健侧颈7神经移位直接与患侧下干吻合修复全臂丛神经根性撕脱伤2例分析

自1989年顾玉东等[1]报道应用健侧颈7神经移位修复臂丛神经撕脱伤以来,使臂丛神经撕脱伤的修复有了强大的动力神经源,但由于颈7神经较短,传统的术式往往需要行腓肠神经或尺神经桥接[1-4],不但使神经恢复的路径变长,而且有两处神经接口,势必会延长神经的修复时间及影响神经纤维的通过数量.我们2006-03～2006-05采用健侧颈7神经经椎体前移位直接与患侧下干吻合,修复全臂丛神经根性撕脱伤2例,现分析如下.     

游离股薄肌重建臂丛神经损伤患者上肢功能的围手术期护理

随着交通事故的增多,臂丛神经损伤已成为临床常见病,其致残严重。近年来,Doi[1]等报道了游离股薄肌移植重建臂丛神经撕脱伤患者上肢功能,手术难度大,术后护理复杂,而国内的相关报告较少[2]。我科2002年5月～2004年11月共进行游离股薄肌皮瓣重建屈肘、屈肘及伸指、屈肘及屈指功能26例,现将护理体会总结如下。临床资料1.一般资料。本组男24例,女2例,年龄18～48岁,伤后6～48个月。全臂丛根性撕脱伤20例,中下干撕脱2例,上中干撕脱下干不全损伤4例。26例患者共行27个游离股薄肌皮瓣移植,1例患者同时移植2个股薄肌皮瓣。游离股薄肌皮瓣移植重建屈…     

“功能康复链”在全臂丛根性撕脱伤手术过程中的实施探讨

目的：介绍一种治疗全臂丛神经根性撕脱伤的新术式及其全程康复治疗。方法：收集全臂丛神经根性撕脱伤患者13例，分行一期膈神经移位修复肩胛上神经和对侧股薄肌移植手术，以恢复肩外展功能和重建屈肘与伸拇、伸指功能；部分患者二期行同侧股薄肌移植重建患肢屈拇、屈指功能。注意在术前、术中和术后进行综合性康复治疗。结果：随访时间超过1年的8例患者，在术后3-5个月，出现移植肌肉神经再生电位；12月屈肘60&;#176;-90&;#176;、肌力M4，伸拇、伸指肌力M3-M4，3例行肩胛上神经修复者，肩外展30&;#176;-45&;#176;。2例二期手术后六七个月，移植肌肉有随意收缩；12个月屈拇、屈指肌力M3-M4，但手部感觉尚未恢复。结论：早期股薄肌皮瓣移植联合神经移位修复全臂丛神经根性撕脱伤，已显示初步的疗效。应注重患者的术前、术中、术后的全程康复治疗。     

“功能康复链”在全臂丛根性撕脱伤手术过程中的实施探讨

目的:介绍一种治疗全臂丛神经根性撕脱伤的新术式及其全程康复治疗。方法:收集全臂丛神经根性撕脱伤患者13例,分行一期膈神经移位修复肩胛上神经和对侧股薄肌移植手术,以恢复肩外展功能和重建屈肘与伸拇、伸指功能;部分患者二期行同侧股薄肌移植重建患肢屈拇、屈指功能。注意在术前、术中和术后进行综合性康复治疗。结果:随访时间超过1年的8例患者,在术后3～5个月,出现移植肌肉神经再生电位;12月屈肘60°～90°、肌力M4,伸拇、伸指肌力M3～M4,3例行肩胛上神经修复者,肩外展30°～45°。2例二期手术后六七个月,移植肌肉有随意收缩;12个月屈拇、屈指肌力M3～M4,但手部感觉尚未恢复。结论:早期股薄肌皮瓣移植联合神经移位修复全臂丛神经根性撕脱伤,已显示初步的疗效。应注重患者的术前、术中、术后的全程康复治疗。     

