后腹腔镜包膜下肾切除术治疗严重感染粘连性无功能肾(附12例报告)

目的　探讨后腹腔镜包膜下肾切除术治疗严重感染粘连性无功能肾的技术方法和临床应用价值。　方法　 12例患者 ,男 8例 ,女 4例。年龄 35～ 6 6岁 ,平均 4 1岁。肾结核 5例 ,肾急慢性感染 7例 ,其中肾积脓行肾穿刺造瘘或输尿管插管引流术后 6例。左侧 7例 ,右侧 5例。 12例患者均行后腹腔镜包膜下肾切除术。沿肾脏长轴切开增厚的肾包膜 ,肾包膜内游离肾实质 ,紧靠肾门处再次环形切开肾包膜 ,分离肾血管周围脂肪 ,使肾蒂组织薄到足以用直线切割吻合器离断 ,再离断肾蒂 ,切取肾脏 ,留置腹膜后引流管。观察手术时间、术中出血量、术后肠功能恢复和术中、术后并发症及手术效果。　结果　 12例手术均获成功 ,无中转开放。手术时间 (82 .9± 2 2 .3)min ,术中出血量 (5 1.4± 12 .2 )ml,术后肠功能恢复时间 2 4～ 4 8h ,术后平均住院时间 7.5d ,术中及术后无明显并发症。随访 1～15个月 ,效果满意。　结论　该术式具有微创、出血少、恢复快、近期效果好等特点 ,较好地解决了感染性无功能肾脏与周围组织粘连严重时后腹腔镜肾切除的难题。但手术操作难度较大 ,术者需具备一定的腹腔镜手术经验。     

后腹腔镜辅助小切口切除严重感染粘连性功能肾（附12例报告）

目的：探讨后腹腔镜辅助小切口切除严重感染粘连性无功能肾的临床价值.方法：回顾性分析2006年1月～2008年11月采用后腹腔镜辅助,小切口切除严重感染粘连性无功能肾患者12例.男5例,女7例,年龄34～48岁,平均44岁.多囊肾并感染1例,肾结核6例.慢性感染5例,其中肾积脓行肾穿刺造瘘或输尿管插管引流术后3例.左侧5例,右侧7例.12例均行后腹腔镜辅助小切口行包膜下肾切除术.观察手术时间、术中出血量、术后肠功能恢复和术中、术后并发症及手术效果.结果：12例手术均获成功.手术时间70～130min,平均96 min 出血量50～180 ml,平均110 ml 术后肠道功能恢复时间24～48 h 术后住院时间7～11天,平均8天 术中及术后无手术并发症.术后随访3～12个月.效果满意.结论：后腹腔镜辅助小切口包膜下肾切除术是治疗严重感染粘连性无功能肾的较实用、安全、有效、微创的手术,值得临床选择应用.     

结核性无功能肾的腹腔镜切除(附9例报告)

目的探讨后腹腔镜切除无功能结核肾的应用价值。方法我院2003年10月-2006年11月为9例肾结核行后腹腔镜下结核肾包膜外切除术。用超声刀游离肾脏与输尿管，Endo-GIA或Hem-o-10k阻断肾蒂，把肾放入肾袋后取出。结果9例均成功完成单纯肾切除。无一例中转开放手术，手术时间90—180min，平均110min。术中失血量20—200ml，平均94．4ml。术后住院时间3—8d，平均5．5d。术中1例肾包膜撕破造成少量干酪样脓液外渗，腹膜损伤1例。切口一期愈合。9例随访1—38个月，平均22个月，对侧肾功能正常。结论后腹腔镜结核肾切除术创伤小、出血少、恢复快，对于无功能结核肾是一种比较安全、可靠的手术方法。     

后腹腔镜切除积水无功能肾17例

目的探讨后腹腔镜积水无功能肾切除术的手术方法和效果。方法对17例积水无功能肾患者行后腹腔镜积水无功能肾切除术。腰部3个Trocar穿刺入路,手指法建立后腹膜气腹,游离出部分病变肾脏后先将肾脏切开一小口,吸净积水肾内的积水,然后再游离肾脏,用钛夹或Hem-o-lok夹闭肾蒂血管后切断,切除患肾,留置腹膜后引流管。统计手术时间、术中出血量和术中、术后并发症及观察手术效果。结果17例手术均获得成功,手术时间为150．300min,平均为170min。术中出血10-80ml,平均30ml。引流管于术后2-3d拔除,无大出血、感染、腹膜破裂、腹腔脏器损伤等并发症。结论后腹腔镜积水无功能肾切除术是一种微创、安全、有效、恢复快的术式。     

