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1.
Holly Longstaff Catherine A. Schuppli Nina Preto Darquise Lafrenière Michael McDonald 《Stem cell reviews》2009,5(2):89-95
This paper describes findings from an ethics education project funded by the Canadian Stem Cell Network (SCN). The project
is part of a larger research initiative entitled “The Stem Cell Research Environment: Drawing the Evidence and Experience
Together”. The ethics education study began with a series of focus groups with SCN researchers and trainees as part of a “needs
assessment” effort. The purpose of these discussions was to identify the main ethical issues associated with stem cell (SC)
research from the perspective of the stem cell community. This paper will focus on five prominent themes that emerged from
the focus group data including: (1) the source of stem cells; (2) the power of stem cells; (3) working within a charged research
environment; (4) the regulatory context; and (5) ethics training for scientists. Additional discussions are planned with others
involved in Canadian stem cell research (e.g., research ethics board members, policy makers) to supplement initial findings.
These assessment results combined with existing bioethics literature will ultimately inform a web-based ethics education module
for the SCN. We believe that our efforts are important for those analyzing the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) in
this area because our in depth understanding of stem cell researcher perspectives will enable us to develop more relevant
and effective education material, which in turn should help SC researchers address the important ethical challenges in their
area.
相似文献
Holly LongstaffEmail: |
2.
Timothy Caulfield Amy Zarzeczny Jennifer McCormick Tania Bubela Christine Critchley Edna Einsiedel Jacques Galipeau Shawn Harmon Michael Huynh Insoo Hyun Judy Illes Rosario Isasi Yann Joly Graeme Laurie Geoff Lomax Holly Longstaff Michael McDonald Charles Murdoch Ubaka Ogbogu Jason Owen-Smith Shaun Pattinson Shainur Premji Barbara von Tigerstrom David E. Winickoff 《Stem cell reviews》2009,5(2):82-88
Few areas of recent research have received as much focus or generated as much excitement and debate as stem cell research.
Hope for the therapeutic promise of this field has been matched by social concern associated largely with the sources of stem
cells and their uses. This interplay between promise and controversy has contributed to the enormous variation that exists
among the environments in which stem cell research is conducted throughout the world. This variation is layered upon intra-jurisdictional
policies that are also often complex and in flux, resulting in what we term a ‘patchwork of patchworks’. This patchwork of
patchworks and its implications will become increasingly important as we enter this new era of stem cell research. The current
progression towards translational and clinical research among international collaborators serves as a catalyst for identifying
potential policy conflict and makes it imperative to address jurisdictional variability in stem cell research environments.
The existing patchworks seen in contemporary stem cell research environments provide a valuable opportunity to consider how
variations in regulations and policies across and within jurisdictions influence research efficiencies and directions. In
one sense, the stem cell research context can be viewed as a living experiment occurring across the globe. The lessons to
be gleaned from examining this field have great potential for broad-ranging general science policy application.
相似文献
Amy ZarzecznyEmail: |
3.
Kristina Hug 《Stem cell reviews》2009,5(1):18-35
To overview banks, repositories and registries of stem cell lines in Europe excluding bone marrow and cord blood banks; to
concisely discuss the most important scientific, regulatory and ethical aspects of stem cell banking in a manner understandable
to a layperson, but remain detailed enough not to compromise thoroughness of information. Review of scientific publications,
laws and ethical guidelines in this field up through September 2008; hearing the opinions of key persons working in stem cell
banking. The article discusses the procedure of stem cell banking and related safety issues and reviews the regulation of
stem cell banking at the regional (European) and the national level. Stem cell banking can help meet scientific and certain
ethical imperatives, but is complicated in the context of heterogeneous laws, guidelines, and ethical standards. In the pluralistic
European society with cultural diversity leading to heterogeneous laws, harmonisation of international guidelines and national
laws regulating stem cell banking is needed, as well as mapping of implementation at the national level.
相似文献
Kristina HugEmail: |
4.
