Catalepsy induced by calcium channel blockers in mice

It is known that calcium channel blockers induce Parkinsonism. In this study, amlodipine-, diltiazem-, and verapamil-induced catalepsy was investigated in mice. All of these three calcium channel blockers induced catalepsy. Dopamine D₁, D₂, and mACh receptor occupancies were estimated under the same conditions, and the affinities of these drugs for each receptor were also estimated in vitro. Intensity of catalepsy was predicted by dopamine D₁, D₂, and mACh receptor occupancies with the dynamic model which had already been constructed and was compared with the observed values. The predicted and the observed values were comparable (r = 0.98, p <0.001). In conclusion, the dynamic model considering D₁, and D₂, and mACh receptor occupancy may be useful for quantitative prediction of drug-induced catalepsy. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

L-型钙通道阻断剂对曲马多镇痛作用的影响

目的　研究L 型钙通道阻断剂对曲马多镇痛作用的影响。方法　选用小鼠热板实验和醋酸扭体实验作为评价方法。腹腔注射曲马多观察该药在不同模型中的镇痛作用。维拉帕米 ,尼莫地平或硝苯地平分别与阈下剂量曲马多合用 ,观察这 3种L 型钙通道阻断剂对曲马多镇痛作用的影响。结果　热板实验中 ,曲马多 (10 ,2 0 ,4 0mg·kg-1)剂量依赖性地延长小鼠舔后足或跳跃的潜伏期 ;维拉帕米可增强曲马多的镇痛作用。醋酸扭体实验中 ,曲马多 (2 ,5 ,10mg·kg-1)显著减少小鼠扭体反应的次数 ;维拉帕米、尼莫地平和硝苯地平均可剂量依赖性地增强曲马多的镇痛作用。结论　L 型钙通道阻断剂维拉帕米、尼莫地平和硝苯地平对曲马多的镇痛作用有一定的增强作用。L 型钙通道介导的胞外钙内流可能参与了曲马多的镇痛机制     

牛磺酸镁对哇巴因致大鼠心肌细胞心律失常模型钙离子通道的影响

目的:观察牛磺酸镁配合物(taurine magnesium coordination compound,TMCC)对哇巴因诱发心律失常大鼠心肌细胞L型钙电流(ICa-L)的影响。方法:酶解法分离大鼠单个心室肌细胞,采用全细胞膜片钳技术记录不同浓度TMCC及胺碘酮对正常细胞和哇巴因所致大鼠单个心室肌细胞心律失常模型ICa-L变化。结果:400μmol·L-1 TMCC显著增加大鼠正常心肌细胞ICa-L,胺碘酮则使之减小。5μmol·L-1哇巴因使ICa-L电流密度由(4.31±0.62)pA/pF减小到(2.90±0.35)pA/pF(n=5,P<0.01)。200和400μmol·L-1TMCC能显著恢复造模后的ICa-L。24.24μmol·L-1胺碘酮则使ICa-L减少到(2.55±0.20)pA/pF(n=5,P>0.05)。结论:400μmol·L-1 TMCC能显著增加正常细胞的ICa-L,对钙内流有促进作用,并可显著增加哇巴因诱导的心律失常大鼠心肌细胞异常减小的电流。     

Effects of T-type calcium channel blockers on a parkinsonian tremor model in rats

T-type calcium channels are strongly associated with the generation of rhythmic firing patterns in the CNS. Blockers of these channels may have therapeutic potential for treating various types of tremor. The present study aimed to study the effects of a range of T-type calcium channel blockers in a parkinsonian tremor model in rats. We tested the effects of several T-type calcium channel blockers, including zonisamide (ZNS), ethosuximide, lomerizine, amiloride, mibefradil, and NCC 55-0396, a mibefradil derivative, on tacrine-induced tremulous jaw movements (TJMs), an animal model of parkinsonian tremor. Among the tested drugs, only ZNS and NCC 55-0396 significantly suppressed TJMs when given at a non-sedating dose. The transitivity of drugs to the central nervous system (CNS) may at least partially explain their differential anti-TJM effects. However, further studies are necessary to reveal other factors, since ethosuximide failed to show anti-TJM effects despite being known to cross the blood brain barrier. The present results suggest that T-type calcium channels in the CNS may be a suitable target for developing new therapeutic strategies for treating parkinsonian tremor.     

