C-Reactive protein concentrations and angiographic characteristics of coronary lesions

BACKGROUND: C-Reactive protein (CRP) is a strong predictor of clinical outcome in coronary artery disease (CAD), and inflammation has been implicated in the process. We aimed to evaluate whether CRP concentrations measured with a new, automated particle-enhanced immunoturbidimetric method for high-sensitivity CRP may be related to specific high-risk angiographic features of coronary lesions. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, we examined 103 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac catheterization for suspected CAD. We assessed the association of preprocedural CRP concentrations with clinical presentation (unstable angina) and angiographic features of coronary lesions. RESULTS: Twenty patients had unstable angina. Independent predictors of unstable angina included increased CRP [odds ratio (OR), 2.93 per 10-fold increase in CRP; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.28-6.69; P = 0.01] and the presence of macroscopic thrombus (OR, 7.08; 95% CI, 1.33-37.8; P = 0.02). Thirty-two culprit lesions had macroscopic thrombus or eccentric/irregular discrete morphology without total occlusion. Increased CRP was the strongest predictor of such features (OR, 2.04 per 10-fold increase in CRP; 95% CI, 1.03-4.04; P = 0.04), and the effect was independent of the presence of unstable angina. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with suspected CAD undergoing coronary angiography, increased CRP is strongly associated with unstable angina and with specific high-risk features of the culprit coronary lesions.     

Meta-analysis of drug-induced adverse events associated with intensive-dose statin therapy

BACKGROUND: Randomized trials evaluating intensive dose statin therapy have found enhanced protection against cardiovascular (CV) events compared with moderate-dose statin therapy in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) or stable coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the potential for an increase in the risk of drug-induced adverse events with such therapy has not been quantified. OBJECTIVE: This meta-analysis was performed to compare the incremental risks associated with intensive- and moderate-dose statin therapy. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from 1995 to 2006 using the following terms: acute, coronary syndrome, stable coronary artery disease, atorvastatin, simvastatin, rosuvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin, and fluvastatin. Prospective, randomized controlled trials evaluating intensive- and moderate-dose statin therapy for the reduction of CV events were included in the review. The safety end points examined were elevations in creatine kinase (CK) >or= 10 times the upper limit of normal (ULN), elevations in alanine or aspartate aminotransferase >or=3 times the ULN, rhabdomyolysis, drug-induced adverse events requiring discontinuation of therapy, and any drug-induced events. The efficacy end points examined were all-cause mortality, CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke. Each analysis compared the effect of intensive- or moderate-dose statin therapy on statin-induced adverse events and clinical efficacy outcomes. Simple absolute risk, the number needed to treat, and the number needed to harm were also calculated to quantify the incremental benefit or harm associated with intensive-dose statin therapy. RESULTS: Four trials were included in the analysis.Together, they included 27,548 patients with ACS or stable CAD followed for a mean of 3.4 years, representing 108,049 patient-years of clinical-trial experience. Intensive-dose therapy with atorvastatin or simvastatin 80 mg was associated with a significant increase in the risk for any adverse event (odds ratio [OR] = 1.44; 95% CI, 1.33-1.55; P < 0.001) and adverse events requiring discontinuation of therapy (OR = 1.28; 95% CI, 1.18-1.39; P < 0.001). Intensive-dose therapy also was associated with an increased risk for abnormalities on liver function testing (OR = 4.48; 95% Cl, 3.27-6.16; P < 0.001) and elevations in CK (OR = 9.97; 95% CI, 1.28-77.92; P = 0.028). The benefits of intensive-dose statin therapy included reductions in CV death (OR = 0.86; 95% CI, 0.75-0.99; P = 0.031), MI (OR = 0.84; 95% CI, 0.76-0.93; P < 0.001), and stroke (OR = 0.82; 95% CI, 0.72-0.94; P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Although intensive-dose statin therapy was associated with a reduced risk for important CV events, it was also associated with an increased risk for statin-induced adverse events. Therefore, moderate-dose statin therapy may be the most appropriate choice for achieving CV risk reduction in the majority of individuals, whereas intensive-dose statin therapy may be reserved for those at highest risk.     