Kasem Kulkeaw Chiyo Mizuochi Yuka Horio Noriko Osumi Kohichiro Tsuji Daisuke Sugiyama 《Stem cell reviews》2009,5(2):175-180
The normal development of mouse embryo in vivo could be maintained in vitro up to 72 h in the presence of rat serum which is continuously supplied with the appropriate concentration of O2 and CO2. There are several applications of the whole mouse embryo culture model for study of cellular dynamics in hematopoiesis and
its interaction with vasculogenesis. In this protocol, we have described details of manipulation techniques in combination
with the whole embryo culture and also some advance techniques applied to the mouse embryo such as intra-cardiac inoculation
of acetylated low density lipoprotein for cell-specific labeling and engraftment of donor yolk-sac from different genotype/phenotype
mouse embryo onto the yolk-sac of host mouse for study of the dynamic distribution of hematopoietic cell.
相似文献
Daisuke SugiyamaEmail: |
5.
The goals of this special section are to examine the state-of-the-science regarding race/ethnicity and racism as they contribute
to health disparities and to articulate a research agenda to guide future research. In the first paper, Myers presents an
integrative theoretical framework for understanding how racism, poverty, and other major stressors relate to health through
inter-related psychosocial and bio-behavioral pathways. Williams and Mohammed review the evidence concerning associations
between racism and health, addressing the multiple levels at which racism can operate and commenting on important methodological
issues. Klonoff provides a review and update of the literature concerning ethnicity-related disparities in healthcare, and
addresses factors that may contribute to these disparities. Brondolo and colleagues consider racism from a stress and coping
perspective, and review the literature concerning racial identity, anger coping, and social support as potential moderators
of the racism-health association. Finally, Castro and colleagues describe an ecodevelopmental model that can serve as an integrative
framework to examine multi-level social–cultural influences on health and health behavior. In aggregate, the special section
papers address theoretical and methodological issues central to understanding the determinants of health disparities, with
the aim of providing direction for future research critical to developing effective interventions to reduce these disparities.
相似文献
Elizabeth BrondoloEmail: |
6.
Rosario M. Isasi 《Stem cell reviews》2009,5(2):108-115
Scientific developments in the field of stem cell research continue to emerge at incredible speed and so too has the contentious
debate surrounding their broad implications. Though economic, socio-ethical and legal concerns remain, at both national and
international forums; we are witnessing a departure from an “embryo-centric” approach, to one that is focused on the globalization
of research and to the ensuing need for policy interoperability. The common response to the challenges associated with the
meaning, scope, and ethical significance of variance in national policies, is a call for the creation of uniform legal and
ethical standards. However, this call towards policy convergence on the fundamental ethical and governance principles underpinning
policies choices has led to confusion and to the mystification of the notion of harmonization. In this article we aim demystify
the notion of policy harmonization in the context of stem cell research. We will do so by surveying the diverse elements to
be harmonized. We will then present the problems of policy interoperability in the context of the globalization of SC research,
in order to propose that the goal of harmonization in this field lies in the identification of prospective strategies to foster
seamless cross-jurisdictional collaboration. Finally, policy interoperability will be analyzed through the lens of a range
of policy approaches addressing the cross-jurisdictional transfer of hESC lines with the aim of demonstrating that the apparent
ethical-political-legal divide in some contexts largely vanishes once we grasp the notion of harmonization and identify points
of convergence.
相似文献
Rosario M. IsasiEmail: |
7.
Randomizing visual feedback in manual aiming: reminiscence of the previous trial condition and prior knowledge of feedback availability 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Cheng DT Luis M Tremblay L 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2008,189(4):403-410
A trial-by-trial analysis was used to systematically examine the influence of switching visual conditions on visual feedback
utilization for a manual aiming movement. In experiment one, vision was randomly manipulated from trial to trial with no more
than four consecutive trials in the same visual condition. In experiment two, participants were provided with certainty of
visual feedback availability prior to every trial. Results of both studies revealed that movement endpoint variability was
most associated with visual feedback availability on the previous trial. Furthermore, correlation analyses comparing movement
trajectory at 25, 50 and 75% with movement end (i.e. 100%) revealed that the efficiency of online corrections also depends
on the availability of visual feedback on the previous trial. These results suggest that the accuracy of an aiming movement
is highly dependent on processing of offline visual information from the preceding trial.
