妊娠期急性脂肪肝及其临床诊疗分析

目的：探讨妊娠期急性脂肪肝（AFLP）的发病特点、诊疗方案、并发症及转归,以提高母婴存活率。方法：回顾性分析近7年在我院确诊为AFLP的14例患者的分娩方式、诊疗经过及预后。结果：14例AFLP患者1例死亡,8例产后出血,2例多脏器功能衰竭,新生儿轻度窒息1例,重度窒息2例,死胎1例。结论：AFLP早期诊断、及早终止妊娠及各科室的相互配合是十分必要的。应严密监测及调节凝血功能、肝肾功能,防止AFLP患者产后出血及多脏器功能衰竭,提高母婴存活率。     

Severe heart disease complicating pregnancy does not preclude a favourable pregnancy outcome: 15 years' experience in a single centre

Heart disease (HD) in pregnancy remains a major cause of non-obstetric maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. This study describes the outcome in 164 pregnant women with HD (158 deliveries in women in New York Heart Association (NYHA) Classes 1 and 2; 17 in NYHA Classes 3 and 4) who received good antenatal care and benefitted from a specific protocol and experience of a dedicated staff. There were no maternal or neonatal deaths; 46 women were diagnosed peripartum. Based on a sub-division into NYHA categories, and when sub-divided by HD, there were no statistically significant differences between groups with regard to maternal age, gestational age at admission or at delivery, birth weight, 5 min Apgar scores, mode of delivery (caesarean delivery), senior obstetric/anaesthesiology staff in attendance or delivery during day/working hours. There was a higher incidence of pre-term deliveries in women with rheumatic heart disease and Marfan syndrome (p = 0.06) relative to others. Babies of women with coronary heart disease had prolonged postpartum course in the NICU (p = 0.0001) and longer total hospital stays for the mother. In conclusion, well-managed, motivated mothers with HD who benefit from comprehensive antenatal care, and are managed primarily by their obstetric and anaesthesia teams, can aspire to a good outcome for themselves and their babies.     

妊娠合并甲型H1N1流感14例临床分析

目的:探讨妊娠合并甲型H1N1流感的临床特点、治疗及其结局.方法:对2009年11月2日至2009年12月2日我院救治的14例妊娠期感染H1N1流感孕妇的临床情况进行总结性分析.结果:14例孕妇住院3～21天,平均8.6天.4例继续妊娠,7例手术结束妊娠,1例引产,2例自娩.13例新生儿存活,1例死亡,存活新生儿中5例早产,无新生儿H1N1感染病例,无孕妇死亡病例.结论:妊娠期感染H1N1流感孕妇更容易出现呼吸困难症状,病理妊娠及妊娠合并内科疾病者更易成为危重症病例.而早期应用奥司他韦能有效促进病情恢复,并未发现有母儿不良结局.     

Uterine compression sutures for postpartum hemorrhage: efficacy, morbidity, and subsequent pregnancy

OBJECTIVE: To review the efficacy, morbidity, and subsequent pregnancy outcome after uterine compression sutures for severe postpartum hemorrhage. METHODS: A 7-year review (2000-2006) of all uterine compression sutures for postpartum hemorrhage at one tertiary obstetric hospital. RESULTS: During the 7 years, 28 uterine compression sutures were performed in 31,519 deliveries (1 per 1,126). All were done at the time of cesarean delivery: 22 in 4,870 cesarean deliveries in labor (1 in 221) and 6 in 3,819 elective cesarean deliveries (1 in 637). The indications for suture were atonic postpartum hemorrhage in 25 of 28 (89%), placenta previa in 2 of 28 (7%), and partial placenta accreta in 1 of 28 (4%). Hysterectomy was avoided in 23 of 28 women (82%). Blood transfusion was needed in 13 of 28 (46%), and intensive care in 5 of 28 (18%). Seven women had subsequent uncomplicated term pregnancies, all delivered by elective repeat caesarean delivery. CONCLUSION: Uterine compression sutures for severe postpartum hemorrhage may obviate the need for hysterectomy and appear not to jeopardize subsequent pregnancy.     

