颈外动脉结扎术的应用体会(摘要)

颈外动脉结扎术的应用体会（摘要）方如平我科自１９８８～１９９６年间，共施行颈外动脉结扎术３７例，取得较好效果，现报道如下。３７例中男２４例，女１３例。年龄１６～７２岁。病例选择：１７例用于减少上颌骨切除及鼻侧切开术的术中出血，１４例用于顽固性鼻腔后部...     

经鼻内窥镜治疗老年顽固性鼻出血

老年顽固性鼻出血是本科常见急重症之一，传统的治疗方法为前鼻腔填塞、前鼻腔填塞及后鼻孔联合填塞、供血动脉结扎术。因鼻腔无法通气，患者极度不适，甚至血氧饱和度降低而发生心脑血管意外。自１９９４年我们经鼻内窥镜治疗老年顽固性鼻出血３８例，取得了满意的治疗效果，现报道如下。１资料与方法１．１临床资料 本组３８例患者中，男２７例，女１１例；年龄６０～９０岁，平均６８岁。有高血压史２５例，其中１５例就诊时血压２２～２４／１４～１６ｋＰａ。出血部位：下鼻道后部的鼻咽血管丛处出血１７例；鼻中隔后上部筛后动脉处出…     

鼻后部出血治疗的现状

顽固性鼻后部出血为临床常见。本文介绍内窥镜下电烧灼、动脉栓塞及口腔径路上颌内动脉结扎术在鼻后部出血的应用,并简要分析上颌内动脉结扎术失败的原因及处理对策。     

超选择性颈外动脉分支栓塞治疗顽固性鼻出血

目的：介绍一种治疗顽固性鼻出血快速有效的方法。方法：应用数字减影(digital subtraction angiography，DSA)技术行超选择性颈外动脉分支颌内动脉和/或面动脉栓塞，使鼻腔后部出血区的血供明显减少，以达到止血的目的。结果：11例顽固性鼻出血行栓塞止血，均1次止血成功，观察3～15个月无复发。没有发生任何严重的并发症。结论：应用DSA对治疗顽固性鼻出血既能明确定位诊断又能快速有效止血，而且栓塞区的动脉分支在一定时间后，可以再通或形成侧支循环。     

鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉银夹夹闭术治疗顽固性鼻出血

目的探讨鼻内镜下定位游离蝶腭动脉并以银夹夹闭治疗顽固性鼻出血的方法。方法对22例经反复鼻腔填塞及鼻内镜下电凝术治疗后仍有顽固性鼻腔后部出血的患者于全麻或局麻下行鼻内镜检查,在中鼻甲后端附着部纵向切开黏骨膜,寻找蝶腭孔并充分解剖蝶腭动脉主干及分支,以1～2枚银夹夹闭,复位黏骨膜瓣并填塞止血纱布和膨胀海绵。结果随访6—36个月,平均23个月。20例未再出血,2例分别于术后第6个月和9个月再次同侧筛动脉出血,经鼻内镜下电凝及填塞压迫止血后痊愈。结论鼻内镜下解剖蝶腭动脉并以银夹夹闭治疗顽固性鼻出血,方法简单,疗效确切,值得临床推广。     

2例颈外动脉结扎后能否再通的临床观察

颈外动脉结扎术是预防和治疗头面部出血的重要方法，通常用做头面部大手术的前置手术或诸法未能制止的顽固性动脉性出血。对颈外动脉结扎后将来能否通过双重血管结扎处及结扎处上下血管间形成的侧支循环吻合再通。进行了临床观察，现总结如下。     

鼻内镜下微波治疗鼻腔后部出血60例报告

目的：探讨治疗鼻腔后部出血的方法。方法：对中老年鼻腔后部出血立即在鼻内镜下检查鼻腔内出血部位，寻找出血点，并以微波探头烧灼止血，共治疗60例。结果：对60例病例术后随访6个月-1年半，一次性治愈率85．1％，均无复发。结论：鼻内镜下微波治疗鼻腔后部出血疗效可靠，方法简便，病人痛苦少，无并发症。     

