早产小于胎龄儿生长代谢的临床研究

目的 探讨早产小于胎龄儿（SGA）与适于胎龄儿（AGA）在住院期间生长代谢的差异,为临床对早产SGA进行营养干预提供依据。方法 1 370例早产儿纳入研究,根据胎龄与出生体重的关系分为SGA组（675例）与AGA组（695例）,比较两组早产儿住院期间的一般情况、体格增长及血生化指标等情况。结果 SGA组住院天数长于AGA组（P < 0.05）。与AGA组相比,SGA组出院体重、出院体重Z评分及出院身长均较低,宫外生长迟缓发生率较高（P < 0.05）,头围增长速率大于AGA组。与AGA组相比,SGA组达全肠内喂养时间及需肠外营养时间均较长（P < 0.05）。SGA组入院时白蛋白、前白蛋白、血清磷、出院前总胆汁酸高于AGA组,白蛋白低于AGA组（P < 0.05）。SGA组窒息、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征、心肌损伤、喂养不耐受、肺炎、败血症、低血糖、低甲状腺素血症的发生率高于AGA组（P < 0.05）。结论 早产SGA住院期间体格发育明显落后于AGA,宫外生长迟缓发生率较高,更易出现并发症。     

早产小于胎龄儿校正0～24月龄追赶生长的纵向研究

目的 了解早产小于胎龄儿（small for gestational age, SGA）和适于胎龄儿（appropriate for gestational age, AGA）校正0～24月龄期间生长发育状况和差异,为早产儿早期健康干预提供依据。方法 回顾性选取2019年7月—2022年7月在广州市妇女儿童医疗中心定期保健的824例早产儿作为研究对象,其中SGA 144例,AGA680例。分析和比较SGA组和AGA组出生及校正0～24月龄的体格发育数据。结果 SGA组在校正0～18月龄期间的体重和身长均落后于同月龄AGA组（P<0.05）,而校正24月龄时,两组的体重和身长比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。校正24月龄时,85%(34/40) SGA早产儿和79%(74/94) AGA早产儿完成追赶生长。按胎龄分层分析的结果显示：胎龄<34周SGA亚组体重、身长在校正0～9月龄与胎龄<34周和≥34周AGA亚组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;胎龄≥34周SGA亚组体重、身长分别在校正0～18月龄和校正0～12月龄与胎龄<34周和≥34周AG...     

小于胎龄儿婴儿期肺功能初步探讨

目的 比较小于胎龄儿（SGA）和适于胎龄儿（AGA）婴儿期肺功能的差异。方法 2010 年 7 月至 2013 年 7 月在深圳市儿童医院NICU住院的胎龄<36周、无明显影响肺功能疾病的SGA为SGA组;出生体重与SGA组匹配的AGA为AGA组。两组均于纠正胎龄12月龄随访时行潮气呼吸和功能残气量检测,比较两组肺功能参数的差异。多元线性回归分析SGA组影响小气道功能的因素。结果 SGA 组 20 例（男 12 例,女 8 例）,AGA 组 30 例（男 17 例,女 13 例）进入分析。两组在出生体重和身长,机械通气天数等基线数据差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;SGA 组胎龄和用氧天数高于 AGA 组,SGA组随访时体重和身长均低于 AGA 组（P＜0.05）。①在纠正胎龄12 月龄随访时两组呼吸频率、潮气量、每公斤潮气量、分钟通气量和功能残气量的差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）; 呼气达峰时间、呼气达峰容积、呼气达峰时间比、呼气达峰容积比,75%、50%和25%潮气量时呼气流速,SGA 组均低于 AGA 组（P＜0.05）。②两组NICU出院至肺功能检测期间下呼吸道感染≥3次的比例,SGA组为90%（18/20）,AGA组为50%（15/30）,差异有统计学意义。③多元线性回归显示,SGA组25%潮气量时呼气流速与检测肺功能随访时身长、体重呈正相关,与吸氧天数呈负相关。结论 SGA 婴儿期肺容积参数与出生体重相近的AGA相近,但气道阻力高于AGA,可能与SGA生后肺发育迟缓相关。     