钙通道阻滞剂对大鼠肝细胞钙释放激活的钙电流的影响(英文)

目的:研究钙通道拮抗剂对大鼠肝细胞钙释放激活的钙电流(I_(CRAC))的影响,方法:应用全细胞膜片箝技术。结果:I_(CRAC)的电流峰值是(-0.41±0.09)nA(n=15),反转电位约为0 mV,维拉帕米(Ver),地尔硫(艹卓)(Dil)和硝苯地平(Nif)显著降低I_(CRAC),不影响它的反转电位,Ver 5 μmol·L~(-1)的抑制率是40％±12％(n=3),Ver 50 μmol·L~(-1)使,CRAC的幅值从(-0.49±0.12)nA降到(-0.20±0.09)nA(n=5,P<0.01),抑制率为57％±15％,Dil和Nif 50 μmol·L~(-1)分别从(-0.43±0.10)nA(n=5),(-0.32±0.08)nA(n=5)降到(-0.29±0.07)nA(P<0.01),(-0.27±0.08)nA(P<0.01),抑制率分别为31％±11％,19％±7％,I_(CRAC)的幅值大小依赖细胞外钙浓度。I_(CRAC)在含台氏液1.8 mmol·L~(-1)中电流幅值为(-0.21±0.08)nA(n=3,P<0.01),结论:这三种钙通道拮抗剂有效抑制,I_(CRAC)并且通过抑制I~(CRAC)减少肝细胞钙超载。     

氯通道阻断剂对H_2O_2诱导的胰岛RIN-mβ细胞凋亡的影响

目的观察氯通道阻断剂对H2O2诱导的胰岛RIN-mβ细胞凋亡的影响,探讨氯通道在RIN-mβ细胞凋亡中的作用。方法采用H2O2诱导的胰岛RIN-mβ细胞凋亡模型,观察氯通道阻断剂(DIDS、NPPB和NFA)对细胞存活率、形态学变化、凋亡的影响。结果氯通道阻断剂单用时对胰岛RIN-mβ细胞活力无明显影响,但能明显提高H2O2处理的胰岛RIN-mβ细胞的存活率。与模型对照组相比,氯通道阻断剂DIDS、NPPB和NFA对抗组细胞存活率明显增加(P<0.01),细胞凋亡率明显降低(P<0.01)。结论氯通道阻断剂对H2O2诱导的RIN-mβ细胞损伤和凋亡具有明显的保护作用。     

钾通道抑制剂减弱吉非罗齐对离体大鼠胸主动脉环的舒张作用

目的观察吉非罗齐对大鼠离体胸主动脉肌源性反应的影响,并探讨其作用机制。方法采用离体血管张力方法观察吉非罗齐对SD大鼠胸主动脉环静息张力及苯肾上腺素(PE)预收缩的影响;观察一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)抑制剂、环氧合酶抑制剂和K+通道阻断剂对吉非罗齐作用的影响。结果吉非罗齐(1×10-5～3×10-4mol.L-1)对大鼠胸主动脉静息张力无影响,但对PE(10-6mol.L-1)所致的预收缩具有浓度依赖性舒张作用,其最大舒张率为最大舒张的80.42%±6.35%。电压依赖性钾通道(KV)阻断剂四氨基吡啶(4-AP,10-3mol.L-1)、钙激活钾通道(KCa)阻断剂四乙胺(TEA,10-2mol.L-1)、内向整流钾通道(KIR)阻断剂氯化钡(BaCl2,10-3mol.L-1)和ATP敏感钾通道(KATP)阻断剂格列苯脲(Gli,10-5mol.L-1)均可减弱吉非罗齐的血管舒张作用(P<0.05),而一氧化氮合酶(NOS)抑制剂L-NAME(10-4mol.L-1)及环氧酶抑制剂吲哚美辛(10-5mol.L-1)对吉非罗齐的舒张作用无影响(P>0.05)。结论吉非罗齐对大鼠主动脉具有舒张作用,该舒张作用与NO及前列环素无关;可能与开放KV、KCa、KIR和KATP通道有关。     