银屑病合并妊娠研究进展

银屑病是一种免疫相关的慢性炎症性疾病,主要累及皮肤和关节。由于妊娠期妇女免疫系统和体内激素水平的变化,银屑病妇女在妊娠期大多得到缓解。然而银屑病妇女免疫系统紊乱,孕前肥胖、吸烟、患抑郁症、多囊卵巢综合征、代谢综合征的比例增加,破坏胚胎正常发育所需要的环境条件,影响胎盘功能,进而对妊娠结局造成不良影响,包括早产、低出生体质量儿、小于胎龄儿、新生儿系统性红斑狼疮等。此外,银屑病合并妊娠可能增加妊娠期高血压疾病(HDCP)、流产、剖宫产、产后出血的发生率,其相关性尚有争议,有待深入研究。妊娠期泛发性脓疱型银屑病(GPPP)是一种特殊类型的银屑病,病情危急,威胁母儿安危,终止妊娠后多数有自然缓解趋势,再次妊娠可复发。应早期诊断、及时治疗以获得较好的母婴结局。银屑病的治疗主要有局部疗法和窄谱中波紫外线(NB-UVB)。     

Symptoms of post-traumatic stress after preeclampsia

This study describes the prevalence of postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) based on the DSM-IV criteria, including its symptoms of intrusion, avoidance and hyperarousal after pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia, and examines which variables are associated with PTSD and its symptoms. Women whose pregnancies were complicated by preeclampsia completed the Self-Rating Inventory for PTSD at 6 and 12 weeks postpartum: 149 women completed this questionnaire on at least one time point. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine associations with PTSD and its symptoms. Results showed that the prevalence of PTSD was 8.6% at 6 weeks, and 5.1% at 12 weeks postpartum; 21.9% of the study sample experienced postpartum symptoms of intrusion at 6 weeks postpartum (11.7% at 12 weeks), 9.4% symptoms of avoidance (8.0% at 12 weeks), and 28.9% symptoms of hyperarousal (20.4% at 12 weeks). Younger age, severe preeclampsia, cesarean section, lower gestational age, lower birth weight, admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, and perinatal death were found to be associated with PTSD and its symptoms. There was a relatively high prevalence of postpartum symptoms of PTSD among women after preeclampsia. The prevalence was highest among younger women who experienced more adverse pregnancy outcomes.     

Pregnancy following uterine artery embolisation for symptomatic fibroids: a series of 26 completed pregnancies

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the outcome of pregnancies after uterine artery embolisation for uterine fibroids. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of pregnancy subsequent to uterine artery embolisation by one interventional radiologist. SETTING: A UK District General Hospital. POPULATION: Twenty-nine pregnancies in 671 women who had undergone uterine artery embolisation. METHODS: Cases were identified by screening questionnaire and from the study database. Detailed information was collected by questionnaires, direct conversations with women and, when necessary, from hospital records. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pregnancy outcome, complications and neonatal outcomes. RESULTS: Of 26 completed pregnancies, detailed information was available for 24 and limited information for 2. Seven (27%) ended in miscarriage, there were two terminations and one ectopic pregnancy. Of 16 deliveries after 24 weeks, first and second trimester bleeding occurred in 40% and 33%, respectively, 4 (25%) had preterm deliveries and the caesarean section rate was 88%. Two (13%) women developed proteinuric hypertension and two others had preterm spontaneous rupture of the membranes. Fourteen of 16 cases were delivered by caesarean section. The rate of primary postpartum haemorrhage was 3/15 (20%). The mean birthweight of term babies was 3.39 kg (SD 0.64) and none required admission to neonatal intensive care. There was one (6.7%) case of fetal growth restriction. CONCLUSION: Although this study is relatively small, there is an increase in delivery by caesarean section. There does not appear to be any other major excess obstetric associated risk when the demographics of the population in question is considered.     

High-risk pregnancy: postpartum rehospitalization.

OBJECTIVE: Examine frequency, timing, and reasons for maternal postpartum rehospitalizations and acute care visits 1 year postpartum after a high-risk pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: Secondary analysis of data collected during a randomized clinical trial of advanced practice nurses gives transitional care for women with high-risk pregnancies. The 171 women were primarily African American, never married, Medicaid eligible, diagnosed with pregestational diabetes (20), gestational diabetes (23), either diagnosed (48) or at risk (44) for preterm labor, and chronic hypertension (36). RESULTS: Of the total rehospitalizations (17%) and acute care visits (32%), over one third occurred in the first 8 weeks postpartum. Chronic hypertensives and gestational diabetics had the highest rate of rehospitalization and proportion of acute care visits. Six women were rehospitalized for subsequent pregnancies. CONCLUSION: Women with high-risk pregnancies have continued high health care resource use over the first postpartum year demonstrating the need for more intensive patient education and follow-up to improve outcomes and reduce resource use.     

Thyroid disorders and pregnancy.