Association study of the I/D polymorphism and plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) as risk factors for stent restenosis

The ID (insertion/deletion) polymorphism of the ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) gene controls plasma ACE levels. Both have been correlated with ISR (in-stent restenosis) in preliminary analyses, but not confirmed in larger studies. In the present study, baseline and 6-month quantitative coronary analysis were performed in 897 patients who had stent implantation and the ID polymorphism genotyped. Plasma ACE levels were measured in 848 patients (95%). Restenosis rates among genotypes were 31.2% DD, 25.5% ID and 28.8% II (not significant). Plasma ACE levels were significantly higher in restenotic patients compared with patients without restenosis (30.7+/-18.6 units/l compared with 22.8+/-12.8 units/l; P=0.0001) and a strong independent predictor of ISR [OR (odds ratio)=3.70; 95% CI (confidence interval), 2.40-5.71; P<0.0001], except in diabetics. In the subgroup of diabetics and patients with AMI (acute myocardial infarction), the DD genotypes actually had a lower risk of ISR than the II genotypes (diabetics, OR=0.16; 95% CI, 0.04-0.69; P=0.014; and patients with AMI, OR=0.21; 95% CI, 0.061-0.749; P=0.016). After exclusion of diabetics and patients with AMI, ISR rates for genotypes in 632 patients were 31.7% DD, 24.3% ID and 17.6% II (P=0.02; DD compared with non-DD OR=1.57; 95% CI, 1.09-2.25). The association between the D allele and ISR observed in selected populations does not hold with a larger sample size. Other than sample size, clinical variables can modulate the association between ID polymorphism and ISR. Plasma ACE level is a risk factor for ISR, independently of the ID genotype.     

Randomized comparison of early inflammatory response after sirolimus-eluting stent vs bare metal stent implantation in native coronary lesions

BACKGROUND: The clinical significance of early inflammatory response after coronary stent implantation has been controversial. Sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) has been shown to be better outcomes compared with bare metal stent (BMS). We prospectively investigated the early inflammatory response after SES or BMS implantation in patients with single-vessel lesion, and evaluated the relationship between inflammation and late clinical outcomes in a randomized design. METHODS: Forty-eight patients with single-vessel disease were randomized into SES or BMS implantation group (n=24 respectively). Blood samples were taken before stenting, 1 h, 24 h and 8 months afterward. The plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined by ELISA. The clinical and angiographic follow-up were performed at 8 months after stenting. RESULTS: There was no difference in baseline characteristics, plasma CRP and IL-6 concentrations between the 2 groups. However, plasma IL-6 concentrations at 1 h after stenting were higher in both groups than in baseline (p<0.01). In addition, the plasma CRP and IL-6 concentrations at 24 h after stenting were significantly higher in both groups compared with baseline (p<0.01 respectively). Likewise, plasma CRP and IL-6 concentrations were significantly higher in BMS group compared with SES group at 24 h after stenting (p<0.05 respectively). At the follow-up (mean 8 months after stenting), the rate of in-stent restenosis (ISR) and target lesion revascularization (TLR) were higher in BMS group than in SES group (p<0.05 respectively) although the plasma CRP and IL-6 concentrations are similar between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Single coronary stenting could trigger an early inflammatory response. However, patients undergoing SES implantation has less augmentation of early inflammatory markers after stenting compared to patients treated with BMS, which was positively related the incidence of ISR and TLR at follow-up. This may reflect the potential impact of SES implantation on the early inflammatory response and late clinical outcomes.     

他汀类药物治疗对胆固醇不高的冠心病患者血管重建术的影响

目的 观察住院期间应用他汀类药物对低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）〈2．6mmol／L的冠心病患者血管重建术后住院和随访结果的影响。方法 我院接受血管重建治疗并且LDL—C〈2．6mmol／L的患者1765例，根据住院期间是否应用他汀类药物分为他汀组1056例与非他汀组709例。结果 他汀组院内主要不良心脑血管事件（MACCE）发生率和随访病死率均较非他汀组明显降低（分别为1．7％比3．8％，P=0．006；2．1％比5．1％，P=0．002），他汀组血管重建后累积病死率（院内及随访）也明显低于非他汀组（3．6％比7．9％，P〈0．001）。经logistic多因素回归分析，住院期间是否应用他汀类药物与累积病死率（院内死亡和随访死亡）显著相关（RR：0．597；95％CI为0．360～0．990；P=0．046），并且与随访病死率显著相关（RR：0．436；95％CI为0．231～0．821；P=0．01）。结论 住院期间应用他汀类药物可以显著减少胆固醇不高的冠心病患者血管重建术后的住院不良事件，降低累积病死率及随访病死率。     

Neoatherosclerosis assessed with optical coherence tomography in restenotic bare metal and first- and second-generation drug-eluting stents