This study was supported by a grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) awarded to
Luc Tremblay.
相似文献
Darian T. ChengEmail: |
Luc Tremblay (Corresponding author)Email: |
8.
Coping with racism: a selective review of the literature and a theoretical and methodological critique 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Elizabeth Brondolo Nisha Brady ver Halen Melissa Pencille Danielle Beatty Richard J. Contrada 《Journal of behavioral medicine》2009,32(1):64-88
Racism is a stressor that contributes to racial/ethnic disparities in mental and physical health and to variations in these
outcomes within racial and ethnic minority groups. The aim of this paper is to identify and discuss key issues in the study
of individual-level strategies for coping with interpersonal racism. We begin with a discussion of the ways in which racism
acts as a stressor and requires the mobilization of coping resources. Next, we examine available models for describing and
conceptualizing strategies for coping with racism. Third, we discuss three major forms of coping: racial identity development,
social support seeking and anger suppression and expression. We examine empirical support for the role of these coping strategies
in buffering the impact of racism on specific health-related outcomes, including mental health (i.e., specifically, self-reported
psychological distress and depressive symptoms), self-reported physical health, resting blood pressure levels, and cardiovascular
reactivity to stressors. Careful examination of the effectiveness of individual-level coping strategies can guide future interventions
on both the individual and community levels.
相似文献
Elizabeth BrondoloEmail: |
9.
Stable RNA interference (RNAi) is commonly achieved by recombinant expression of short hairpin RNA (shRNA). To generate virus-resistant
cell lines, we cloned a shRNA cassette against the phosphoprotein gene of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) into a polIII-driven
plasmid vector. Analysis of individual stable transfectants showed a spectrum of RSV resistance correlating with the levels
of shRNA expressed from different chromosomal locations. Interestingly, resistance in a minority of clones was due to mono-allelic
disruption of the cellular gene for vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP). Thus, pure clones of chromosomally integrated
DNA-directed RNAi can exhibit gene disruption phenotypes resembling but unrelated to RNAi.
相似文献
Sailen BarikEmail: |
10.
James Danckert Lana Goldberg Carol Broderick 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2009,195(2):193-191
Neurophysiology and neuroimaging research implicates distinct regions of posterior parietal cortex for reaching versus grasping
and for completing these movements in central versus peripheral space. Typically, visuomotor tasks only examine movements
made in the frontoparallel plane. We examined a patient with a right superior parietal lesion encompassing the parietal-occipital
junction, the intraparietal sulcus and the putative human homologue of V6A on pointing tasks in the sagittal or frontoparallel
planes. The patient did not demonstrate a speed-accuracy trade-off, but did show larger times post-peak velocity for all movement
directions. Her movements in the sagittal axis were more disordered than movements in the frontoparallel plane. These data
indicate a role for superior parietal cortex in fine tuning of visually guided movements and more particularly for movements
made back towards the body.
相似文献
James DanckertEmail: Email: |
11.
Nefs HT Kappers AM Koenderink JJ 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2005,163(1):123-127
For intermanual tactual discrimination to occur, it is thought that neural signals have to cross the corpus callosum in some way at least once. In this note we address the question of whether this interhemispheric transfer affects grating discrimination in active touch. Eight right-handed participants made intermanual and intramanual tactual discriminations of sinusoidal gratings that had slightly different spatial periods. Intramanual discrimination included comparisons in which the gratings were felt with the same finger, as well as comparisons made with two different fingers of the same hand. During intermanual discrimination the gratings were felt with corresponding fingers or with non-corresponding fingers of different hands. We found that thresholds for intramanual conditions were lower than for intermanual conditions in active dynamic touch. This suggests that there is a component of the task that is unilateral, as might be mediated by a somatosensory region that has predominantly or exclusively contralateral receptive fields.
相似文献
Harold T. NefsEmail: Phone: +31-30-2533985Fax: +31-30-2522664 |
12.