During pregnancy physiologic changes in thyroid function occur which should not be misinterpreted as pathological. Thyroid disorders may complicate pregnancy and need thorough investigation and treatment in order to ensure a favourable pregnancy outcome. The incidence of hyperthyroidism in pregnant women has been reported to be approximately 0.2%. The leading cause is Graves' disease. Treatment of hyperthyroidism includes antithyroid drugs or surgery to avoid adverse effects on the neonate such as prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation and fetal or neonatal thyrotoxicosis. Use of radioactive iodine is contraindicated. Hypothyroidism during pregnancy is associated with gestational hypertension and low birth weight. Women on thyroid replacement therapy before pregnancy may require an increase in dosage during pregnancy. Pregnant women with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis have a higher incidence of spontaneous miscarriage. Nodular disease demands meticulous investigation to rule out a toxic adenoma or malignancy. Surgery in the case of cancer can be postponed under certain circumstances. Within one year following delivery, about 5-10% of women may exhibit postpartum autoimmune thyroid dysfunction, which may result in hypothyroidism.     

Maternal and neonatal outcome following cerebrovascular accidents during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical characteristics of maternal and neonatal outcome among women with cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) during pregnancy. METHODS: Our computerized database was used to identify patients with CVA during pregnancy and puerperium from January 1988 to March 2004. Their medical records were identified and reviewed. RESULTS: There were 16 cases of CVA among 173,803 deliveries, giving a risk of almost one case per 10,000 pregnant women. Out of 16 patients, 14 (88%) had a stroke and the remaining two cases were diagnosed with venous thrombosis. Of those 14 cases, nine (64%) had ischemic strokes and five (36%) had hemorrhagic strokes. Ten of the CVAs occurred antepartum, two intrapartum and four postpartum. Hypertensive disorders were diagnosed in 75% (12/16) of the patients. Out of these 12 patients with hypertension, 9 (75%) suffered from preeclampsia. One woman had a history of chronic hypertension. Smoking was associated with 63% (10/16) of the cases. There were two maternal deaths, both in women who had hemorrhagic strokes, and both in the first half of the study (1994 and 1996). Nine out of 16 women (56%), were delivered within 48 hours of the CVA including 7 (78%) antepartum, and two (22%) intrapartum. Cesarean deliveries were performed in 11/16 women (69%) including 8/10 with CVAs occurring antepartum, 1/2 intrapartum and 2/4 postpartum. One case of neonatal mortality was identified in a patient who was delivered at 24 gestational weeks. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Hypertensive disorders and smoking were the most important factors associated with CVA during pregnancy. (2) Maternal mortality was high among patients with CVA during pregnancy. (3) Neonatal outcome was considered generally good in cases of CVA.     

Perinatal complications in women with gestational diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to examine the outcome of the pregnancy and neonatal period in 1) women with gestational diabetes mellitus and non-diabetic pregnant women, and 2) in women with early and late diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Included were 327 women with gestational diabetes mellitus and 295 non-diabetic women, who were screened with a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test because of risk factors for gestational diabetes. Women with gestational diabetes mellitus were treated with low-caloric diet and insulin when appropriate, while women in the control group received routine antenatal care. RESULTS: Gestational age at delivery was significantly lower in the group with gestational diabetes mellitus, both when considering all deliveries (39.1+/-1.7 weeks versus 39.8+/-2.0 weeks, p<0.05) and only those with spontaneous onset of labor (38.8+/-2.0 weeks versus 40.0+/-1.6 weeks, p<0.05). The frequency of macrosomia was increased, although not statistically significant (8% vs. 2%, p=0.07), and the rate of admission to the neonatal ward was significantly increased (18% vs. 9%, p<0.05) in the group with gestational diabetes. Women with early diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus had a significantly increased need for insulin treatment during pregnancy (36% vs. 9% p<0.05) and a significantly higher occurrence of diabetes mellitus at follow-up from two months until three years postpartum. CONCLUSIONS: This study of women with gestational diabetes mellitus and non-diabetic pregnant women showed that gestational diabetes mellitus was associated with a significantly lower gestational age at delivery and an increased rate of admission to the neonatal ward. Women diagnosed with GDM before 20 weeks of gestation had an increased need for insulin treatment during pregnancy and a high risk of subsequent overt DM, compared with women diagnosed with GDM later in pregnancy.     

Severe liver disease in pregnancy

Objective: To determine the clinical characteristics of patients with fulminant hepatitis of pregnancy (FHP) and acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) and analyze their correlation with pregnancy outcome. Methods: Of 55 pregnant women with severe liver disease, 41 had FHP and 14 had AFLP. Results: Jaundice was the primary manifestation for both FHP and AFLP and hepatic encephalopathy was the most significant complication for both. Disseminated intravascular coagulation, albuminuria, and prothrombin activity were found to be independent risk factors of maternal mortality for both. However, the rates of preterm labor, fetal demise, and neonatal asphyxia were lower in the FHP group. Conclusion: Women with FHP or AFLP are at risk for severe complications and adverse pregnancy outcome. Since the 2 conditions are managed differently, early diagnosis is essential.     