Although reported in bare metal stents (BMS) and first-generation drug-eluting stents (DES), little is known about neoatherosclerosis in second-generation DES. We used optical coherence tomography to evaluate neoatherosclerosis among different stent generations. Overall, 274 in-stent restenosis (ISR) lesions (duration from implantation 56.9?±?47.2 months) in 274 patients were assessed for the presence of neoatherosclerosis. Neoatherosclerosis was identified in 38.7% of lesions (106/274): 23.0% second-generation DES (38/165), 65.1% first-generation DES (54/83), and 53.8% BMS (14/26). In the neoatherosclerosis cohort (n?=?106), more stent underexpansion or fracture/deformation was observed in second-generation DES, whereas thrombus, without plaque rupture, or evagination was more common in first-generation DES. In multivariable analyses, duration from implantation >1 year (OR: 2.44, 95% CI 1.12–5.31; p?=?0.03), absence of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.10–3.44; p?=?0.02) or statins at the time of ISR (OR 3.12, 95% CI 1.42–6.84; p?=?0.01), and first-generation vs first-generation DES (OR 5.32, 95% CI 2.82–10.10; p?<?0.001) correlated with a higher prevalence of neoatherosclerosis. Duration from implantation <1 year (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.03–4.55; p?=?0.04) and thin fibrous cap, thrombus, or rupture (OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.15–6.39; p?=?0.02) were independent predictors for acute coronary syndromes presentation. Neoatherosclerosis is an important ISR mechanism, especially in first generation DES.     

Statins but not fibrates are associated with a reduced risk of venous thromboembolism: a hospital-based case-control study

Previous studies of selected patients have suggested a reduction in the risk of venous thromboembolism with the use of statins. The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of statin use on the risk of venous thromboembolic (VTE) events. The study is a case-control study (EDITH: Etude des Déterminants et Interactions de la Thrombose Veineuse), designed to investigate the genetic and environmental risk factors of VTE. A total of 377 patients consecutively hospitalized in the Brest University Hospital for a documented VTE event, between May 2000 and May 2002, and 377 age- and sex-matched controls were studied. Statin use was associated with a 58% decreased risk of VTE [odds ratio (OR) 0.42; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.23-0.76; P = 0.002]. Adjustment for age, gender, coronary heart disease, atherosclerothrombotic disease or current use of aspirin did not alter the result. Neither fibrates (OR 1.38; 95% CI 0.76-2.52; P = 0.26), nor thienopyridines (OR 1.07; 95% CI 0.48-2.41; P = 0.85) were associated with a reduced risk of VTE. Aspirin use tended to decrease the risk of VTE, but this result was not significant (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.42-1.05). The use of statins is associated with a significant reduction in the risk of VTE, irrespective of age, gender, and past history of atherosclerothrombotic disease, as well as the use of aspirin. This possible protective effect of statins warrants further investigations.     

Elevated levels of C-reactive protein are associated with impaired coronary collateral development

BACKGROUND: In vitro studies have shown that C-reactive protein (CRP) attenuates nitric oxide production and inhibits angiogenesis, which may result in impaired collateral development. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between high sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) levels and the extent of coronary collaterals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated the association between hsCRP levels and the extent of coronary collaterals according to the Rentrop classification in a cohort of 185 patients who had high-grade coronary stenosis or occlusion on their angiograms. RESULTS: Mean age was 62 years and 80% were males. Subjects with a higher grade of collaterals were significantly less likely to have diabetes mellitus (OR; 0.48, 95% and CI; 0.28, 0.83) or acute coronary syndrome (OR; 0.58, 95% and CI; 0.33, 0.99), but they were more likely to have higher number of vessels with significant stenosis (OR; 1.41, 95% and CI; 1.03, 1.93) and to have received statins (OR; 1.84, 1.09, 3.13). The mean hsCRP values reduced significantly as the Rentrop grades increased (trend, P = 0.0006). After adjusting for age, gender, statin use, clinical presentation with acute coronary syndrome, diabetes mellitus and the number of vessels with significant stenosis, each 10-unit increase in hsCRP values corresponded to a 31% reduced odds of having a higher collateral score (OR; 0.69, 95% and CI; 0.53, 0.90). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that elevated hsCRP levels are associated with a significant impairment in coronary collateralization. These data suggest a previously unrecognized mechanism through which inflammation may worsen cardiovascular outcomes.     

