睾丸支持细胞免疫豁免研究进展及其应用

由于独特的免疫豁免能力和有效的固有免疫调控作用,哺乳动物的睾丸拥有特殊的免疫环境。睾丸免疫豁免功能使具有免疫原性的生殖细胞免受免疫系统攻击,而局部固有免疫则在抵御病原微生物感染中发挥作用。睾丸免疫稳态遭到破坏可引起睾丸炎症,甚至男性不育。拥有复杂三维结构的睾丸支持(Sertoli)细胞是睾丸的重要组成细胞,除参与组建精原细胞生长微环境,还通过分泌多种细胞因子和免疫抑制因子调节免疫反应以维持免疫稳态。Sertoli细胞的免疫豁免特性为细胞、组织和器官的替代治疗提供了新思路。文章综述了Sertoli细胞免疫豁免机制的研究进展及其应用。     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞与Sertoli细胞体外共培育的免疫负调作用

目的 探讨骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）与Sertoli细胞（SCs）体外共培育时对免疫应答的调节作用,为两者联合应用于移植修复提供线索.方法 用密度梯度离心法分离SD大鼠脾脏单个核细胞（简称L）,羧基荧光素二醋酸盐琥珀酰亚胺酯（CFSE）标记细胞后,将其加入按照不同的比例混合的BMSCs与SCs共培育体系,设立L细胞为对照组,L＋刀豆蛋白A（ConA）、BMSCs＋L＋ConA、SCs＋L＋ConA、BMSCs＋SCs＋L＋ConA四大组细胞为实验组.培养4 d,通过流式细胞术分析T淋巴细胞的增殖情况.结果 单个核细胞培养体系中加入ConA可以显著刺激T淋巴细胞增殖.BMSCs、SCs均可抑制淋巴细胞增殖,抑制作用随加入BMSCs和SCs的比例增加而增强,BMSCs和SCs混合培养后对淋巴细胞增殖抑制作用进一步增强,且在某些浓度时呈现协同性.结论 BMSCs与SCs体外共培育时可增强免疫抑制作用.     

内质网应激对微囊化HepG2细胞脂代谢影响及调控研究

研究内质网应激发生对微囊化细胞脂代谢调节的影响,探讨内质网应激拮抗剂对微囊化细胞生长代谢调控的可行性.采用静电液滴法制备微囊化细胞,Real-time PCR法检测微囊化对葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)和C/EBP同源蛋白(CHOP)表达影响;通过MTT法检测细胞活性,ELISA法检测白蛋白含量,乙烷-丙酮法抽提测定胞内总胆固醇和甘油三酯含量,并比较拮抗剂四苯基丁酸(4-PBA)干预后相关指标变化.结果显示,微囊细胞中内质网应激标识蛋白GRP78和CHOP表达量分别为同天数下平面细胞3.6倍和1.9倍(P＜0.05),胞内总胆固醇(CHO)和甘油三酯(TG)含量分别为平面细胞1.7倍和3.2倍(P＜0.05).内质网应激拮抗剂4-PBA在1.0 mM可显著增加微囊化细胞活性.干预后GRP78和CHOP基因表达水平降低50％和30％ (P ＜0.05),胞内CHO和TG含量降低30％和15％ (P ＜0.05),并使白蛋白水平较对照组显著提高(P＜0.05).结果提示微囊内存在内质网应激,且与微囊细胞脂代谢失调有关;内质网应激拮抗剂能缓解微囊对细胞的以上作用.     