臂丛神经损伤的治疗进展

臂丛神经损伤是我国常见的上肢严重损伤,其预后较差。目前对于臂丛神经损伤的治疗已成为全球关注的焦点。我们在对臂丛神经损伤诊治近50年的研究中总结了一些治疗方法。神经移位仍是我们首选的手术方案,其中膈神经移位于肌皮神经,副神经移位于肩胛上神经,肋间神经移位于胸背神经与桡神经三头肌肌支,健侧C7神经通过患侧尺神经桥接移位于正中神经已成为治疗全臂丛神经撕脱伤的固定术式。而对于臂丛神经不全损伤的治疗,我们更多地运用丛内移位的方法,例如对于单纯上(中)干根性损伤的患者,我们常利用Oberlin手术来恢复屈肘功能;而对于下干撕脱伤的治疗是目前研究的重点,我们已在临床开展了肱肌肌支移位于前骨间神经以及旋后肌肌支移位于后骨间神经等全新的术式,并获得了较好的疗效。     

膈神经移位代肌皮神经治疗臂丛神经根性撕脱伤9例

臂丛神经根性撕脱伤是临床常见损伤,致残严重,治疗困难,神经移位术是目前此病早期治疗的主要方法,常用膈神经移位代肌皮神经以恢复屈肘功能.我科自1999年以来采用膈神经直接移位至上干前股及腓肠神经移植膈神经一肌皮神经桥接治疗臂丛神经根性撕脱伤9例,经连续跟踪随访,效果满意.     

健侧C7经椎体前通路与下干直接吻合修复臂丛神经损伤的护理

健侧C7神经根含有丰富的神经纤维,是目前为止发现的最强大的动力神经原,临床上已广泛应用于臂丛神经损伤的修复[1].以往都是应用健侧C7神经经椎体前通路与上干吻合修复臂丛神经,随着手术技术的不断提高,健侧C7神经经椎体前通路移位与患侧下干直接吻合逐步应用于临床,为健侧C7神经移位重建臂丛神经根性撕脱伤,寻找到了一种新的术式[2].     

健侧颈7神经根移位经椎体前路修复全臂丛神经损伤患者的护理

健侧颈7(C7)神经根移位已被广泛应用于臂丛神经根性撕脱伤的治疗.但健侧C7神经根移位时需要取一段神经进行移植,以桥接健侧C7神经根和患侧的受区神经,缩短桥接神经的距离是提高神经移位修复效果的重要因素.     

臂丛中干变异2例分析

如何正确辨认颈7神经根是实施健侧颈7神经根移位术的关键，2005-08～2005-10我们在术中遇到颈7神经根及中干缺如2例，现将变异情况分析如下。1病历摘要例1：男，26岁。左臂丛上干不全损伤，行臂丛神经探查松解术，先行锁骨下入路，显露臂丛内外后束及各分支，依次松解后，做锁骨上L型切口，向上显露臂丛，见内外后束向上合成上下干，中干缺如，探查至颈7神经根出孔处，亦未发现颈7神经根，术中经电刺激证实为颈7神经根及中干缺如。     