冠状动脉CTA斑块特征评价支架内再狭窄风险

目的 探讨冠状动脉CTA斑块特征评估植入支架后发生支架内再狭窄（ISR）的风险。方法 对166例患者于支架植入前行冠状动脉CTA检查,观察血管狭窄程度和斑块特征,并于植入支架后6~18个月内复查冠状动脉造影;根据有无ISR,将其分为ISR组（n=16）与无ISR组（n=150）,比较两组间的差异;采用多因素Logistic回归分析获得ISR的危险因素,以ROC曲线评价各因素诊断ISR的效能。结果 ISR组病变长度,非钙化斑块、点状钙化、正性重构比例和正性重构指数均大于无ISR组（P均<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,非钙化斑块[回归系数（B）=1.89,优势比（OR）=6.63,P=0.01]、点状钙化（B=1.28,OR=3.59,P=0.01）、正性重构（B=2.17,OR=8.71,P<0.01）、病变长度（B=0.05,OR=1.05,P=0.04）是导致ISR的危险因素。病变长度及正性重构指数诊断ISR的ROC曲线下面积（AUC）分别为0.70和0.82（P均<0.01）,联合上述斑块特征预判ISR的AUC为0.87（P<0.01）。结论 病变长度、正性重构、非钙化斑块、点状钙化可用于评估冠状动脉支架植入后发生ISR的风险。     

Statin-related adverse events: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: The absolute frequencies of adverse events (AEs) between statins and placebo are very low in clinical trials, making clinical interpretation and application difficult. OBJECTIVES: This meta-analysis was intended to synthesize the collective AE data observed in prospective randomized clinical trials to facilitate clinical interpretation. METHODS: Using the search terms atorvastatin, simvastatin,pravastatin, rosuvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, prospective trial, and randomized trial, the MEDLINE/EMBASE and the Cochrane Collaboration databases were reviewed for prospective randomized primary and secondary prevention trials of statin monotherapy. Nonrandomized uncontrolled studies and those missing AE data were excluded. The Mantel-Haenszel test for fixed and random effects was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and log ORs. RESULTS: Eighteen trials including 71,108 persons, and 301,374 person-years of follow-up were represented in this analysis. There were 36,062 persons receiving a statin and 35,046 receiving a placebo. Statin therapy increased the risk of any AE by 39% (OR = 1.4; 95% CI, 1.09-1.80; P = 0.008; NNH [number needed to harm] = 197) compared with placebo. Statins were associated with a 26% reduction in the risk of a clinical cardiovascular event (OR = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.69-0.80; P < 0.001; number needed to treat = 27). Treating 1000 patients with a statin would prevent 37 cardiovascular events, and 5 AEs would be observed. Serious events (creatine phosphokinase >10 times the upper limit of normal or rhabdomyolysis) are infrequent (NNH = 3400) and rhabdomyolysis, although serious, is rare (NNH = 7428). Atorvastatin was associated with the greatest risk of AEs and fluvastatin with the least risk. Simvastatin, pravastatin, and lovastatin had similar odds of AEs. Nonurgent AEs such as myalgia and liver function elevations were responsible for approximately two thirds of AEs reported in trials. CONCLUSIONS: Statin therapy was associated with greater odds of AEs compared with placebo but with substantial clinical benefit. Similar rates of serious AEs were observed between statin and placebo.     

Drug-coated balloons in treatment of in-stent restenosis: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

Background

Drug-coated balloons (DCBs) have been developed for the percutaneous treatment of coronary artery disease. An initial focus has been the management of in-stent restenosis (ISR) but randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have been small and powered only for angiographic endpoints.

Objective

The aim of the work was to assess the clinical and angiographic outcomes of patients treated for ISR with DCB versus control (balloon angioplasty or drug-eluting stents) by a meta-analysis of RCTs.

Methods

A comprehensive search was performed of RCTs where patients with ISR were randomly assigned to either DCB or alternative coronary intervention. Outcome measurements were death, myocardial infarction (MI), target lesion revascularisation (TLR), binary definition of restenosis and in-lesion late luminal loss (LLL).

Results

Four studies were identified that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for patients treated for ISR (n = 399). Mean follow-up duration was 14.5 months. DCBs were associated with lower rates of TLR [8.8 vs. 29.7 % OR (95 % confidence interval, CI) 0.20 (0.11–0.36), p < 0.0001], binary restenosis [10.3 vs. 41.3 % OR (95 % CI) 0.13 (0.07–0.24), p < 0.00001] and MI [0.5 vs. 3.8 %, OR (95 % CI) 0.21 (0.04–1.00), p = 0.05]. No significant heterogeneity was identified.