后腹腔镜肾切除术治疗无功能结核肾48例报告

目的探讨后腹腔镜肾切除术治疗无功能结核肾的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2013年6月～2019年6月后腹腔镜无功能结核肾切除术48例资料。术前均明确诊断为无功能性肾结核,对侧肾功能正常。肾脏游离层面前期20例沿肾包膜外游离,后期28例沿肾周脂肪囊外游离。仔细游离肾蒂,解剖出肾动静脉后切断。输尿管均游离至髂血管附近切断。结果 48例手术均顺利完成,无中转开放手术。腹膜破裂5例,肾包膜破裂3例(其中2例脓液外流)。手术时间150～260 min,平均170 min,出血量50～300 ml,平均150 ml。术后住院时间8～14 d,平均9.5 d。切口感染2例。术后抗结核治疗并随访9～18个月,平均12个月,无不适症状,肾功能正常。结论后腹腔镜肾切除术治疗无功能肾结核安全、可靠、有效。     

腹腔镜结核性无功能肾切除的手术技巧

目的总结腹腔镜切除无功能结核肾的手术技巧。方法回顾性分析东莞市常平医院泌尿外科2012年9月至2015年1月15例结核性无功能肾腹腔镜肾切除术,根据患者具体情况采用经腹腔途径或经腹膜后途径,根据粘连情况从不同层面用超声刀游离肾与输尿管,Hem-o-lok结扎阻断肾蒂,把肾放入取物袋后取出。结果 15例腹腔镜无功能结核肾切除术均成功完成,无中转开放手术。其中7例经腹膜后途径,8例经腹腔途径。手术时间为100~220 min,平均160 min;术中出血量100~280 ml,平均156 ml;术后住院时间7~10 d。术中无明显大出血、腹腔内脏器并发症,如肠管损伤等。结论腹腔镜下结核性无功能肾切除难度较大,其手术技巧包括术前充分认识肾周粘连情况,选择合适的手术途径,根据具体情况从3个不同层面进行分离肾脏,谨慎处理肾蒂,尽可能切除结核的输尿管。     

Hem-o-lok结扎夹在腹腔镜肾切除肾蒂处理中的应用

目的:探讨腹腔镜肾切除术中用Hem-o-lok结扎夹处理肾蒂的方法、优势及其应用价值.方法:2004年1月～2006年9月行腹腔镜肾切除术56例,其中38例术中应用Hem-o-lok夹处理肾蒂血管,包括腹腔镜单纯肾切除9例,腹腔镜.肾癌根治术18例,腹腔镜肾输尿管全长切除术11例.观察手术时间、术中出血量、是否中转开放、术后胃肠功能恢复时间、术后住院时间以及术后并发症等情况.结果:应用Hem-o-lok夹处理肾蒂的38例腹腔镜肾切除手术均获成功,无一例转为开放手术,术中术后无肾血管出血及其他严重并发症.手术时间35～270 min,平均165 min;术中出血量50～600 ml,平均187 ml;术后胃肠道功能恢复时间18～72 h,平均32h;术后住院时间7～16天,平均11天.结论:在腹腔镜.肾切除术中,Hem-o-lok结扎夹可以安全快速可靠的处理肾蒂血管,是一种新型有效的血管控制系统,具有广阔的应用前景.     

后腹腔镜下结核性无功能肾切除术

目的探讨后腹腔镜切除结核性无功能肾的有效性及安全性。方法2005年8月～2009年2月,对21例肾结核行后腹腔镜下肾切除术。用等离子钳游离肾脏与输尿管,Hem-o-lok阻断肾蒂,18例肾放入肾袋后取出,3例患侧下腹部取斜行切口处理输尿管及取肾。手术前后均行正规抗结核治疗。结果21例均成功完成肾切除,无一例中转开放手术,手术时间75～210min,平均105min。术中失血量40～220ml,平均100.5ml。术后住院时间4～9d,平均6.5d。术中3例肾包膜撕破造成少量干酪样脓液外渗,腹膜损伤5例。切口一期愈合20例,1例术后局部窦道形成,二次手术,输尿管残端切除术后治愈。随访3～24个月,平均12个月,6例因膀胱挛缩,术后3个月行结肠扩大膀胱术。结论后腹腔镜切除结核性无功能肾创伤小、恢复快,对于结核性无功能肾是一种安全、有效的手术方法。     