健侧C7移位至桡神经改良术的解剖学基础及在全臂丛根性撕脱伤中的初步应用

目的：通过解剖学研究寻求健侧C7神经根移位治疗全臂丛神经根性撕脱伤手术中尺神经与桡神经的最佳吻合部位，并观察该手术方法在临床上应用的可行性。方法：在12具24侧甲醛固定的成人尸体上观察桡神经及其肱三头肌肌支的解剖学特征；尺神经的解剖学特征；尺神经不同水平与对侧颈根部的距离。2001／2003用健侧C7移位至桡神经改良术治疗全臂丛根性撕脱伤患者共9例，手术分3步完成：Ⅰ期手术在探察锁骨上下臂丛神经损伤的同时，将桡神经从后侧束发出部位切断，预置于锁骨下的皮下组织内；Ⅱ期从肘部开始切取尺神经，逆行分离至锁骨下区尺神经自内侧束发出部位，通过皮下隧道将尺神经远端引至对侧颈根部，与健侧C7神经根吻合；Ⅲ期手术在锁骨下区完成尺神经与桡神经的吻合。结果：解剖学研究显示：桡神经从后侧束发出部位到发出肱三头肌长头的第一支肌支之间的距离为(8．2&;#177;1．4)cm，从发出长头的第一个肌支部位到外侧头最后一个肌支发出部位之间的距离为(4．8&;#177;0．7)cm。尺神经肘部以上几乎无分支，尺神经在发出部位的直径为(6．7&;#177;0．6)mm；在肘部的直径为(6．3&;#177;0．5)mm；在腕部的直径为(4．0&;#177;0．4)mm；从锁骨下尺神经发出部位到肘部的长度为(29．0&;#177;2．6)cm；从锁骨下尺神经发出点到对侧颈根部的距离为(18．0&;#177;1.8)cm。临床显示：手术过程顺利，术后近期观察患者局部及全身状况良好，远期功能恢复情况有待于进一步随访。结论：健侧C7神经根移位修复桡神经，尺神经与桡神经的最佳吻合部位是锁骨下区．在此部位吻合不但能保证肱三头肌功能恢复，而且大大缩短桥接神经的长度。改良术在临床上简化了手术操作，缩短了神经再生距离，手术切口患者更容易接受。     

超声在诊断闭合性上肢神经卡压症中的应用

目的 探讨高频超声检查在诊断上肢神经卡压症中的临床意义。 方法 用高频超声检查20例正常上肢神经和10例临床怀疑为上肢外周神经卡压（损伤）患者，并与手术探查结果作比较分析。 结果 超声诊断为6例腕管正中神经卡压（2例腕管内低回声囊性包块，4例腕前屈肌尺腕掌侧韧带增厚），3例肘部尺神经卡压，1例上臂桡神经卡压。术后6例明确诊断为腕管综合征，3例为肘部尺神经卡压，1例为上臂桡神经卡压。 结论 高频超声对诊断上肢外周神经卡压症、神经受压程度及定位均有较大价值，为临床提供了一种简单、可靠的无创检查新方法。     

Medical diagnosis of cubital tunnel syndrome ameliorated with thrust manipulation of the elbow and carpals

This case report describes the effectiveness of thrust manipulation to the elbow and carpals in the management of a patient referred with a medical diagnosis of cubital tunnel syndrome (CuTS). The patient was a 45-year-old woman with a 6-week history of right medial elbow pain, ulnar wrist pain, and intermittent paresthesia in the ulnar nerve distribution. Upon initial assessment, she presented with a positive elbow flexion test and upper limb neurodynamic test with ulnar nerve bias. A biomechanical assessment of the elbow and carpals revealed a loss of lateral glide of the humerus on the ulna and a loss of palmar glide of the triquetral on the hamate. After the patient received two thrust manipulations of the elbow and one thrust manipulation of the carpals over the course of four sessions, her pain and paresthesia were resolved. This case demonstrates that the use of thrust manipulation to the elbow and carpals may be an effective approach in the management of insidious onset CuTS. This patient was successfully treated with thrust manipulation when joint dysfunction of the elbow and wrist were appropriately identified. This case report may shed light on the examination and management of insidious onset CuTS.     