海藻酸钠-氯化钡微囊在大鼠同种异体胰岛移植中免疫隔离效应的研究

分别将游离胰岛和微囊化胰岛移植于链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的糖尿病大鼠肾包膜下及腹腔内,在实验终点取各组大鼠脾细胞,采用混合胰岛淋巴细胞培养方法及ELISA法检测培养上清液中IL-2和IFN-γ含量,观察胰岛移植后大鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞对同种异体胰岛的应答能力。结果表明,微囊化胰岛移植组糖尿病大鼠和游离胰岛移植组糖尿病大鼠胰岛有功能存活时间分别为>6周和(6.6±2.07)d。微囊化胰岛移植组的刺激指数(SI)与正常对照组比较差异无显著性,游离胰岛移植组SI和IL-2、IFN-γ活性显著高于微囊化胰岛移植组和正常对照组(P<0.05)。可见海藻酸钠-氯化钡微囊化胰岛可明显延长同种异体移植物的存活时间,在体外混合胰岛淋巴细胞培养反应体系中表现为免疫低应答性,具有较好的免疫隔离作用。     

微囊化对HepG2细胞渗透压调节基因表达影响及调控研究

探讨微囊微环境对HepG2细胞渗透压调节基因表达影响及抗渗透压物质干预效果.静电液滴法制备微囊化细胞,Real-time PCR法检测不同培养方式下钠/肌醇转运蛋白(SMIT)和牛磺酸转运蛋白(TAUT)基因表达；通过MTT法检测细胞活性、ELISA法检测白蛋白含量,比较牛磺酸和海藻糖干预后指标变化.结果表明,不同培养方式间SMIT表达无显著差异；微囊化细胞TAUT表达增高,是平面细胞4.3倍(P＜0.01)；添加1～1.5 mM牛磺酸后,囊内细胞活性较对照组增加约15％ ～30％,白蛋白水平增加15％(P＜0.05)；海藻糖虽在0.1 mM时使囊内细胞活性增加20％ ～30％ (P ＜0.05),但对白蛋白分泌水平无显著影响.微囊内存在高渗应激因素诱导基因表达改变,牛磺酸和海藻糖能拮抗其对细胞的抑制作用.     

一种新型的生物人工肝—微囊肝细胞

采用海藻酸盐—聚赖氨酸—海藻酸盐膜成功地将大鼠游离肝细胞制备成微囊肝细胞。短期体外培养显示微囊肝细胞的尿素和白蛋白合成功能与游离肝细胞相仿。组织学检查显示植入大鼠腹腔内的微囊肝细胞35天后仍有半数存活。将微囊肝细胞植入氨基半乳糖引起肝衰竭的大鼠腹腔内可显著地提高其存活率,初步研究的结果表明微囊肝细胞可能有治疗肝衰竭的临床应用价值。     

负载CTLA4Ig重组腺病毒的未成熟树突状细胞对大鼠Th细胞增殖的影响

目的 探讨负载CTLA4Ig重组腺病毒的未成熟树突状细胞对大鼠Th细胞增殖的影响.方法 将CTLA4Ig重组腺病毒与Wistar大鼠未成熟树突状细胞于37C共孵育6h后,经尾静脉注射该大鼠作实验组,另外分别设立Wistar大鼠未成熟树突状细胞、CTLA4Ig重组腺病毒、生理盐水经尾静脉注射为对照.1周后,用0.3%戊巴比妥麻醉各组大鼠后抽血检测CTLA4Ig.取脾脏,经流式细胞术分选出Th1、Th2细胞及CD4+T细胞,行混合淋巴细胞培养检测Th细胞的增殖.用免疫组织化学法检测Th1、Th2细胞的比例.结果 实验组血清CTLA4Ig水平(0.654±0.13)显著高于CTLA4Ig重组腺病毒组(0.392±0.10,P＜0.01),树突状细胞组及生理盐水组未检出.实验组Th1细胞的增殖指数(742±161)、Th1/Th2(0.16±0.05)均显著低于各对照组(分别与未成熟树突状细胞组、CTLA4Ig重组腺病毒组、生理盐水组相比,P均＜0.01);而Th2细胞的增殖指数(9162 ±598)显著高于各对照组(P均＜0.01).结论 负载CTLA4Ig重组腺病毒的未成熟树突状细胞可显著抑制大鼠Th1细胞增殖,促进Th2细胞增殖,使Th细胞由Th1向Th2显著偏移,诱导有效的免疫耐受.     

