职业女性健康知识知晓情况的调查与分析

目的 了解职业女性目前的健康意识及健康知识知晓情况,为进行有针对性的健康教育提供依据.方法 采用整群抽样的方法,对调查对象进行自编统一问卷调查,将所有的数据运用SPSS 11.0软件包进行统计学分析.结果 该人群健康意识较强,98.7%的人知道健康是属于自己的;健康新概念知识的知晓率普遍较低,四大健康基石知晓率为13.9%,合理营养与平衡膳食原则知晓率为14.5%,世界卫生组织提出的身体“五快”（快吃、快语、快行、快睡、快便） 只有14.3%的人知道;慢性病知识知晓率超过半数,但血压超过哪个值疑似高血压有45.0%不知道;医科大学教师普遍比其他职业健康知识知晓率高.结论 虽然职业女性健康意识较强,但总的健康知识知晓率不高,根据女性的不同职业特点进行有针对性的健康教育势在必行.     

Sexual health and the practice nurse: a survey of reported practice and attitudes

BACKGROUND: Practice nurses have an important role in the provision of sexual health services in general practice. AIM: This study set out to determine practice nurses' reported practice and training in sexual health, attitudes towards sexual health, barriers to discussing sexual health with patients, and training needs. METHOD: A confidential self-administered postal questionnaire survey was sent to all 298 practice nurses in one English health district (Leicestershire). RESULTS: Completed questionnaires were returned by 234 practice nurses (response rate 79%). Most nurses routinely offered well-person checks (90%), cervical smears (89%), travel clinics (83%), saw women with genito-urinary symptoms (77%) and offered family planning advice (54%). Only a minority of nurses (13%) offered specific teenage health clinics. Sexual health issues were always discussed in a majority of consultations when giving family planning advice (65%) and in women with genito-urinary symptoms (58%). Most practice nurses (62%) had undertaken at least one course dealing with sexual health issues in the last 5 years. Uptake of training was, however, significantly lower in certain groups of nurses. An analysis of the attitude statements suggested that nurses were more comfortable discussing sexual health issues with female patients and teenagers than with male patients and those of different sexual orientations. Nurses who had received training reported more positive attitudes towards discussing sexual health issues with patients. CONCLUSION: Practice nurses offer a wide range of services in which the need to be able to take a sexual history and offer appropriate advice is important. There is scope to improve the provision of sexual health services by nurses in general practice, particularly in relation to services for teenagers.     

A survey of knowledge, attitudes and risk estimates concerning HIV and AIDS in a Zimbabwean student sample

A questionnaire based upon DiClemente's AIDS Information Surveywas used to assess knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about AIDSand estimates of personal risk. It was completed by 238 studentsat the University of Zimbabwe in Spring 1988. The results showedencouragingly high levels of knowledge concerning AIDS, butthese were not consistent across subscales. Generally, knowledgeof transmission and characteristics was high, but knowledgeof causes and prevention was more variable. Analysis of personalrisk showed that AIDS was perceived as a serious threat andthe majority of respondents expressed concern about contractingAIDS. A significant correlation was found between knowledgeand personal risk though this only accounts for 9% of the variance,indicating that knowledge by itself has limited impact uponrisk estimates. Comparisons of gender, marital status differences,and differences in the amount of education received about AIDS,yielded few significant differences in total knowledge scores,although there was encouraging evidence of greater pick up ofspecific messages, e. g. the use of condoms as a means of reducingrisk, amongst those receiving more education. The results arecompared with findings from USA and Western Europe and suggestionsare made for the focus of future health education programmesin Zimbabwe.     

A short report: survey of practice nurses' attitudes towards giving smoking cessation advice

BACKGROUND: Although practice nurses play an important role in implementing smoking cessation strategies in primary care, relatively little is known of their attitudes and beliefs about giving smoking cessation advice. OBJECTIVES: To describe practice nurses' attitudes towards giving smoking cessation advice. METHODS: 152 of 200 (76%) practice nurses randomly selected from Medical Research Council General Practice Research Framework records completed a postal survey. The Attitudes to Smoking Cessation Advice Questionnaire was used. RESULTS: Overall, nurses were enthusiastic about giving smoking cessation advice and perceived such advice as effective. Nurses who were non-smokers perceived such advice as more effective than current smokers, as did those who had been trained in smoking cessation, who were also more enthusiastic than those who had not been trained. CONCLUSION: Training all practice nurses in smoking cessation, and offering nurses who smoke effective smoking cessation services, is likely to help achieve Government targets for smoking cessation.     