牛磺酸镁配合物对乌头碱诱发心律失常大鼠心肌细胞钙通道的影响

目的研究牛磺酸镁配合物(TMCC)对乌头碱诱发心律失常大鼠心肌细胞L型钙电流(I_(Ca,L))的影响。方法酶解法分离大鼠单个心室肌细胞,乌头碱诱导大鼠心律失常模型,胺碘酮作为阳性对照,100、200和400μmol·L~(-1)TMCC作用于心肌细胞。应用全细胞膜片钳技术记录心室肌细胞I_(Ca,L)的变化。结果 400μmol·L~(-1)TMCC显著增加大鼠正常心肌细胞I_(Ca,L),胺碘酮则使之减小。1μmol·L~(-1)乌头碱使I_(Ca,L)电流密度由(4.3±1.6)pA·pF~(-1)增加到(6.4±1.9)pA·pF~(-1)(p<0.01),400μmol·L~(-1)TMCC能显著降低乌头碱诱导的I_(Ca,L)增加。胺碘酮则能使之恢复为(3.7±1.4)pA·pF~(-1)。结论 400μmol·L~(-1)TMCC能增加正常细胞的I_(Ca,L),对钙内流有促进作用,并可减少乌头碱诱导的心律失常大鼠心肌细胞异常增加的电流。     

Cl~-通道阻断剂对5-HT和CPA引起的兔脑椎基底动脉平滑肌细胞Ca~(2+)内流的影响

目的　在培养的兔脑椎基底动脉平滑肌细胞上观察5 HT和CPA诱导的Ca2 + 内流的特性 ,电压依赖性Ca2 + 通道 (VDC)抑制药尼莫地平 ,非电压依赖性Ca2 + 通道抑制药SK&F963 65及Cl-通道阻断剂DIDS、NPPB对两种激动剂引起 [Ca2 + ]i 反应的影响 ,以探讨脑血管平滑肌细胞中 5 HT引起Ca2 + 内流的特性、Cl-通道与Ca2 + 内流的关系。方法　采用生物荧光双波长影像分析系统瞬即测定单细胞胞质[Ca2 + ]i 技术。结果　① 5 HT和CPA均能诱导平滑肌细胞[Ca2 + ]i 呈双相升高 ,并且 5 HT诱导的Ca2 + 释放是环匹阿尼酸 (CPA)敏感Ca2 + 池的一部分 ;②尼莫地平对 5 HT和CPA触发的Ca2 + 内流无明显影响 ,而SK&F963 65可阻止二者触发的Ca2 + 内流 ;③Cl-通道阻断剂DIDS、NPPB呈浓度依赖性抑制Ca2 + 内流 ,在SK&F963 65最大限度抑制Ca2 + 内流后 ,DIDS、NPPB可进一步抑制Ca2 + 内流 ;而Ca2 +内流被DIDS、NPPB分别最大抑制后 ,SK&F963 65也可进一步抑制Ca2 + 内流。结论　 5 HT引起的Ca2 + 内流是经SK&F963 65敏感的非VDC ,其中包含Ca2 + 释放引起的Ca2 + 内流 (CRAC)成分与非CRAC成分 ,并且这两部分Ca2 +内流均与DIDS、NPPB敏感的Cl-通道开放有关     

Enhancement of anti-inflammatory effects of calcium channel blockers by allopurinol and dimethylsulphoxide

The effects of the calcium channel blockers, nifedipine, verapamil and flunarizine, and the antioxidants, allopurinol and dimethylsulphoxide, were investigated on carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema and changes in vascular permeability. Paw volume was measured by using a plethysmometer and vascular permeability was quantified by measuring the extravasated Evans blue dye 3 h after injecting the phlogistic agent. Intraperitoneal administration of nifedipine (1,2 and 4 mg/kg), verapamil (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg), flunarizine (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg), allopurinol (6.25, 12.5 and 25 mg/kg) and dimethylsulphoxide (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg) 30 min before carrageenan, dose dependently inhibited oedema formation and increased vascular permeability. Co-administration of the lowest doses of calcium channel blockers with the lowest doses of antioxidants produced synergistic inhibitory effects. These results indicate that both calcium influx and oxygen-derived free radicals are involved in carrageenan-induced inflammatory responses. Thus, the synergistic effects of their combination may be due to the blockade of calcium entry and reduction in the generation of oxygen-derived free radicals.     