后腹腔镜联合腹部小切口根治性肾输尿管切除术治疗肾盂癌的临床研究

目的：探讨后腹腔镜联合腹部小切口根治性肾输尿管切除术治疗肾盂癌的临床应用价值。方法：回顾性分析2002年1月～2007年12月施行的61例后腹腔镜联合腹部小切口根治性肾输尿管切除术（腔镜组）及47例开放性根治性肾输尿管切除术（开放组）的临床资料，比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后肠功能恢复时间、局部复发、切口种植转移等指标。结果：腔镜组平均手术时间120（90～150）min，平均术中出血量60（20～450）ml，平均术后肠功能恢复时间1．5（1～2）天，术后切口感染3例，切口侧下腹部皮肤感觉过敏者5例，无严重并发症出现。开放组平均手术时间150（120～200）min，平均术中出血量150（100～500）ml，平均术后肠功能恢复时间2（1．5～3）天，术后切口感染6例，切口侧下腹部皮肤感觉过敏者15例，无严重并发症出现。腔镜组手术时间、术中出血量、术后肠功能恢复时间明显优于开放组（P〈0．01）。结论：后腹腔镜联合腹部小切口根治性肾输尿管切除较开放性手术治疗肾盂癌具有微创、安全、可靠等特点；无局部重要脏器及大血管浸润和粘连的肾盂癌均适合行后腹腔镜手术切除术。     

后腹腔镜单纯性肾切除术6例报告

目的探讨后腹腔镜单纯性肾切除术的临床价值. 方法采用后腹腔镜行单纯性肾切除术6例,其中输尿管结石致肾积水无功能肾5例,肾结核1例.经后腹腔操作,分离出输尿管显露肾蒂, 肾动脉、肾静脉钛夹夹闭后切断,单纯采用钛夹处理肾蒂切除肾脏. 结果手术均获成功,无手术并发症发生.手术时间130～220 min,平均150 min;术中出血量80～150 ml,平均120 ml;术后住院5～7 d.5例输尿管结石随访3个月,肾功能正常;1例肾输尿管结核抗结核治疗6个月,随访无复发,血肌酐120 μmol/L稍高于正常. 结论腹腔镜单纯性肾切除术创伤小、恢复快,可成为单纯性肾切除的金标准术式.     

Retroperitoneoscopic subcapsular nephrectomy for infective nonfunctioning kidney with dense perinephric adhesions

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and clinical efficacy of retroperitoneoscopic subcapsular nephrectomy for infective nonfunctioning kidneys with dense perinephric adhesions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twelve patients underwent retroperitoneoscopic subcapsular nephrectomy; the operative duration, blood loss, intestinal functional recovery time, complications during surgery and efficacy were recorded. Dissociation and ligation of the renal pedicle was the most important step, at which the renal capsule was cut near the renal hilum using a harmonic scalpel, and the fatty tissue around the renal hilum dissected carefully. The renal pedicle was then ligated and divided using an endoscopic linear stapler-cutter after the renal pedicle tissues had been separated to an adequate thickness. RESULTS: All 12 operations were successful and none required conversion to open surgery. The mean (SD, range) operative duration was 82.9 (22.3, 45-120) min, the blood loss 51.4 (12.2, 30-75) mL and the intestinal functional recovery time 12-48 h. There were no complications during or after the surgery, and in the follow-up of 1-15 months the short-term results were satisfactory. CONCLUSION: Retroperitoneoscopic subcapsular nephrectomy can be used safely to remove an infected and heavily adhesive nonfunctioning kidney, with minimal trauma and blood loss, and with faster recovery than after an open subcapsular nephrectomy.     