A survey of nutrition knowledge, practice, attitudes and behaviour of general practitioner trainees in Ireland

Background: Medical research has acknowledged the relationship between nutrition and the development of chronic diseases, as well as the interaction between disease and nutritional status. However, nutrition education in the medical curriculum has been far from adequate. The present study was undertaken to examine the current status of nutrition awareness amongst general practitioner trainees throughout Ireland. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire (Q1) was used to assess the nutrition knowledge, attitudes, practice and behaviour of one hundred final year general practitioner trainees. A second questionnaire (Q2) was sent to the relevant medical faculties to ascertain the level of nutrition taught within the medical curricula. Results: The overall response rate to Q1 was 52% (34 females, 18 males). Respondents showed little awareness that nutrition had been included in their medical training. Q2 verified that nutrition mostly featured in the biochemistry component of the medical curricula. The results indicate the need to improve basic nutritional knowledge and its application in clinical practice. The disparity between the perceived importance of nutrition and personal lifestyle behaviours concurred with other studies. Conclusion: The general practitioner trainees were ill equipped to appreciate and value the extent of dietetic intervention for nutrition-related problems in clinical practice.     

A survey of community pharmacists on prevention of HIV and hepatitis B and C: current practice and attitudes in Grampian

BACKGROUND: Prevention of infection with the blood-borne pathogens (BBPs) HIV and hepatitis B and C remains a major public health challenge. The aim of this study was to assess the activity, knowledge and attitudes of community pharmacists in Grampian in prevention of HIV and hepatitis B and C. METHOD: A questionnaire survey of community pharmacies was carried out in Grampian, a mixed urban-rural Health Board area in NE Scotland with a population of 532,432. RESULTS: Ninety-nine out of 128 (77 per cent) community pharmacies responded. Many pharmacies were providing services for drug misusers. Nearly all pharmacies stocked condoms, 57 pharmacists stated that they stocked extra-strong condoms, and two stocked dental dams. Two-thirds had leaflets relating to safer sex, HIV or hepatitis. Less than half stated that they had lists of local agencies dealing with drug-related or sexual health problems. Knowledge of the BBPs, and confidence in giving advice, were greater for HIV than for hepatitis B and C. Few were aware of recommendatons for hepatitis B vaccination. The majority felt that in the future pharmacists could have a greater role in prevention of these infections. Principal barriers to preventive activity were described as time pressure, lack of a private area and lack of training. CONCLUSIONS: There is untapped potential for community pharmacists to be a focus for advice and information relating to prevention of HIV and hepatitis B and C; however, resources are needed to address the current barriers identified field.     

A survey on smoking habits and attitudes among adolescents in Greece

The objective of the present study was to investigate smoking habits among 699 secondary school students, along with their attitudes toward smoking and their perceptions on the consequences of tobacco use in their health. Our results indicate that Greek adolescents begin to smoke mainly due to curiosity and for stress reasons. Furthermore, having friends who smoke is highly associated with smoking and intention for smoking. Likewise, paternal smoking seems to reinforce students' intention for smoking. On the contrary, parental disapproval of smoking leads to anti-smoking behavior. Adolescents' attitudes toward smoking are also related to a series of similar factors such as parental educational status, parental smoking, and parental disapproval of smoking, friends who smoke, and, finally, adolescents' age, smoking behavior, and intention for smoking. The impact of tobacco use in human health seems to be understood better by older students. All these factors must be taken into account for a successful implementation of an anti-smoking intervention program.     

Health and lifestyle survey: community's attitudes to health and barriers toward lifestyle change

The study was carried out in Alexandria City. A household cluster sample survey was conducted. The total sample was 300 subjects. The objectives of this work were to assess the community's attitude of specific health issues, examine the relationship between subjects' determined level of risk and their beliefs about and desire to modify smoking, current diet and level of exercise as well as to portray the possible barriers to adopting healthier lifestyle. The survey results revealed that generally the community reflects positive attitude to health that was significantly associated with younger age, higher educational and occupational levels and absence of risk factors. The significant predictors of subjects' perception of the health risk of current diet were smoking, obesity, high dietary fat intake and physical inactivity. All the studied risk factors were found to be significant predictors of the subjects' attempt to change their current diet. In investigating the main barriers to diet change, subjects' lack of knowledge on how to make their diet healthy topped the list, while lack of will power topped the list of barriers against quitting smoking. Pressure of time was stated first as a barrier against changing subjects' exercise level. Further researches of this type are required to yield detailed information for the whole nation to guide for health and lifestyle intervention strategies.