Conclusion

Drug-coated balloons appear to be effective versus control in reducing TLR and possibly MI versus balloon angioplasty or drug-eluting stents in the management of ISR.     

Effects of Aggressive Statin Therapy on Patients With Coronary Saphenous Vein Bypass Grafts: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized,Controlled Trials

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness and safety of aggressive statin versus moderate statin therapy on patients with saphenous vein grafts (SVGs) in randomized, controlled trials (RCTs).

Methods

We searched MEDLINE (1980–June 2012), the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, EMBASE, Science Citation Index, and PubMed (to June 2012), and found 10 relevant RCTs, including 7 substudy analyses from a Post-CABG trial, and 1 pooled analysis of the PROVE-IT TIMI 22 trial (Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22 Investigators) and A to Z trial. Early intensive vs a delayed conservative simvastatin strategy in patients with acute coronary syndromes; phase Z of the A to Z trial.

Results

A total of 6645 of participants, ages ranging from 21 to 75 years old, were treated with coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and were followed for 2 to 5 years. Eight studies showed that aggressive statin therapy had lower LDL-C levels and a decrease of 39% in graft atherosclerotic progression, 12% in new occlusions, and 19% in new lesions more than moderate statin therapy. Three reports indicated that aggressive statin therapy lowered the risk of repeated myocardial infarction more than moderate statin therapy for coronary revascularization (95% CI, 0.66–0.95; risk ratio [RR] = 0.80; and 95% CI, 0.66–0.85; RR = 0.75) and lowered the risk of cardiac death as well (95% CI, 0.64–1.08; RR = 0.83). Aggressive statin therapy had safety similar to that of moderate statin therapy except for a slight increase in myopathic events and aminotransferase levels. Seventy percent to 90% of patients took statin treatment as prescribed in long-term.

Conclusions

Compared with moderate statin therapy, long-term aggressive statin lowered the LDL-C level significantly, further decreased the atherosclerotic progression of SVG, reduced the risks of repeated myocardial infarction and coronary revascularization after CABG, and revealed similar patient compliance and statin-related adverse effects but slightly increased myopathy events and aminotransferase levels.     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗前应用他汀类药物患者围手术期心肌损伤的meta分析

目的 客观评价经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)前他汀类药物治疗对围手术期心肌梗死、术后肌酸激酶同工酶(creatine kinase-MB,CK-MB)和肌钙蛋白(troponin)升高的影响.方法 检索PUBMED、EMCC、Highwire数据库及Cochrane图书馆等数据库.检索策略为:(percutaneous coronary intervention,OR PCI) AND (statin OR statins OR hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA) AND (randomized trial).入选试验满足条件:随机对照试验,PCI术前应用他汀类药物,试验组为服用他汀类药物的患者,对照组为服用安慰剂、未服用他汀类药物或者服用非大剂量他汀类药物的患者,以围手术期心肌梗死或者CK-MB、肌钙蛋白升高发生率为研究结局.采用比值比(OR)和95%可信区间(CI) 作为结果分析的统计量.应用RevMan 5.0以及SAS 9.2软件进行统计分析.结果 ①术前应用他汀类药物与未应用他汀类药物对比:与未应用他汀类药物比较,PCI术前应用他汀类药物治疗可以降低围手术期心肌梗死的发生率(OR=0.44,95%CI=0.34~0.57,P＜0.01),术后CK-MB升高的发生率(OR=0.50,95%CI=0.40~0.62,P＜0.01)以及肌钙蛋白升高的发生率(OR=0.65,95%CI=0.49~0.86,P<0.01).进一步分析发现:只有PCI术前应用大剂量他汀类药物才可以减少围手术期心肌梗死(OR=0.41,95%CI=0.30~0.55,P＜0.01),术后CK-MB升高(OR=0.43,95%CI=0.33~0.56,P＜0.01)以及肌钙蛋白升高的发生率(OR=0.57,95%CI=0.46~0.70,P＜0.01);而非大剂量他汀类药物不能降低围手术期心肌梗死(OR=0.58,95%CI=0.34~0.99,P=0.05)、术后CK-MB升高(OR=0.75,95%CI=0.49~1.14,P>0.05)以及肌钙蛋白升高的发生率(OR=0.91,95%CI=0.66~1.26,P>0.05).②术前应用大剂量他汀类药物与应用非大剂量他汀类药物对比:与应用非大剂量他汀类药物对比,PCI术前应用大剂量他汀可以降低围手术期心肌梗死的发生率(OR=0.40,95%CI=0.20~0.79,P<0.01),术后CK-MB升高的发生率(OR=0.46,95%CI=0.27~0.76,P<0.01)以及肌钙蛋白升高的发生率(OR=0.58,95%CI=0.38~0.88,P=0.01).结论 PCI术前只有给予大剂量的他汀类药物治疗才可以降低围手术期心肌梗死、以及术后CK-MB和肌钙蛋白升高的发生率.     