牛磺酸镁对乌头碱致大鼠心肌细胞心律失常模型钠离子通道的影响

目的研究牛磺酸镁配合物(taurine magnesium coordi-nation compound,TMCC)对乌头碱所致大鼠心室细胞心律失常模型的钠电流变化的影响,探讨其抗心律失常的作用机制。方法酶解法分离大鼠单个心室肌细胞,应用全细胞膜片钳技术记录不同浓度TMCC及胺碘酮对正常细胞及乌头碱所致大鼠单个心室肌细胞心律失常模型INa变化。结果TMCC对正常细胞INa呈浓度依赖性抑制作用。1μmol.L-1乌头碱使钠电流从(45.56±1.96)pA/pF增加到(59.19±11.49)pA/pF(n=5,P<0.01)。24.24μmol.L-1胺碘酮使电流减小到(34.23±1.33)pA/pF(n=5,P<0.01)。TMCC(100,200,400μmol.L-1)对乌头碱所致的细胞模型INa具有恢复作用,分别恢复为(51.61±5.96)pA/pF,(40.91±6.73)pA/pF,(41.50±5.50)pA/pF。胺碘酮则使之恢复为(40.22±1.47)pA/pF。结论TMCC能恢复乌头碱增大的钠电流,作用与胺碘酮相当,TMCC对钠电流的抑制作用可能是其发挥抗心律失常的机制之一。     

Relaxant effect of Curcuma longa on rat tracheal smooth muscle and its possible mechanisms

Context: Turmeric is a spice obtained from the root of Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) with anti-aging, anticancer, anti-Alzheimer’s disease, antioxidant and other medicinal properties.

Objective: The relaxant effect of C. longa on rat tracheal smooth muscle and its possible mechanisms were investigated in this study.

Materials and methods: The relaxant effects of four cumulative concentrations of hydro-ethanol extract of C. longa (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50?mg/mL) were studied on tracheal smooth muscle precontracted by methacholine or KCl in non-incubated or incubated with different substances including propranolol, diltiazem, L-NAME, glibenclamide, atropine, chlorpheniramine, indomethacin and papaverine. The duration of the study was 84?days.

Results: In non-incubated tracheal smooth muscle, the extract of C. longa showed significant concentration-dependent relaxant effects (p?C. longa and theophylline in both methacholine and KCl-induced contraction conditions. In tissues incubated with propranolol, diltiazem, L-NAME and glibenclamide on methacholine-induced contraction and in tissues incubated with atropine, chlorpheniramine, indomethacin and papaverine on KCl-induced contraction, the extract also showed significant concentration-dependent relaxant effects (p?50 values of C. longa between non-incubated (16.22?±?0.62) and incubated tissues (atropine: 13.03?±?0.55, chlorpheniramine: 12.94?±?0.68, indomethacin: 14.80?±?0.57 and papaverine: 16.16?±?1.42) were not significantly different.

Conclusions: Tracheal smooth muscle relaxant effects of C. longa, were comparable to those of theophylline, which could be due to the presence of methylxanthines or its possible interaction with non-adrenergic non-cholinergic nervous system.     

钙流拮抗药对眼镜蛇心脏毒升高大鼠心肌胞浆Ca~（2＋）作用的影响

Ｆｕｒａ－２荧光测定实验显示，眼镜蛇心脏毒（ＣＴＸ）能明显升高新鲜分离的大鼠心肌细胞的胞浆Ｃａ２＋浓度。维拉帕米在完全阻断高Ｋ＋引起胞浆Ｃａ２＋升高的浓度下（１μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）．能明显抑制ＣＴＸ作用，但不能阻断之。１．５μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１ＣＴＸ使离体大鼠Ｌａｎｇｅｎｄｏｒｆｆ心脏收缩幅度逐渐减少，最后心脏停搏于收缩期。维拉帕米及硝苯吡啶均能明显延长心脏的搏动时间，但不能阻止ＣＴＸ引起的心脏停搏。结果提示，ＣＴＸ引起膜去极化使电位依赖性Ｃａ２＋通道开放不是ＣＴＸ触发Ｃａ２＋内流的唯一机理。     

Calcium channel blockers in the spectrum of antihypertensive agents

Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are widely used in the treatment of hypertension. Through blood pressure reduction, and possibly other mechanisms such as antioxidative effects, they may play a role in diminishing the risk for a variety of cardiovascular outcomes. The combination of CCBs with other newer antihypertensive agents such, as ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, may provide complementary effects on risk reduction in cardiovascular adverse events and renal disease. Although the efficacy of CCBs as antihypertensive agents has been adequately demonstrated, there have been concerns regarding the use of short acting dihydropyridines after acute myocardial infarction. There have also been questions about the role of CCBs with regards to other antihypertensive agents in renal disease. For example, differential effects of dihydropyridine and non-dihydropyridine CCBs may affect progression of renal disease and risk for diabetes. Certain precautions involving drug interactions are needed because of the effects of CCBs on the CYP450 enzyme systems.     