Pregnancy and multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is often diagnosed among women of childbearing age. This article reviews how MS affects pregnancy and provides information for health care providers who care for women with this disorder. Women with MS need to be informed regarding how the disease will affect their reproductive health. The disease itself does not usually have a negative impact on fertility or pregnancy, although some studies indicate that women with MS have a slightly increased risk for having small-for-gestational-age newborns. Some of the common MS symptoms such as fatigue, urinary frequency, constipation, and mood changes are similar to pregnancy-related symptoms. Mode of birth and anesthesia choices are similar to those for women without MS. Immunomodulatory therapy for MS needs to be discontinued before conception because most of the medications are still under investigation with regard to safety during pregnancy or have adverse effects on pregnancy. Relapse rates are increased for up to 6 months in the postpartum period. Breast feeding does not appear to increase the risk of postpartum relapses. All hormonal contraception can be used by women with MS. Some studies suggest that estrogen may have protective effects against disease progression.     

Hypothyroidism Complicating Pregnancy

In this report we describe 26 pregnancies complicated by hypothyroidism cared for over 6.5 years at AIIMS, New Delhi. In 2 women hypothyroidism was diagnosed during pregnancy; others were diagnosed before pregnancy and continued to receive thyroxine replacement therapy throughout pregnancy. The thyroxine treatment needed readjustment in 7 (26.9%) pregnancies to maintain euthyroidism. Maternal complications included anaemia (23.0%), pregnancy induced hypertension (26.9%), postpartum haemorrhage (7.7%), intrauterine growth retardation (15.4%), postdatism (30.8%), and deficient lactation (19.2%). Perinatal mortality was 3.9%. No case of stillbirth occurred probably because of intensive fetal monitoring and timely termination of pregnancies on evidence of intrauterine fetal compromise. One neonatal death occurred due to fetal thyrotoxicosis. In these cases close surveillance during pregnancy is needed to maintain optimum thyroid hormone concentration, and intensive fetal monitoring is required to achieve a good perinatal outcome.     

Syndrome des ovaires polymicrokystiques : une pathologie à risque obstétrical ?

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age and the leading cause of female infertility. This condition is frequently associated with significant metabolic disorders, including obesity and hyperinsulinemia. Therefore, it seems essential to focus on the pregnancy of these patients and possible obstetric complications. Many studies suggest an increase in the risk of obstetric pathology: early miscarriage, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosed during early pregnancy, prematurity, low birthweight or macrosomia, neonatal complications and cesarean sections. However, it is difficult to conclude clearly about it, because of the heterogeneity of definition of PCOS in different studies. In addition, many confounding factors inherent in PCOS including obesity are not always taken into account and generate a problem of interpretation. However it seems possible to conclude that PCOS does not increase the risk of placental abruption, HELLP syndrome, liver disease, postpartum hemorrhage, late miscarriage and stillbirth.     

Hepatitis C virus infection in pregnancy

Objective To evaluate the clinical aspects of hepatitis C virus (HCV) liver disease in anti-HCV + ve mothers, both during pregnancy and six months after delivery, and to assess the outcome of pregnancy.
Setting Obstetric department for high risk pregnancies of the University of Padova, Italy.
Participants Seventeen hundred consecutive pregnant women were studied.
Methods Each woman underwent the following: 1. serological screening for hepatitis surface antigen (HBsAg), antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV), antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIVI) within the first trimester of pregnancy; and 2. clinico-biochemical assessment in order to ascertain previous or active liver disease and risk factors for viral infections.
Results Twenty-nine (1.7%) of the 1700 women were found anti-HCV positive. Eight of them had an associated positivity for HIV infection. HCV-RNA was positive in 64.2% of anti-HCV positive women. Liver function tests (included transaminases) were within the normal range in 27 mothers (both during and six months after delivery). Only 2/29 women had a slight increase in AST/ALT; liver biopsy in these cases was compatible with mild chronic active hepatitis. In all women the outcome of pregnancy was favourable (12/29 anti-HCV positive mothers underwent caesarean delivery for causes independent from HCV infection).
Conclusions A substantial proportion of anti-HCV positive pregnant mothers, even if asymptomatic, have circulating HCV-RNA. The pregnancy does not induce a deterioration of liver disease, and vice versa, HCV infection does not increase the risk of obstetric complications.     

