产夫妇染色体脆性部位分析

本文对习惯性流产夫妇及正常同龄健康夫妇各１５对，行染色体脆性部位分析。发现两组检出的断裂点较弥散。流产组２１６个断裂点，ＦＳ表达率７．２％；对照组４４个断裂，ＦＳ表达率１．４７％。两组有高度显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１），断裂点以３Ｐ１４最高。提出凡表达的ＰＳ≥８次者，染色体稳定性差，是导致部分患者胚胎或胎儿异常的原因，孕早期应行产前诊断。     

无精症患者染色体脆性位点的研究

目的：探讨染色体脆性位点在无精症形成过程中的作用,了解其相关因素,为进行病因学研究和采取干预措施打下基础。方法：本文用低叶酸低胸苷的培养基,并用5-氟尿嘧啶脱氧核糖核酸苷（FUDR）和咖啡因双诱导淋巴细胞染色体脆性位点表达。结果：实验组染色体脆性位点的频率为13.20%;对照组为4.85%,两组对比差异非常显著。染色体脆性位点的分布两组基本一致。结论：无精症与染色体脆性位点频率增高有关,与脆性位点分布关系不大。     

世界首报核型46，XX，t（6；8）致自然流产1例报告

随着现代医学的发展，医学细胞遗传学对大量流产儿进行染色体的研究，结果发现50-60％的流产儿的染色体异常．而且流产时间越早，流产儿的染色体异常的频率越高。我们在遗传咨询中发现1例2次习惯性流产患者，经细胞遗传学分析，核型为46，XX，t(6；8)，(q15；P11．2)，报告如下。     

承德地区480例咨询病例染色体检查及分析

通过对４８０例咨询病例进行临床分类及染色体检查发现习惯性流产、畸形、死胎分娩史、不孕症夫妇及智力低下患者等几种临床多见疾病中染色体异常率分另为８．７３％、４．９５％、５０％、９．８３％。习惯性流产的异常核型从平衡易位、标记额外小染色体及标记Ｙ染色体为多，并且提示Ｙ也是该组中常见的一种异常类型。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.