不同药物洗脱支架在糖尿病患者中应用的比较

目的 对比雷帕霉素、紫杉醇两种不同药物洗脱支架(DES)在糖尿病患者中应用的长期安全性和有效性.方法 入选成功行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术的272例糖尿病患者,根据植入支架类型分为雷帕霉素洗脱支架组(sirolimus-eluting stent,SES,n=133例,189病变),紫杉醇洗脱支架组(paclitaxel-eluting stent,PES,n=139例,288处病变),对比随访6个月时的冠状动脉造影结果和随访2年时的主要不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiacevents,MACE)的发生率.结果 随访6个月时,复查冠状动脉造影发现,SES组最小管腔直径(2.59±0.61) mm vs (2.21±0.92) mm(P＜0.01)显著大于PES组,支架内再狭窄率(16.57±14.24)％ vs (30.75±24.16)％(P＜0.01)和晚期管腔丢失(0.48±0.51) mm vs (0.93±0.72) mm,P＜0.05)显著低于PES组;随访2年时,SES组的总死亡(11.3％ vs 20.1％,P＜0.05)、靶病变重建(target lesion revascularization,TLR)(9.8％ vs 21.6％,P＜0.01)、靶血管重建(target vessel revascularization,TVR)(17.3％ vs 32.4％,P＜0.01)、TVR-MACE(20.3％ vs 35.3％,P＜ 0.01)也显著低于PES组.多因素回归分析显示:应用PES是糖尿病患者PCI术后总死亡(OR=2.453,95％CI=1.012～5.932,P＜0.05]、TLR(OR=2.403,95％ CI =1.051～5.503,P＜0.05)、TVR-MACE(OR=2.296,95％CI=1.237～4.261,P＜0.01)发生的独立危险因素.结论 在临床上对于糖尿病患者PCI术中选择SES相较于PES,可显著降低PCI术后不良心血管事件的发生.     

冠状动脉杂交技术对比冠状动脉旁路移植术在冠状动脉再血管化中的meta分析

目的 评价冠状动脉再血管化杂交技术（HCR）与冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）在冠心病治疗中的有效性和安全性。方法 检索MEDLINE,EMBASE数据库,中国知网,Corchrane图书馆及二次资源。检索词：杂交技术、冠状动脉旁路移植术、经皮冠状动脉支架置入术、一站式冠状动脉杂交术、分站式冠状动脉杂交术。采用比值比（odd ratio, OR）和95%可信区间（95% confidence interval, CI）作为评价HCR和CABG的主要心脑血管事件发生率（死亡率、卒中发生率、心肌梗死发生率、目标血管再血管化率、主要的心脑血管事件发生率、新发的心房颤动发生率以及红细胞输注率）有无差异的指标;用均数差（median difference,MD）和 95%CI作为评价机械通气时间、ICU时间、总住院时间有无差异的指标。统计学分析应用RevMan 5.2进行异质性检验及Meta分析。结果 在检索到的文献中共有17篇文献满足条件,总计8 608例患者。行HCR的患者和非体外循环CABG的患者比较,在死亡率［OR=0.77, 95%CI（0.42, 1.41）, I2（0%）,P=0.39］、心肌梗死发生率［OR=0.78, 95%CI（0.40,1.52）, I2（0%）,P=0.47］、卒中发生率［OR=0.67, 95%CI（0.34,1.33）, I2（0%）,P＝0.26］、主要的心脑血管事件发生率［OR=0.74, 95%CI（0.53,1.03）, I2（0%）,P=0.07］、目标血管再血管化率［OR=2.41, 95%CI（0.91,6.38）, I2（0%）,P=0.08］以及新发的心房颤动发生率［OR=0.92, 95%CI（0.70,1.22）, I2（29%）,P=0.56］方面差异无统计学意义;在红细胞输注率［OR=-0.16, 95%CI（-0.22,-0.09）, I2（34%）,P＜0.01］方面有所降低;在机械通气时间［OR=-6.25,95%CI（-9.01,-5.32）, I2（22%）,P＜0.01］、ICU时间［OR=-18.58, 95%CI（-23.65,-13.52）, I2（45%）,P＜0.01］、总住院时间［OR=-0.3, 95%CI（-0.46,-0.15）, I2（6%）,P＜0.01］方面,时间均有所缩短。结论 HCR安全可行,且较CABG具有一定优势。     