Jansson E Wilson AD Williams JH Mon-Williams M 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2007,182(4):549-558
Recent behavioural research has investigated whether viewing someone perform an action results in activation of that action
by the observer. Postulated empirical support for this ‘ideo-motor (IM) conjecture’ typically rests upon two types of experimental
paradigm (reaction time and movement tracking tasks). These paradigms purport to show movement facilitation when compatible
movements are observed and vice versa, but only for biological stimuli. Unfortunately, these paradigms often contain confounding
(and unavoidable) generic stimulus–response compatibility effects that are not restricted to observed human movement. The
current study demonstrates in three experiments that equivalent compatibility effects can be produced by non-biological stimuli.
These results suggest that existing empirical paradigms may not, and perhaps cannot, support the IM-conjecture.
相似文献
Andrew D. WilsonEmail: |
13.
Daniel L. Rubin 《Journal of digital imaging》2008,21(4):355-362
The radiology community has recognized the need to create a standard terminology to improve the clarity of reports, to reduce
radiologist variation, to enable access to imaging information, and to improve the quality of practice. This need has recently
led to the development of RadLex, a controlled terminology for radiology. The creation of RadLex has proved challenging in
several respects: It has been difficult for users to peruse the large RadLex taxonomies and for curators to navigate the complex
terminology structure to check it for errors and omissions. In this work, we demonstrate that the RadLex terminology can be
translated into an ontology, a representation of terminologies that is both human-browsable and machine-processable. We also
show that creating this ontology permits computational analysis of RadLex and enables its use in a variety of computer applications.
We believe that adopting an ontology representation of RadLex will permit more widespread use of the terminology and make
it easier to collect feedback from the community that will ultimately lead to improving RadLex.
相似文献
Daniel L. RubinEmail: |
14.
Lorenza Serena Colzato Wery P. M. van den Wildenberg Nelleke C. van Wouwe Merel M. Pannebakker Bernhard Hommel 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2009,196(3):467-474
The inhibitory control of actions has been claimed to rely on dopaminergic pathways. Given that this hypothesis is mainly
based on patient and drug studies, some authors have questioned its validity and suggested that beneficial effects of dopaminergic
stimulants on response inhibition may be limited to cases of suboptimal inhibitory functioning. We present evidence that,
in carefully selected healthy adults, spontaneous eyeblink rate, a marker of central dopaminergic functioning, reliably predicts
the efficiency in inhibiting unwanted action tendencies in a stop-signal task. These findings support the assumption of a
modulatory role for dopamine in inhibitory action control.
相似文献
Lorenza Serena ColzatoEmail: |
15.
Michelle Jarick Jeffery A. Jones 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2009,195(2):175-182
Research demonstrates that listening to and viewing speech excites tongue and lip motor areas involved in speech production.
This perceptual-motor relationship was investigated behaviourally by presenting video clips of a speaker producing vowel-consonant-vowel
syllables in three conditions: visual-only, audio-only, and audiovisual. Participants identified target letters that were
flashed over the mouth during the video, either manually or verbally as quickly as possible. Verbal responses were fastest
when the target matched the speech stimuli in all modality conditions, yet optimal facilitation was observed when participants
were presented with visual-only stimuli. Critically, no such facilitation occurred when participants were asked to identify
the target manually. Our findings support previous research suggesting a close relationship between speech perception and
production by demonstrating that viewing speech can ‘prime’ our motor system for subsequent speech production.
相似文献
Jeffery A. JonesEmail: |
16.
Myrka Zago Joseph McIntyre Patrice Senot Francesco Lacquaniti 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2009,192(4):571-604
Intercepting and avoiding collisions with moving objects are fundamental skills in daily life. Anticipatory behavior is required
because of significant delays in transforming sensory information about target and body motion into a timed motor response.
The ability to predict the kinematics and kinetics of interception or avoidance hundreds of milliseconds before the event
may depend on several different sources of information and on different strategies of sensory-motor coordination. What are
exactly the sources of spatio-temporal information and what are the control strategies remain controversial issues. Indeed,
these topics have been the battlefield of contrasting views on how the brain interprets visual information to guide movement.
Here we attempt a synthetic overview of the vast literature on interception. We discuss in detail the behavioral and neurophysiological
aspects of interception of targets falling under gravity, as this topic has received special attention in recent years. We
show that visual cues alone are insufficient to predict the time and place of interception or avoidance, and they need to
be supplemented by prior knowledge (or internal models) about several features of the dynamic interaction with the moving
object.