小于胎龄儿相关因素的研究

为了解不同类型胎儿体格发育（出生体重，身长，头围）情况及小于胎龄儿相关因素，自1999年5月－2000年12月，对在我院分娩的单胎活产新生儿及其母亲424对，进行前瞻性调查。结果显示：小于胎龄儿（SGA）36例，发生率为8．5％，适于胎龄儿（AGA）294例，大于胎龄儿（LGA）94例，SGA组除出生体重外，身长，头围三项指标均低，与AGA组有非常显著意义（P值均＜0．001），影响SGA体格发育Logistic回归分析：最主要危险因素为母孕早期剧吐，被动吸烟，贫血，羊水量过少和母患妊高征，母亲身高，文化程度，胎盘重量与胎儿体格发育呈正相关，SGA组新生儿生后五天内发病率最高为33．3％，与AGA组的2．7％比较有非常显著意义（P＜0．01），因此，防治常见妊娠合并症，加强孕期营养，提高自我保护意识，将有助于降低SGA发生。     

适于胎龄儿和小于胎龄儿小脑发育的对比研究

目的 探讨适于胎龄儿（AGA）和小于胎龄儿（SGA）的小脑发育是否存在差异。方法 选取165例胎龄25~40⁺⁶周的AGA和105例相应胎龄的SGA纳入研究。于新生儿出生24~48 h内采用超声测量小脑横径、小脑蚓部高度、小脑蚓部面积、小脑蚓部周长、小脑横径切面小脑面积、小脑横径切面小脑周长。采用Pearson相关分析法进行各测量值与胎龄关系的分析。结果 不论AGA还是SGA,小脑各测量值和胎龄均呈正相关（r=0.50~0.81,P < 0.05）。AGA和SGA各测量值在胎龄25~27⁺⁶周、28~30⁺⁶周、31~33⁺⁶周亚组中的比较差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）,但在胎龄34~36⁺⁶周、37~40⁺⁶周亚组中,SGA的各测量值均明显低于AGA（P < 0.05）。结论 胎龄 < 34周SGA的宫内小脑发育与同胎龄的AGA类似,而≥34周SGA的宫内小脑发育落后于AGA。     

小于胎龄儿生后早期肾脏功能初探

目的对小于胎龄儿(SGA)生后早期肾脏功能进行回顾性对照研究,以探寻SGA儿早期肾功能损害的诊断方法。方法选择早产SGA儿40例、足月SGA儿33例作为研究组,并以早产适于胎龄儿(AGA)80例、足月儿AGA 33例作为对照组。比较各组入院48 h内血清尿素氮(BUN)、血清肌酐(SCr)、估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)、血压、单位体重尿量以及蛋白尿的发生情况。结果早产儿SGA组的BUN低于AGA组(P0.05),两组间SCr、eGFR、血压的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。与足月儿AGA组比较,SGA组的SCr较高、eGFR较低,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);两组间BUN、血压的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。早产儿或足月儿AGA与SGA之间单位体重尿量的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。早产儿AGA与SGA之间蛋白尿发生率的差异无统计学意义(P0.05),足月儿AGA与SGA组均无蛋白尿发生。结论 SCr、eGFR对评估SGA早期肾脏损害较为敏感。足月儿SGA较AGA肾脏功能减低。     