后腹腔镜结核性无功能肾切除术的临床体会

目的:探讨后腹腔镜肾切除术治疗无功能性肾结核的临床应用价值。方法:2008年9月至2011年9月为32例肾结核患者行后腹腔镜结核性肾切除术。术中使用超声刀游离肾脏与输尿管,阻断肾蒂,切除的肾脏放入肾袋取出。手术前、后均行正规抗结核治疗。结果:32例手术均获成功,无一例中转开放手术。手术时间90～200 min,平均130 min;术中出血量30～140 ml,平均60 ml;术后住院5～9 d,平均7.1 d;术中、术后无明显并发症发生。结论:后腹腔镜肾切除术治疗结核性无功能肾安全、有效、微创,为肾结核的手术治疗提供了新途径。术前需积极进行抗痨治疗,术中科学、合理、仔细操作。     

Retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy for pyonephrotic kidneys

PURPOSE: To assess the feasibility and efficacy of retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy for pyonephrotic kidneys. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From July 2003 to December 2005, 67 patients underwent retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy for nonfunctioning pyonephrotic kidneys. The patients were assessed for operative time, blood loss, analgesic requirement, conversion rate, and hospital stay. RESULTS: Retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy could be accomplished in 58 patients (86.5%). The mean operative time and blood loss were 168 minutes and 101 mL, respectively. The mean postoperative analgesic requirement was 100 mg of diclofenac sodium. The mean hospital stay was 3.4 days. CONCLUSION: Retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy can be accomplished successfully and safely in the majority of patients with pyonephrosis and may be considered as the primary treatment. However, this is a difficult procedure, and experience in routine retroperitoneal nephrectomy is recommended prior to doing a case.     

后腹腔镜结核性无功能肾切除术23例报告

目的:探讨后腹腔镜结核性无功能肾切除术的临床应用价值。方法:回顾分析2012年7月至2016年3月为23例结核性无功能肾患者行后腹腔镜肾切除术的临床资料,其中男9例,女14例,平均(39±3)岁;患者均为无功能肾,右侧11例,左侧12例。经过2周抗结核治疗后患者均行后腹腔镜肾切除术。结果:23例患者均成功完成肾切除术,无一例中转开放手术。手术时间73～196 min,平均(125±12)min;术中失血量79～420 ml,平均(198±17)ml;术后住院5～10 d,平均(7.5±0.7)d。术中均未发生脓肾破裂、腹膜损伤,其中1例术后发生输尿管残端积脓感染,二期行输尿管切除术。随访1～36个月,平均(17.0±1.3)个月,肾功能正常。结论:后腹腔镜结核性无功能肾切除术具有良好的安全性、可行性,值得在具备条件的医院推广应用。但因腹膜外空间较小,且结核肾周围粘连较重,对术者技术水平要求较高,需熟练掌握解剖,严格把握手术适应证,术中仔细辨认组织层次。     

Outcome of retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy for benign nonfunctioning kidney: a single-center experience

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the feasibility and outcome of retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy for benign nonfunctioning kidneys and compare it with open simple nephrectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 1998 to December 2006, 505 retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomies were performed. In the same time period, 112 open nephrectomies were also performed. In the retroperitoneoscopic group, the mean age was 39 years (range 15-74 years); 204 (40.4%) were men and 301 (59.6%) were women. Forty in this group had a history of surgery. Thirty-six patients had a pyonephrotic kidney; 33 of these patients had undergone percutaneous nephrostomy preoperatively. The cause of the nonfunctioning kidney was ureteropelvic junction obstruction in 198 patients, calculus disease in 193 patients, genitourinary tuberculosis in 48 patients, renal dysplasia in 19 patients, anomalous kidney in 20 patients, and renovascular hypertension in 16 patients. In 11 patients, there were other causes for the nonfunctioning kidney. RESULTS: Retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy was performed in 476 (94.2%) patients. Conversion to open nephrectomy was necessary in 25 patients. The mean operative time was 85 minutes (range 45-240 min) in the retroperitoneoscopic group and 70 minutes (range 35-120 min) in the open group. The mean blood loss was 110 mL (range 30-600 mL) in the retroperitoneoscopic group and 170 mL (range 70-500 mL) in the open group. Four (0.8%) patients in the retroperitoneoscopic group needed a blood transfusion, whereas 5 (4.5%) patients in the open group had a blood transfusion. The hospital stay in the retroperitoneoscopic group was 3 days (range 1-7 d) and was 5 days (range 3-12 d) in the open group. CONCLUSIONS: Retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy, although technically challenging, is becoming a gold standard for patients with nonfunctioning kidneys caused by benign conditions.     