Medical diagnosis of cubital tunnel syndrome ameliorated with thrust manipulation of the elbow and carpals

Abstract

This case report describes the effectiveness of thrust manipulation to the elbow and carpals in the management of a patient referred with a medical diagnosis of cubital tunnel syndrome (CuTS). The patient was a 45-year-old woman with a 6-week history of right medial elbow pain, ulnar wrist pain, and intermittent paresthesia in the ulnar nerve distribution. Upon initial assessment, she presented with a positive elbow flexion test and upper limb neurodynamic test with ulnar nerve bias. A biomechanical assessment of the elbow and carpals revealed a loss of lateral glide of the humerus on the ulna and a loss of palmar glide of the triquetral on the hamate. After the patient received two thrust manipulations of the elbow and one thrust manipulation of the carpals over the course of four sessions, her pain and paresthesia were resolved. This case demonstrates that the use of thrust manipulation to the elbow and carpals may be an effective approach in the management of insidious onset CuTS. This patient was successfully treated with thrust manipulation when joint dysfunction of the elbow and wrist were appropriately identified. This case report may shed light on the examination and management of insidious onset CuTS.     

Occupational repetitive strain injury.

Repetitive strain injuries include a group of disorders that most commonly develop in workers using excessive and repetitious motions of the neck and upper extremity. A careful occupational history, physical examination and specific diagnostic maneuvers can help distinguish these musculoskeletal injuries from rheumatologic diseases, psychologic disorders, acute joint or tendon inflammation from other causes and single-event traumatic sprains and strains. Repetitive strain injury may be manifested by cervical syndrome, tension neck syndrome, thoracic outlet syndrome and frozen shoulder syndrome. Common injuries involving the elbow, wrist and hand include epicondylitis, carpal tunnel syndrome and ulnar nerve entrapment. Conservative treatment consisting of rest, application of ice or heat and anti-inflammatory drugs is usually effective, but the injury may take weeks or months to resolve. Modifications in the workplace can prevent many of these injuries and may be required to prevent reinjury after the patient returns to work.     

The ultrasonographic and electrodiagnostic findings of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the morphologic changes of the ulnar nerve at the elbow, using ultrasonography, between patients with cubital tunnel syndrome and retrocondylar compression syndrome determined with electrodiagnosis. DESIGN: Prospective study using electrodiagnosis and ultrasonography. SETTING: An outpatient rehabilitation clinic in a tertiary university hospital in South Korea. PARTICIPANTS: Thirteen patients (8 men, 5 women; mean age, 48.2y). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: In the electrodiagnostic study, we used the inching technique to localize the ulnar nerve lesion at the elbow. In the ultrasonography study, we measured the length of the swollen ulnar nerve and the ratio of the nerve diameter between the proximal end of the medial epicondyle to the elbow joint level and the tip of medial epicondyle to the elbow joint level. RESULTS: The mean length of the swollen ulnar nerve segment in retrocondylar compression syndrome (2.58+/-0.58cm) was significantly longer than that of cubital tunnel syndrome (1.64+/-0.31cm). The mean ratio of the nerve diameter between the proximal end of medial epicondyle and the elbow joint level was significantly larger in retrocondylar compression syndrome (1.52+/-0.25) than that of cubital tunnel syndrome (1.06+/-0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonography detected the morphologic changes and the extent of the ulnar nerve lesion at the elbow, and it can become a screening and follow-up imaging modality in patients with ulnar neuropathy at the elbow.     

Electrodiagnosis of ulnar nerve lesions at the elbow.

To determine electrical criteria which might be helpful in the diagnosis of ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow, clinical and electrodiagnostic features in 78 patients with suspected ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow are described and compared to the results of sensory and motor conduction in the ulnar nerve in a control group of normal persons. These criteria include (1) absent or abnormal evoked sensory nerve action potential in the little finger, (2) motor conduction velocity of less than 45.0 meters/sec in across elbow segment of the ulnar nerve with elbow flexed at 35 degrees, and (3) abnormal electromyographic findings including the presence of increased insertional activity or signs of denervation in the first dorsal interosseous, abductor digiti minimi, and/or flexor carpi ulnaris muscles. Electromyographic abnormality was seen in 77.5% of patients with ulnar motor conduction velocity of less than 45.0 meters/sec across the elbow. The first dorsal interosseous was the most commonly affected muscle. A study of certain important anatomic and histologic factors, such as the arrangement and relative concentration of the motor and sensory fibers at certain key points inthe course of the ulnar nerve trunk, is necessary to understand the correlation between the clinicopathologic and electrodiagnostic features in patients with ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow.     