适于胎龄儿和小于胎龄儿小脑发育的对比研究

目的 探讨适于胎龄儿（AGA）和小于胎龄儿（SGA）的小脑发育是否存在差异。方法 选取165例胎龄25~40⁺⁶周的AGA和105例相应胎龄的SGA纳入研究。于新生儿出生24~48 h内采用超声测量小脑横径、小脑蚓部高度、小脑蚓部面积、小脑蚓部周长、小脑横径切面小脑面积、小脑横径切面小脑周长。采用Pearson相关分析法进行各测量值与胎龄关系的分析。结果 不论AGA还是SGA,小脑各测量值和胎龄均呈正相关（r=0.50~0.81,P < 0.05）。AGA和SGA各测量值在胎龄25~27⁺⁶周、28~30⁺⁶周、31~33⁺⁶周亚组中的比较差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）,但在胎龄34~36⁺⁶周、37~40⁺⁶周亚组中,SGA的各测量值均明显低于AGA（P < 0.05）。结论 胎龄 < 34周SGA的宫内小脑发育与同胎龄的AGA类似,而≥34周SGA的宫内小脑发育落后于AGA。     

早产小于胎龄儿和适于胎龄儿生长发育状况随访分析

目的观察早产小于胎龄儿(SGA)和适于胎龄儿(AGA)出院后体格生长及智能发育状况。方法选择2009年2月至2012年12月出院的早产儿220例,根据出生时状况分为SGA组和AGA组,在矫正月龄7个月内定期测量身长、体质量、身长,头围,并由专职人员进行发育商测试,比较两组间差异。结果纠正1~6月龄SGA组体质量Z值均小于AGA组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);纠正7月龄差异无统计学意义(P0.05);纠正1~5月龄SGA组身长Z值均小于AGA组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),纠正6月龄之后差异消失;纠正1~7月龄SGA组头围Z值均小于AGA组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。SGA组及AGA组在纠正5~7月龄发育商分别为96.7±9.2及102.9±9.9,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);SGA组大运动、认知及语言能区得分均低于AGA组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 SGA早产儿在纠正7月龄内体质量追赶性生长较好,但身长追赶性生长则相对较差,头围追赶最差;SGA早产儿纠正5~7月龄智能发育水平总体落后于AGA早产儿,尤以大运动、认知和语言能区落后较明显。     

小于胎龄儿相关因素的研究

为了解不同类型胎儿体格发育(出生体重、身长、头围)情况及小于胎龄儿相关因素,自1999年5月～2000年12月,对在我院分娩的单胎活产新生儿及其母亲424对,进行前瞻性调查.结果显示小于胎龄儿(SGA)36例,发生率为8.5%,适于胎龄儿(AGA)294例,大于胎龄儿(LGA)94例,SGA组除出生体重外,身长、头围三项指标均低,与AGA组有非常显著意义(P值均＜0.001).影响SGA体格发育Logis-tic回归分析最主要危险因素为母孕早期剧吐、被动吸烟、贫血、羊水量过少和母患妊高征.母亲身高、文化程度、胎盘重量与胎儿体格发育呈正相关.SGA组新生儿生后五天内发病率最高为33.3%,与AGA组的2.7%比较有非常显著意义(P＜0.01).因此,防治常见妊娠合并症,加强孕期营养,提高自我保护意识,将有助于降低SGA发生.     

足月小于胎龄儿胃饥饿素、胰岛素样生长因子-1及瘦素关系的研究

目的探讨胃饥饿素（Ghrelin）、胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）及瘦素（Leptin）在足月小于胎龄儿（SGA）中的作用及其关系。方法本院产科出生的足月SGA和适于胎龄儿（AGA）各30例,生后测量体重、身长、头围,并计算体重指数（BMI）,生后第3天测定血Ghrelin、IGF-1及Lep-tin水平。结果 SGA组体重、身长、头围、BMI均明显低于AGA组[（2280±190）g比（3220±320）g,（46.3±1.8）cm比（50.5±2.0）cm,（31.8±1.1）cm比（33.6±1.1）cm,（10.6±0.8）cm比（12.6±0.9）cm,P均〈0.05]。SGA组血清IGF-1及Leptin水平均低于AGA组[（49.6±10.3）μg/L比（55.3±9.9）μg/L,（2.4±0.8）μg/L比（3.0±1.0）μg/L],血浆Ghrelin水平高于AGA组[（25.2±11.0）μg/L比（17.3±7.4）μg/L],P均〈0.05。两组IGF-1与体重呈正相关,Leptin与体重、身长呈正相关,Ghrelin与体重、BMI呈负相关,P均〈0.05。两组Ghrelin水平与IGF-1呈负相关,IGF-1与Leptin呈正相关;SGA组Ghrelin水平与Leptin呈负相关,P均〈0.05。结论生后早期SGA新生儿存在高Ghrelin、低IGF-1、低Leptin水平状态。Ghrelin、IGF-1及Leptin共同参与胎儿宫内营养的调节,相互起协同及拮抗作用。     