氯通道阻断剂和白头翁皂苷的协同溶血作用

目的研究氯通道阻断剂对白头翁皂苷溶血的影响。方法用细胞图像软件记录并分析白头翁皂苷的溶血过程,检测红细胞溶血率,并观察氯通道阻断剂对白头翁皂苷溶血的影响。结果白头翁皂苷药物引起人红细胞溶血,溶血作用呈浓度依赖性,在0.5～2 mmol.L-1范围内,随药物浓度增高,溶血率越高,且红细胞发生溶血所需时间越短。氯通道阻断剂NPPB、tamoxifen可以促进白头翁皂苷的溶血作用,与单用白头翁皂苷组比较,在相同作用时间条件下,联合应用白头翁皂苷与氯通道阻断剂(NPPB、tamoxifen)时,溶血率明显提高,且发生红细胞全部溶血所需的时间明显缩短。结论白头翁皂苷溶血作用呈浓度依赖性,氯通道阻断剂与白头翁皂苷有协同溶血作用。     

尼莫地平对Ca~（2＋）和某些介质致豚鼠气管平滑肌收缩的抑制作用

尼莫地平对Ｃａ￣（２＋）和某些介质致豚鼠气管平滑肌收缩的抑制作用白春学，方晓惠，钮善福，吴淦桐（上海医科大学中山临床医学院肺病学教研室，基础医学院药理教研室，上海２０００３２）钙通道阻滞剂对支气管的扩张作用已有不少报道［１］，但尚无涉及尼莫地平（Ｎｉ...     

血管平滑肌和内皮细胞Ca2+内流机制及其与Cl-通道的关系

血管平滑肌和内皮细胞的Ｃａ２＋内流机制不同,前者是兴奋性细胞,Ｃａ２＋内流通过电压依赖性（ＶＤＣ）和非电压依赖性Ｃａ２＋通道;后者是非兴奋性细胞,Ｃａ２＋内流主要通过非ＶＤＣ途径。Ｃｌ－通道参与了这两种细胞的Ｃａ２＋调控,平滑肌细胞Ｃｌ－通道开放导致细胞膜去极化,促进ＶＤＣ开放,Ｃａ２＋内流增加;而内皮细胞Ｃｌ－通道开放导致细胞膜超极化,使Ｃａ２＋进入细胞内的电化学趋势增加,胞外Ｃａ２＋经非ＶＤＣ途径内流增加。目前对血管平滑肌和内皮细胞Ｃｌ－通道的分型、特性和功能还不清楚。     

Applications of calcium channel blockers in psychiatry: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of treatment of bipolar disorder

Introduction: Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) comprise a heterogeneous group of medications that reduce calcium influx and attenuate cellular hyperactivity. Evidence of hyperactive intracellular calcium ion signaling in multiple peripheral cells of patients with bipolar disorder, calcium antagonist actions of established mood stabilizers, and a relative dearth of treatments have prompted research into potential uses of CCBs for this common and disabling condition.

Areas covered: This review provides a comprehensive overview of intracellular calcium signaling in bipolar disorder, structure and function of calcium channels, pharmacology of CCBs, evidence of efficacy of CCBs in bipolar disorder, clinical applications, and directions for future research.

Expert opinion: Despite mixed evidence of efficacy, CCBs are a promising novel approach to a demonstrated cellular abnormality in both poles of bipolar disorder. Potential advantages include low potential for sedation and weight gain, and possible usefulness for pregnant and neurologically impaired patients. Further research should focus on markers of a preferential response, studies in specific bipolar subtypes, development of CCBs acting preferentially in the central nervous system and on calcium channels that are primarily involved in neuronal signaling and plasticity.