29例颈源性肘痛的诊断与治疗

目的:探讨肘外侧疼痛与椎孔外颈神经根（5～7）卡压的关系。方法:对29例肘外侧疼痛同时伴有同侧颈部疼痛或压痛的患者进行治疗及分析:（1）24例接受了同侧颈部固定压痛点局封,封闭点一般位于胸锁乳突肌后缘中点,深达颈椎横突。（2）5例上干型胸廓出口综合征（ThoracicOutlet Syndrom,TOS）同时伴有同侧肘外侧疼痛的病人,进行臂丛神经松解加前、中、小斜角肌切断,并观察肘外侧疼痛缓解的效果。以上病例随访6～24个月。结果:24例患者经颈部压痛点阻滞后,13例疼痛及压痛完全消失,6例压痛明显减轻,2例略有缓解,3例无缓解。5例TOS患者,术后4例完全缓解,1例仍有轻度疼痛及压痛。结论:部分肘外侧疼痛可能是因椎孔外颈神经根（5～7）卡压所致。     

Ultrasonographic measurements of the ulnar nerve at the elbow: role of confounders.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify factors confounding high-resolution ultrasonographic measurements of the ulnar nerve to test their influence when discriminating between limbs affected and unaffected by ulnar nerve entrapment (UNE) at the elbow. METHODS: High-resolution ultrasonographic measurements of ulnar nerve dimensions at the elbow were compared between 2 groups of subjects: symptomatic and asymptomatic for UNE. Rank analysis of covariance regression tests were performed to determine whether significant differences existed between the 2 groups. The changing coefficient method (using rank analysis of covariance tests) was used to test for potential confounding effects of age, weight, height, body mass index, sex, limb sidedness, limb handedness, and nerve mobility. These tests were repeated for each measurement while controlling for the identified confounders. Exact 2-tailed Wilcoxon signed rank tests were performed to test for significant differences between measurements of the diameter of the ulnar nerve with the elbow in full extension and full flexion. RESULTS: Age, weight, body mass index, sex, and elbow position were shown to have confounding influences on high-resolution ultrasonographic measurements of the ulnar nerve. No confounding effect was apparent for limb sidedness or dominance. Cross-sectional area and long-axis diameter measurements demonstrated significant differences between nerves with and without UNE after controlling for confounders. CONCLUSIONS: Two cross-sectional measurements (area and maximum cross-sectional diameter) of the ulnar nerve, made at the level of the medial epicondyle, were found to be robust discriminators between nerves with and without UNE. In the absence of normative reference values of the ulnar nerve, the contralateral limb may be used as the comparative control.     

Luxation externe du coude compliquée par une paralysie du nerf radial

Lateral dislocation of the elbow is a rare lesion; its association with a paralysis of the radial nerve is very exceptional. Nerve injuries complicating elbow dislocation reported in literature involve ulnar and median nerve.     

Ulnar nerve instability: ulnar nerve injury due to elbow flexion.

The term "ulnar nerve instability" describes the chronic conditions of subluxation and relocation of the ulnar nerve at the elbow with flexion and extension of the elbow, respectively. This condition is more common than generally thought. Recurrent subluxation of the nerve at the elbow results in a tractional and frictional neuritis. The nerve is vulnerable to trauma in its subluxed position, lying superficially on the medial humeral epicondyle. In certain cases of ulnar nerve instability associated with a tight overlying band bridging the heads of origin of the flexor carpi ulnaris, nerve injury can occur with flexion of the elbow. Thus, internal as well as external compressive factors as a cause of ulnar nerve neuropathy must be considered. Described is an elbow flexion test helpful in the diagnosis and prognosis of cases of ulnar nerve instability associated with the tight overlying band.