同种与不同种药物洗脱支架治疗后支架再狭窄的Meta分析

背景：冠心病患者发生药物洗脱支架再狭窄拟行再次支架置入治疗时选择何种类型药物支架尚无定论。目的：对比同种及不同种药物洗脱支架在治疗冠心病患者首次置入药物洗脱支架后发生再狭窄的有效性和安全性。方法：计算机检索1984年1月至2012年2月Pubmed数据库、EMBASE数据库、Cochrane图书馆、Google学术搜索及中国生物医学文献光盘等数据库中同种及不同种药物洗脱支架在治疗冠心病患者首次置入药物洗脱支架后发生再狭窄的临床试验,进行Meta分析。结果与结论：共纳入6篇,均包括首次置入药物洗脱支架后再次置入西罗莫司洗脱支架或紫杉醇洗脱支架的临床试验,共983例患者。同种与不同种药物洗脱支架处理首次药物洗脱支架置入后再狭窄在全因死亡（P=0.31,I2=14%,OR=0.92,95%CI[0.40,2.08]）、再次心肌梗死发生（P=0.64,I2=0,OR=2.68,95%CI[1.00,7.24]、支架内血栓发生率（P=0.82,I2=0,OR=2.02,95%CI[0.37,11.08]）及靶病变血管重建（P=0.63,I2=0,OR=1.15,95%CI[0.75,1.76]）方面差异无显著性意义。提示同种与不同种药物洗脱支架治疗药物洗脱支架再狭窄的有效性及安全性无差异。     

药物洗脱支架内再狭窄的危险因素分析

目的 探讨冠状动脉药物洗脱支架内再狭窄的危险因素.方法 对157例行冠状动脉药物洗脱支架植入术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,按照冠状动脉造影结果分为再狭窄组33例和无再狭窄组124例,采用单因素及Logistic多因素回归分析其临床及冠状动脉造影特征与药物洗脱支架内再狭窄的相关性.结果 再狭窄组33例,糖尿病18例(54.5%),术后反复心绞痛26例(78.8%);无再狭窄组124例,糖尿病31例(25.0%),术后反复心绞痛72例(58.1%),组间差异有统计学意义(χ2=10.60,P＜0.01;χ2=4.77,P=0.03).2组慢性完全闭塞分别为11例(19.3%)、12例(7.6%),分叉病变12例(21.1%)、16例(10.2%),弥漫病变15例(26.3%)、19例(12.1%),组间差异有统计学意义(χ2值分别为5.92、4.34、6.32,P均＜0.05).再狭窄组植入支架57枚,无再狭窄组植入157枚.Logistic多因素分析显示糖尿病、术后反复心绞痛、慢性完全闭塞、分叉病变、弥漫病变和支架长度与支架内再狭窄相关(OR分别为3.52、2.59、3.05、3.14、3.08、0.93,95%CI分别为1.56～7.90,1.02～6.59,1.11～8.36,1.30～7.59,1.34～7.05,0.88～0.98,P均＜0.05).结论 冠状动脉药物洗脱支架植入术后,糖尿病史、术后反复发生心绞痛、慢性完全闭塞、分叉病变、弥漫病变及支架长度为支架内再狭窄的危险因素.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the risk factors of in-stent restenosis (ISR) after coronary implantation of drug-eluting stent Methods One hundred and fifty-seven patients including 118 males and 39 females,who underwent successful implantation of drug-eluting stent, were recruited in the study. The patients were divided into the restenosis group (33 patients) and non-restenosis group ( 124 patients) according to the angiographic results. The associations of ISR with clinical and coronary angiographic characteristics were analyzed using univiriate analysis and logistic regression. Results In the restenosis group,there were 18 cases of diabetes mellitus ( 54. 5% ), 26 cases of frequency angina ( 78. 8% ), which were significantly higher than those of 31 cases of diabetes (25.0%) and 72 case of frequent angina (58. 1% ) in the non-restenosis group (χ2 = 10. 60, P ＜ 0. 01, χ2 = 4. 77, P = 0. 03 for diabetes mellitus and frequent angina, respectively). Compared to non-restenosis group, the occurrence rates of chronic total occasion, bifurcatus lesions, diffuse lesions were significandy higher in the restenosis group ( 19. 3% vs 7. 6% χ2 =5.92,21.1% vs 10. 2% χ2 =4. 34,26. 3%vs 12. 1% χ2 =6. 32,Ps ＜0. 05). Fifty-seven stents were implanted into the restenosis group,and one hundred and fifty-seven into the non-restenosis group. Logistic regression analysis showed that diabetes, frequent angina,chronic total occlusion lesions, bifurcatus lesions, diffuse lesions, stent length and diameter were significantly associated with restenosis ( OR value were 3.52,2. 59,3.05,3. 14,3.08,0. 93,95% CI were 1.56 - 7.90,1.02 - 6. 59,1.11 - 8. 36,1.30 - 7.59,1.34 - 7.05,0. 88 - 0. 98 respectively, Ps ＜ 0. 05 ). Conclusion After implantation of drug-eluting stent, diabetes mellitus, chronic total occasion lesions, frequent angina, diffuse lesions, bifurcatus lesions and stent length and diameter are associated with follow-up restenosis.     