经口腔结扎上颌动脉治疗鼻后部出血

鼻腔后部出血,常规的前后鼻孔填塞法无效时,则须采用结扎血管的方法以达到止血目的,如筛前、后动脉,上颌动脉,蝶腭动脉或颈外动脉结扎术。关于结扎上颌动脉,自1928年Seiffert提出经上颌窦结扎以来,曾被一些学者采用,但须借助手术显微镜,操作较复杂,且有伤及上颌神经、蝶腭神经和翼管神经的可能;如在上颌骨骨折、上颌窦肿瘤及儿童患者则不能采用。     

鼻内镜下动脉性鼻出血的综合治疗

目的 探讨鼻内镜下治疗鼻腔深、浅部动脉性出血的方法及特点.方法 以电热烧灼术、高频电凝术、微波凝固术及微创填塞法治疗深、浅部动脉性鼻出血.结果 487例患者中,电热烧灼术治疗327例浅部鼻出血患者,均治疗成功;微波烧灼术治疗135例浅部鼻出血患者,其中有40例患者在活动性出血状态下,治疗失败,改用电热烧灼法治疗均获成功;高频电凝术治疗鼻腔后部动脉性出血15例及嗅裂区微创填塞术治疗筛顶部动脉出血10例,均获成功.经随访治疗后4周以内,原部位均未再次出血.结论 ①隐蔽部位即中、下鼻道侧后部及嗅裂筛顶部等往往是顽固性鼻出血发生的常见区域;②动脉性鼻出血内镜下微创治疗是可靠、方便、有效的方法;③微波凝固术不适宜治疗活动性动脉出血点,这与微波不能有效加热凝固快速流动的血液有关;④对于静止的或活动性的动脉出血点电热烧灼术及电凝术均能施行有效热凝治疗,为最迅速和可靠的止血方法之一;⑤嗅裂筛顶部动脉出血点适宜用可吸收性止血材料微创填塞法治疗;⑥动脉性鼻出血好发于中老年人群,以男性为常见,常发生于鼻中隔前中部,即鼻腔动脉末梢部;⑦高血压病及动脉粥样硬化可能是动脉性鼻出血的主要原因,且与季节、吸烟和饮酒有一定关系.     

顽固性鼻出血的临床治疗

目的 :探讨顽固性鼻出血的临床处理思路及治疗步骤。方法与结果 :回顾性分析 171例顽固性鼻出血患者的临床资料。针对出血病因采用阶梯式治疗 :第一方案 :出血点明确者 ,采用鼻中隔偏曲矫正术、鼻腔微波热凝术治疗 ,治愈率分别为 87.2 0 %、91.2 5 % ;第二方案 :上述方法治疗无效或出血凶猛、出血部位隐蔽者 ,采用DSA、颈外动脉结扎术及筛动脉夹闭术治疗 ,治愈率分别为 90 %、10 0 %、10 0 %。结论 :采用两个方案阶梯式治疗顽固性鼻出血思路清晰 ,疗效满意。     

Endoscopic sphenopalatine artery ligation is an effective method of treatment for posterior epistaxis

Transantral ligation of the internal maxillary artery is the most widely used surgical technique for control of intractable epistaxis. Although this technique is highly efficacious, significant complications may occur, including oroantral fistula, damage to the infraorbital nerve, and recurrent bleeding. An endoscopic transnasal approach for ligation of the terminal branch of the internal maxillary artery, the sphenopalatine artery, provides an alternative to transantral ligation. We have used endoscopic ligation of the sphenopalatine artery to treat 38 patients requiring surgical therapy for epistaxis. These cases were retrospectively reviewed to analyze the efficacy and morbidity of our technique. Five patients (13%) had significant recurrence of their epistaxis, of whom two required further surgical intervention. There were no major complications in this series. There were some minor sequelae including nasal crusting (34%) and paresthesia of the palate and nose (13%). The median hospital stay was 3 days (range 1 to 10). Endoscopic transnasal sphenopalatine artery ligation seems to be a safe and effective technique for management of posterior epistaxis.     