Pubertal growth and development and prenatal and lactational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene

OBJECTIVES: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene (DDE) are ubiquitous toxic environmental contaminants. Prenatal and early life exposures affect pubertal events in experimental animals. We studied whether prenatal or lactational exposures to background levels of PCBs or DDE were associated with altered pubertal growth and development in humans.Study design: Follow-up of 594 children from an existing North Carolina cohort whose prenatal and lactational exposures had previously been measured. Height, weight, and stage of pubertal development were assessed through annual mail questionnaires. RESULTS: Height of boys at puberty increased with transplacental exposure to DDE, as did weight adjusted for height; adjusted means for those with the highest exposures (maternal concentration 4+ ppm fat) were 6.3 cm taller and 6.9 kg larger than those with the lowest (0 to 1 ppm). There was no effect on the ages at which pubertal stages were attained. Lactational exposures to DDE had no apparent effects; neither did transplacental or lactational exposure to PCBs. Girls with the highest transplacental PCB exposures were heavier for their heights than other girls by 5.4 kg, but differences were significant only if the analysis was restricted to white girls. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal exposures at background levels may affect body size at puberty.     

Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia in Infants and Children: Pathophysiology and Treatment

Potassium is the second most abundant cation in the body. About 98% of potassium is intracellular and that is particularly in the skeletal muscle. Electrical disturbances associated with disorders of potassium homeostasis are a function of both the extracellular and intracellular potassium concentrations. Clinical disorders of potassium homeostasis occur with some regularity, especially in hospitalized patients receiving many medications. This article will review the pathophysiology of potassium homeostasis, symptoms, causes, and treatment of hypo- and hyperkalemia.     

Prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents

Increasing numbers of obese children and adolescents all over the world demand an investment in the primary and secondary prevention of obesity and overweight in this age group. The goal of preventive measures in children is to avoid the negative short- and long-term health problems associated with obesity. Primary prevention aims at establishing a healthy, active lifestyle and keeping children and adolescents within a range of body weight which is considered to be healthy. Constant availability and affordability of palatable and energy-dense food in the affluent society of the western world demands preventive strategies. Universal or public health prevention seems to be the most suitable form because several other cofactors of morbidity and mortality of affluent societies can also be prevented. However, in most European countries there is a lack of awareness of the necessity of prevention programmes, not only among the general population but also among the medical society. More awareness and consciousness to the problem of obesity must be generated in order to lead to effective therapeutic programmes. For those children and adolescents who are already obese, secondary prevention is mandatory. Therapeutic intervention programmes for the obese aim at long-term weight maintenance and normalisation of body weight and body fat. They have to modify eating and exercise behaviour of the obese child and establish new, healthier behaviour and lifestyle. Treatments programmes must include behavioural components in order to permanently change nutrition and physical exercise of the obese children and adolescents. However, long-term results of treatment programmes in European countries are scarce and the reported results, even of multidisciplinary regimens, are not impressive. Conclusion In most European countries there is an urgent need not only for a growing awareness of the problem of obesity in children and adolescents but also for development of new comprehensive approaches in treating this group.