相似文献
Francesco LacquanitiEmail: |
17.
Modelling the human pharyngeal airway: validation of numerical simulations using in vitro experiments 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Chouly F Van Hirtum A Lagrée PY Pelorson X Payan Y 《Medical & biological engineering & computing》2009,47(1):49-58
In the presented study, a numerical model which predicts the flow-induced collapse within the pharyngeal airway is validated
using in vitro measurements. Theoretical simplifications were considered to limit the computation time. Systematic comparisons
between simulations and measurements were performed on an in vitro replica, which reflects asymmetries of the geometry and
of the tissue properties at the base of the tongue and in pathological conditions (strong initial obstruction). First, partial
obstruction is observed and predicted. Moreover, the prediction accuracy of the numerical model is of 4.2% concerning the
deformation (mean quadratic error on the constriction area). It shows the ability of the assumptions and method to predict
accurately and quickly a fluid–structure interaction.
相似文献
Yohan PayanEmail: |
18.
In this study we analyzed the etiology of the relationship between personality traits and retrospectively recalled family
environment. The data of 226 identical and 168 fraternal twin pairs reared together from the Jena twin study of social attitudes
were available. Personality traits were measured using the self- and peer report versions of the German NEO-personality inventory-revised.
A German version of Blocks Environmental Questionnaire was applied to measure two broad dimensions of the family environment
retrospectively: support and organization. We could replicate earlier findings that retrospective reports of these family
environment dimensions were in part genetically influenced. A total of 66% of the genetic variance in support and 24% in organization
could be accounted for by heritable variance in self-rated personality. That was replicated by using peer reports of personality,
41% explained genetic variance in support and 17% in organization. Environmental mediations were negligible. This indicates
that the relationship between personality and retrospectively recalled family environment is largely genetically mediated.
相似文献
Christian KandlerEmail: |
19.
Sappinia diploidea is known as a free-living amoeba of worldwide distribution and has also been reported as causative agent of a brain infection
in an immunocompetent young man. In the current study, we were able to isolate eight strains of S. diploidea-like amoebae identified by light microscopy from different habitats. Cultures of all strains were established successfully
for molecular characterization. The small subunit ribosomal RNA genes of all strains were sequenced and compared to one another,
to the neotype of S. diploidea, and to strains of Sappinia pedata, the only other Sappinia species known to date, from GenBank by multiple sequence alignment and cluster analysis. Altogether, the phylogenetic position
of the genus Sappinia within the Thecamoebidae was corroborated; however, it was shown that the genus splits into several well-separated clusters
making the establishment of new species within this genus inevitable. Furthermore, two of the S. diploidea-like strains were actually more closely related to S. pedata than to S. diploidea, although the diagnostically relevant standing form which seems to be characteristic for S. pedata was not observed in either of the two strains.
Claudia Wylezich and Julia Walochnik have contributed equally to this work.
相似文献
Claudia Wylezich (Corresponding author)Email: |
Rolf MichelEmail: |
20.
Brandon N. Kyle Daniel W. McNeil Benjamin J. Weinstein James D. Mark 《Journal of behavioral medicine》2009,32(4):360-370
While stimulus intensity obviously affects degree of pain responding, presentation order effects of stimuli of different intensities
on acute pain responses are under-researched. The present study examined the effects of manipulating presentation order of
lower and higher pain stimulus intensity. Using 96 undergraduates, this investigation employed a 2 × 2 mixed research design,
with pain stimulus sequence as a between-subjects variable and pain stimulus trial as a repeated measure. When the greater
pain stimulus intensity was presented last, verbal report of pain was higher. Also, performance of a cognitive task was interrupted
the least when the lower stimulus intensity was presented last. Heart rate, however, was highest when the greater stimulus
intensity was presented first, and pain tolerance was greatest when the lower stimulus intensity was presented first. Results
are discussed in relation to adaptation-level effects, and implications for pain experienced in clinical settings are suggested.
相似文献
Daniel W. McNeilEmail: |