Clinical restenosis after coronary stent implantation is associated with the heme oxygenase-1 gene promoter polymorphism and the heme oxygenase-1 +99G/C variant

BACKGROUND: Vascular remodeling after percutaneous coronary stent implantation frequently leads to restenosis. Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) is involved in the generation of the endogenous antioxidant bilirubin and carbon monoxide, both of which exert antiinflammatory and antiproliferative effects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of genetic risk factors combined with the conventional risk factors on the development of coronary restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation. METHODS: The HO-1 gene GT dinucleotide repeat promoter polymorphism and HO-1 +99G/C variant were evaluated in 199 patients with coronary artery disease after coronary stent implantation and control angiography at 6 months after the intervention. Coronary restenosis was confirmed by quantitative angiography. RESULTS: Carriers of the long allele of the HO-1 gene promoter (>29 repeats) had a significantly higher risk of developing restenosis after PCI than noncarriers [odds ratio (OR)=1.9; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.0-3.4; P=0.04]. Interestingly, the allele longer than 29 repeats conferred a significantly higher risk of developing restenosis (OR=3.4; 95% CI, 1.2-9.1; P=0.017) in nonsmokers than in smokers (OR=2.0; 95% CI, 0.7-5.2; P=0.18). CONCLUSIONS: The long allele of the HO-1 gene promoter (>29 repeats) polymorphism, which leads to low HO-1 inducibility, may represent an independent prognostic marker for restenosis after PCI and stent implantation. The effect of the >29 repeat allele is attenuated in smokers, who have chronic exogenous CO exposure.     

CysC、Hcy、MPV、NT-proBNP对STEMI术后再狭窄的影响

目的分析急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者经冠状动脉支架术(PCI)治疗后再狭窄的相关危险因素。方法选取2015年2月至2019年2月在本院心内科进行支架植入手术,且在术后6~12个月内完成冠状动脉造影复查的137例患者。根据造影复查结果将其分为支架内再狭窄(ISR)组和非ISR组。其中ISR组34例,非ISR组103例。对两组患者的病史资料,心脏超声情况,血液生化指标,植入支架情况,术后服药情况,主要心脏不良事件等进行回顾性分析,使用多因素Logistic回归分析其与PCI术后ISR的相关性。结果所有患者ISR发生率为24.8%。单因素分析发现,与非ISR组比较,ISR组在吸烟史、高血压、糖尿病病史、冠心病家族史、MPV、CysC、Hcy、NT-proBNP、LDL-C、ApoB、NLR、支架植入直径(≥3mm)、存在残余狭窄、术后未规律双抗及他汀类药物方面差异具有显著性统计学意义;多因素Logistic回归分析显示,糖尿病(OR=2.205,95%CI:1.069~4.531,P=0.031)、MPV(OR=1.873,95CI:1.141~4.275,P=0.016)、CysC(OR=1.356,95%CI:1.244~2.803,P=0.028)、Hcy(OR=1.824,95%CI:0.709~4.706,P=0.012)、NT-proBNP(OR=1.106,95%CI:1.003~1.264,P=0.033)、NLR(OR=1.765,95%CI:0.439~1.275,P=0.038)是ISR的危险因素。结论糖尿病、MPV、CysC、Hcy、BNP、NLR是PCI术后ISR的危险因素。