Combined internal maxillary and anterior ethmoidal arterial occlusion: the treatment of choice in intractable epistaxis.

Whilst it is generally accepted that the standard management for anterior or benign epistaxis is either cautery or anterior nasal packing, that of posterior or intractable epistaxis remains controversial. Various modalities of treatment, ranging from posterior nasal packing to arterial ligation and embolization, have been advocated but none have been unanimously accepted as the treatment of choice. The purpose of this paper was to determine the efficacy of internal maxillary arterial ligation versus combined internal maxillary arterial ligation and anterior ethmoid arterial coagulation in intractable epistaxis. Over a six year period, from 1985 to 1990, 454 patients were admitted and treated for epistaxis. Forty-seven patients were diagnosed as having intractable epistaxis on the basis that the epistaxis failed to settle on anterior nasal packing. They were moved to the next step in management, which was combined anterior and posterior nasal packing. There were 30 failures, one was found to have choriocarcinoma of the maxilla, and was treated with cytotoxics, and the other 29 were moved to the next step, which was arterial ligation. Fifteen patients had internal maxillary arterial ligation, and 14 combined internal maxillary arterial ligation and anterior ethmoidal arterial coagulation. Large windows were created in both the anterior and posterior walls of the maxillary sinuses and all identifiable branches of the internal maxillary artery were dissected out carefully and two medium size ligating clips were placed over the main trunk, the sphenopalatine and the descending palatine branches. Single clips were placed on all other identifiable branches. Coagulation of the anterior ethmoidal artery was performed with a bipolar cautery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉电凝术治疗顽固性鼻出血

目的：探讨应用鼻内镜行蝶腭动脉电凝术治疗顽固性鼻出血的方法与疗效。方法：对20例顽固性鼻出血患者于全身麻醉后鼻内镜下,根据解剖标志,于中鼻甲后端区域寻找到蝶腭孔,充分游离其中的蝶腭动脉,用双极电凝烧灼后切断,局部黏膜复位后小块膨胀海绵压迫。结果：随访5～20个月,平均10个月。全部患者无再次出血,1例发生鼻腔轻度粘连。结论：鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉电凝术治疗顽固性鼻出血疗效确切,手术微创,是治疗顽固性鼻出血的可靠方法。     

难治性鼻出血隐匿出血部位的分布和治疗

目的　通过大数据分析并绘制隐匿部位鼻出血分布“地图”以及精准优化诊疗模式。方法　检索近10年鼻内镜下诊治“顽固性/难治性/隐匿性”鼻出血的中文文献117篇,患者11 708例,结合我院患者总共纳入患者11 860例,分析出血部位和责任血管,绘制成隐匿部位鼻出血分布“地图”。总结我院鼻内镜下精准搜寻出血部位、射频微创止血和无填塞的优化诊疗模式。结果　我们发现责任血管主要是蝶腭动脉和筛前动脉、筛后动脉;出血部位的频率依次是下鼻道穹窿区域31.90%（3783例）、中鼻甲嗅裂区域29.70%（3522例）、中鼻道后端区域11.37%（1349例）、鼻中隔偏曲区域8.98%（1065例）、鼻腔最前上区域6.22%（738例）、其他/不明区域11.83%（1403例）,将隐匿出血部位和责任血管绘制成简明的鼻出血分布“地图”。152例患者按照我院的优化诊疗模式,99.34%（151例）患者能够精准微创止血。结论　我们绘制出了隐匿部位鼻出血分布“地图”以便指引出血部位的搜寻;鼻内镜下针对隐匿出血部位的精准搜寻和微创止血是优化的诊疗方案。     

鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉电凝术治疗严重后段鼻出血

目的 评价鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉电凝术治疗严重后段鼻出血的疗效。方法 对25例后鼻孔填塞治疗无效的鼻出血住院患者,行鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉电凝术,其中24例全身麻醉,1例局部麻醉。25例中有2例患者同时行双侧蝶腭动脉电凝术。结果 术中所有蝶腭动脉均能明确识别,并在出蝶腭孔处将其成功电凝。22例术后未再出血;1例术后6h再次出血,经后鼻孔填塞2d后出血治愈;2例术后当天轻微鼻出血,药物治疗后停止。出院后随访3~6个月,患者均无再次鼻出血,除2例出现轻度鼻腔黏连外无其他并发症。结论 鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉电凝术治疗严重后段鼻出血是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

Our experience with surgical treatment of posterior epistaxis. Report of 16 cases]

Management of intractable posterior epistaxis remains a challenge to the otolaryngologist. When anterior and posterior packing techniques fail to control the hemorrhage, a surgical technique designed to interrupt the blood supply to the posterior parts of the nose is indicated. The common procedures employ ligation of the external carotid artery, of the maxillary artery and its terminal branch the sphenopalatine artery. Those procedures performed on 16 patients are clearly described and the indications for each one are established. Immediate control of bleeding was accomplished in 14 of 16 patients. Two patients had postoperatively recurrent but less severe epistaxis.     

Ligation of the sphenopalatine artery in posterior epistaxis. Retrospective study of 50 patients

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic ligation of the sphenopalatine artery in the treatment of severe posterior epistaxis.MethodsWe have carried out a retrospective study on 50 patients hospitalised with posterior recurrent epistaxis, in whom posterior nasal packing was not effective. All of them underwent surgical treatment, with endoscopic ligation of the sphenopalatine artery to control the epistaxis.ResultsOnly seven patients had a new epistaxis after surgery. One of them is being studied for some kind of coagulopathy, another patient was controlled by ligation of the anterior ethmoidal artery and it was necessary to ligate the contralateral sphenopalatine artery in a third patient. The other four patients were controlled with posterior nasal packing and discharged two days after surgery, without any complications.ConclusionsWe believe that endoscopic ligation of the sphenopalatine artery is a safe technique, with fewer complications than other methods such as posterior packing or embolisation.     

下鼻道后穹窿部鼻出血特点及内镜治疗分析

目的探讨下鼻道后穹窿部鼻出血的临床特点及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2017年1月~2017年6月收治的5例下鼻道后穹窿部鼻出血患者的临床资料,5例患者均为反复、频发、动脉性出血,出血位置隐蔽,常规行前后鼻孔填塞后仍反复间断出血,所有患者均在全麻鼻内镜下行鼻腔探查及电凝止血术。结果5例患者均在术中探及出血点位于下鼻道后穹隆部,通过电凝止血术一次止血成功,随访1~3个月均未复发。结论临床中反复顽固性鼻出血、前后鼻孔填塞无效时,需考虑下鼻道后穹隆部出血,鼻内镜下单极电凝止血疗效肯定。     

Endoscopic electrosurgical management of posterior epistaxis: shifting paradigm

Recent literature has embraced the use of electrosurgery, sphenopalatine vascular clipping, and endoscopy in posterior epistaxis. With the advent of endoscopy, the surgical treatment of posterior epistaxis has shifted from internal maxillary ligation to endoscopic sphenopalatine artery control. This article introduces an endoscopic electrosurgical approach for patients suffering from idiopathic posterior epistaxis that combines one or more of the following methods: endoscopic selective branch cauterization, endoscopic sphenopalatine artery cautery, and endoscopic posterior nasal cauterization. This approach is currently used in a hospital-based community otolaryngology practice and is presented from a Canadian health care perspective (Quebec). This article presents the experience in a series of 17 patients treated during a 35-month period and prospectively followed and discusses the surgical technique, patients' outcome, and the implications of such a practice.