The role of retroperitoneoscopy in the management of renal and adrenal pathology.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the technique, findings and results of retroperitoneoscopic ablation of recalcitrant renal, giant adrenal and complex peripelvic cysts, and nephrectomy for nonfunctioning congenital anomalous kidneys. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Nine patients (six men and three women, mean age 56 years, range 44-68, five with renal, two with adrenal and two with peripelvic cysts, diameter 6-14 cm) were treated by retroperitoneoscopic cyst ablation using three 10-mm ports. Six further patients (two male and four female, mean age 24 years, range 13-38) underwent retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy using three or four ports for anomalous nonfunctioning kidneys; three patients had a pelvic kidney, two a horseshoe kidney and one an iliac kidney. Isthmusectomy was also performed in the patients with horseshoe kidneys. RESULTS: Retroperitoneoscopic cyst ablation was successful in all nine patients; the mean (range) operative duration was 69 (50-85) min in patients with simple renal and adrenal cysts, and 185 (160-210) min in patients with peripelvic cysts. The mean (range) blood loss was 130 (50-200) mL and hospital stay 2.33 (2-4) days. At the last follow-up, 15-39 months after the procedure, all patients were asymptomatic and satisfied with the outcome, with no recurrence of cysts. Retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy with isthmusectomy (when applicable) was successful in the six patients with anomalous kidneys, with a mean (range) operative duration of 105 (85-120) min; the mean (range) blood loss was 116 (75-150) mL and the analgesic requirement 208 (150-250) mg of diclofenac sodium. The hospital stay was 2-3 days and the delay before return to preoperative activity 7-14 days. CONCLUSIONS: Retroperitoneoscopic cyst ablation is a safe and effective method to treat symptomatic cysts of the upper urinary tract which are refractory to other forms of management. Dissection is difficult in patients with peripelvic cysts. Retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy for anomalous kidneys is a challenging procedure because of the abnormal location, anomalous vessels and presence of an isthmus. With advances in laparoscopy and increasing experience, open surgery for such conditions is likely to become obsolete.     

Comparison of retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy with open surgery for tuberculous nonfunctioning kidneys

PURPOSE: We describe, define and evaluate the role of retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy for tuberculous nonfunctioning kidneys, and compare the results with those of open nephrectomy in similar cases in a nonrandomized study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Beginning in July 1994, 9 patients underwent retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy for tuberculous nonfunctioning kidneys at our center. Data obtained from the records of these patients were compared with those of 9 who underwent open nephrectomy for a similar indication during the same period. Retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy was initially performed by kidney dissection followed by ligation of the hilar vessels. The technique was subsequently modified and the vessels controlled before dissecting the kidney. Various parameters were compared and statistical analysis was done. RESULTS: The 2 groups were similar in regard to patient age, gender and side of disease. Retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy was successful in 7 of the 9 patients. Although 2 of our initial patients required conversion to open surgery, the remaining 7 successfully underwent retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy after modifying the technique. Mean operative time was slightly greater in the retroperitoneoscopy than in the open surgery group (103.3 versus 92.2 minutes). Mean blood loss was less in the retroperitoneoscopy group (101.4 versus 123.3 ml.), mean hospital stay plus or minus standard deviation was significantly shorter (3.2 +/- 0.83 versus 8.88 +/- 3.37 days) and mean time to return to work was significantly less (3 versus 7 weeks). Mean analgesic requirement for opioids and diclofenac sodium was also lower in the retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy group (0 versus 1.44 +/- 0.72 and 3.8 +/- 1.3 versus 4.3 +/- 1.2 doses, respectively). Minor complications developed in only 2 retroperitoneoscopy cases. CONCLUSIONS: Tuberculosis has been considered a contraindication to retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy due to a high conversion rate. However, we believe that our modified technique of retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy is a viable option for managing tuberculous nonfunctioning kidneys. The conversion rate is lower than previously reported. Comparing our results with those of open nephrectomy shows that retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy is beneficial in all respects except for slightly longer operative time. Because of the benefits of minimally invasive surgery, this approach should be considered in such cases.