淫羊藿苷(ICA)对化疗后免疫抑制小鼠的免疫促进作用

目的:通过观察淫羊藿苷(ICA)对化疗药环磷酰胺(Cy)所致免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响,探讨ICA促进免疫功能的作用及机理.方法:除正常组小鼠外,所有小鼠经腹腔注射Cy(300 mg/kg);第二天开始给予实验组小鼠灌胃不同剂量的ICA[150、80、40 mg/(kg·d)],阳性对照组小鼠尾静脉注射参芪扶正注射液(1 ml/d),模型组给予等量生理盐水,连续干预10天.所有小鼠均于末次给药12小时后处死,计算胸腺指数(TI)和脾指数(SI),光镜下计数外周血和脾淋巴细胞数量.MTT法检测小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖反应.ELISA法检测TNF-α的含量.乳酸脱氢酶实验(LDH)检测小鼠脾脏NK和CTL细胞的活性.流式细胞术(FACS)检测脾淋巴细胞中NKT和CD3+T细胞的比例.结果:模型组小鼠以上各项免疫指标均有所下降.ICA处理组小鼠脾脏指数和胸腺指数均升高(P<0.01),脾淋巴细胞数量显著增加(P<0.01),但未达到正常对照组水平;ICA明显提高小鼠脾淋巴细胞的增殖反应,促进了小鼠脾NK和CTL细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤活性(P<0.01),提高了小鼠脾细胞TNF-α的产生(P<0.01).ICA处理组小鼠脾细胞中CD3+T、NKT细胞比例明显增加(P<0.01).结论:ICA能促进小鼠免疫功能,具有逆转化疗后小鼠免疫抑制状态的作用.     

重组结核病疫苗rBCG-IL-12p70-TB10.4的免疫效应

目的将成功构建的重组卡介苗rBCG-IL-12p70-TB10.4免疫BALB/c小鼠,研究其免疫效应,为结核病新疫苗的研发提供依据。方法将融合基因IL-12p70-TB10.4克隆入pMV361构建重组质粒,以电转化方式将重组质粒导入卡介苗基因组,构建重组结核病疫苗rBCG-12p70-TB10.4(rBCG-IT)。将此重组卡介苗免疫BALB/c小鼠,分别于免疫后3、6、9和12周,用间接ELISA检测特异性抗体滴度水平,XTT检测脾细胞增值反应,流式细胞仪检测脾CD4+T、CD8+T细胞亚型的比例,ELISA试剂盒检测细胞因子的诱生。结果在免疫后3~12周,rBCG-IT组脾细胞增殖反应均明显强于其他各组(P0.01),该组IFN-γ诱生量及CD4+T细胞比例均显著高于rBCG-I组、rBCG-T组及BCG组(P0.01)。IgG2a/IgG1比值在免疫后各时间点的变化趋势提示rBCG-IT可诱导Th1型细胞免疫应答。结论重组疫苗rBCG-IT可诱导产生较BCG更强、持续时间更长的特异性细胞免疫应答,可对其免疫保护作用进行深入研究。     

成人睾丸支持细胞的分离培养及其免疫豁免机制

目的：建立成人睾丸支持细胞的体外培养方法并探讨其免疫豁免机制。方法：依次用胰蛋白酶、胶原酶、透明质酸酶及脱氧核糖核酸酶消化制备成人睾丸支持细胞，以SABC染色法检测支持细胞上Fas-L和TGF-β1的表达。将其与成人脾细胞共同培养，用MTT比色法检测其对脾细胞增殖的抑制作用。结果：成人睾丸支持细胞占培养细胞总数的80％以上，活性可达90％。睾丸支持细胞上可表达Fas-L和TGF-β1，体外可抑制共培养的脾细胞增殖。结论：建立了培养成人睾丸支持细胞的方法，其免疫豁免机制可能与Fas-L和TGF-β1的表达有关。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.