Maternal and neonatal outcome following cerebrovascular accidents during pregnancy

Objective. To assess the clinical characteristics of maternal and neonatal outcome among women with cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) during pregnancy.

Methods. Our computerized database was used to identify patients with CVA during pregnancy and puerperium from January 1988 to March 2004. Their medical records were identified and reviewed.

Results. There were 16 cases of CVA among 173 803 deliveries, giving a risk of almost one case per 10 000 pregnant women. Out of 16 patients, 14 (88%) had a stroke and the remaining two cases were diagnosed with venous thrombosis. Of those 14 cases, nine (64%) had ischemic strokes and five (36%) had hemorrhagic strokes. Ten of the CVAs occurred antepartum, two intrapartum and four postpartum. Hypertensive disorders were diagnosed in 75% (12/16) of the patients. Out of these 12 patients with hypertension, 9 (75%) suffered from preeclampsia. One woman had a history of chronic hypertension. Smoking was associated with 63% (10/16) of the cases. There were two maternal deaths, both in women who had hemorrhagic strokes, and both in the first half of the study (1994 and 1996). Nine out of 16 women (56%), were delivered within 48 hours of the CVA including 7 (78%) antepartum, and two (22%) intrapartum. Cesarean deliveries were performed in 11/16 women (69%) including 8/10 with CVAs occurring antepartum, 1/2 intrapartum and 2/4 postpartum. One case of neonatal mortality was identified in a patient who was delivered at 24 gestational weeks.

Conclusions. (1) Hypertensive disorders and smoking were the most important factors associated with CVA during pregnancy. (2) Maternal mortality was high among patients with CVA during pregnancy. (3) Neonatal outcome was considered generally good in cases of CVA.     

Post-traumatic stress disorder after childbirth in Nigerian women: prevalence and risk factors

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after childbirth in a group of postpartum Nigerian women and to examine any associated factors. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Postnatal clinics and infant immunisation clinics of the five health centres in Ilesa Township, Nigeria. POPULATION: A total of 876 women at 6 weeks postpartum. METHODS: The postpartum women were assessed for PTSD at 6 weeks. Other data collected were demographic characteristics, details of pregnancy and delivery and neonatal outcome. Additionally, the following measures were used: the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview to assess PTSD, the Index of Marital Satisfaction to measure the degree of problem a spouse encounters in the marital relationship, the Medical Outcome Study Social Support Survey to measure social support, the Life Events Scale to measure the life stress covering the preceding 12 months and the Labour Agentry Scale that measures the maternal experiences of control during childbirth. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of PTSD in this population of postpartum Nigerian women, and how this prevalence related to other maternal and neonatal characteristics. RESULTS: The prevalence of PTSD was 5.9%. The factors independently associated with PTSD after childbirth include hospital admission due to pregnancy complications (OR 11.86, 95% CI 6.36-22.10), instrumental delivery (OR 7.94, 95% CI 3.91-16.15), emergency caesarean section (OR 7.31, 95% CI 3.53-15.10), manual removal of placenta (OR 4.96, 95% CI 2.43-10.14) and poor maternal experience of control during childbirth (OR 5.05, 95% CI 2.69-9.48). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of PTSD after childbirth in Nigerian women is slightly higher than those found in western culture. An effective model for the prediction of the development of PTSD after childbirth needs to be developed and evaluated, and interventions aimed at reducing the incidence of PTSD after childbirth need further research.     

Pregnancy outcome in women who use opiates

BACKGROUND: Opiate use in pregnancy is on the increase. There are a number of complications associated with this problem but current data from UK centres are sparse. DESIGN: A retrospective study. SETTING: A North of England Hospital. METHODS: Maternal and neonatal case records were studied and a standard data set completed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Maternal and neonatal outcomes were classified by the woman's drug usage at the end of pregnancy. RESULTS: One hundred and ten babies born to 108 women were studied and 41% had evidence of previous exposure to the hepatitis C virus. Women who took heroin in later pregnancy were significantly more likely than women who were stabilised on methadone to have a baby who needed morphine (40% versus 19%), had higher mean maximum neonatal abstinence scores (NAS) (5.8 versus 4.7) and stayed in the neonatal unit significantly longer (mean 17.2 days versus 11.8 days). There were two neonatal deaths and the overall rate of prematurity was 29%. CONCLUSIONS: The outcome for pregnancy in women who use opiates is complicated by high rates of prematurity and neonatal death. Women who used heroin in later pregnancy had babies who developed more severe NAS and needed a longer hospital stay than women who used only methadone.