深静脉血栓的血管内溶栓治疗

通过对深静脉血栓的血管内溶栓治疗分析，提供一种有效的治疗静脉血栓的新方法。本组７例，左髂总静脉血栓４例，左髂外静脉２例，右髂外静脉１例，７例均先插管逆，顺行静脉造影确定血栓长度及病变程度。     

下肢深静脉血栓形成的时间与导管局部溶栓疗效关系

目的探讨经导管局部溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的溶栓时间与疗效关系。方法56例患者,病程1~14 d者22例(A组),病程15~40 d者34例(B组)。全部患者均经右颈内静脉途径置入导管行尿激酶溶栓治疗。结果A组:导管溶栓时间为5~11 d,平均为(7.1±5.9)d;血栓完全溶解19例(86.4%),部分溶解3例(13.6%)。B组:导管溶栓时间为7~18 d,平均为(11.3±7.2)d,显著高于A组(P<0.05),血栓完全溶解28例(82.4%),部分溶解6例(17.6%),2组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论对于病程较长的下肢DVT,延长导管溶栓时间,可获得较好的疗效。     

Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis of Acute Deep Vein Thrombosis in the Lower Extremity of a Child with Interrupted Inferior Vena Cava

We present the case of a 14-year-old girl who developed acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in her right lower extremity. Laboratory testing revealed protein S deficiency, and the patient’s father also had this abnormality with a history of lower extremity DVT. Manual thromboaspiration followed by catheter-directed thrombolysis resulted in total clearance of all thrombi. Computed tomography and later venography revealed an interrupted inferior vena cava. Catheter-directed thrombolysis is an established treatment for adults with acute DVT. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first to describe catheter-directed thrombolysis in a pediatric patient with lower extremity DVT. Our results suggest that catheter-directed thrombolysis is safe and effective for use in selected older children and adolescents with acute DVT in the lower extremity.     

Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis with Percutaneous Rheolytic Thrombectomy Versus Thrombolysis Alone in Upper and Lower Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis

Purpose To compare the efficacy of catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) alone versus CDT with rheolytic percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy (PMT) for upper and lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Methods A retrospective cohort of consecutive patients with acute iliofemoral or brachiosubclavian DVT treated with urokinase CDT was identified, and a chart review was conducted. Demographic characteristics, treatment duration, total lytic dose, clot lysis rates and complications were compared in patients treated with urokinase CDT alone or combined CDT and rheolytic PMT. Results Forty limbs in 36 patients were treated with urokinase CDT alone. Twenty-seven limbs in 21 patients were treated with urokinase CDT and rheolytic PMT. The mean treatment duration for urokinase CDT alone was 48.0 ± 27.1 hr compared with 26.3 ± 16.6 hr for urokinase CDT and rheolytic PMT (p = 0.0004). The mean urokinase dose required for CDT alone was 5.6 ± 5.3 million units compared with 2.7 ± 1.8 million units for urokinase CDT with rheolytic PMT (p = 0.008). Complete clot lysis was achieved in 73% (29/40) of DVT treated with urokinase CDT alone compared with 82% (22/27) treated with urokinase CDT with rheolytic PMT. Conclusion Percutaneous CDT with rheolytic PMT is as effective as CDT alone for acute proximal extremity DVT but requires significantly shorter treatment duration and lower lytic doses. Randomized studies to confirm the benefits of pharmacomechanical thrombolysis in the treatment of acute proximal extremity DVT are warranted.     

Endovascular Treatment for Lower Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis: An Overview

Lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a serious medical condition that can result in local pain and gait disturbance. DVT progression can also lead to death or major disability as a result of pulmonary embolism, postthrombotic syndrome, or limb amputation. However, early thrombus removal can rapidly relieve symptoms and prevent disease progression. Various endovascular procedures have been developed in the recent years to treat DVT, and endovascular treatment has been established as one of the major therapeutic methods to treat lower extremity DVT. However, the treatment of lower extremity DVT varies according to the disease duration, location of affected vessels, and the presence of symptoms. This article reviews and discusses effective endovascular treatment methods for lower extremity DVT.     

彩色多普勒血流显像在检查下肢深静脉血栓中的应用

目的：探讨彩色多普勒血流显像在诊断下肢深静脉血栓中的价值。材料和方法：对３５例下肢深静脉血栓患者进行彩超检查，年龄２５～７２岁，平４６８岁，其中２６例被Ｘ线静脉造影证实，２例手术证实。结果：下肢深静脉血栓的声像图特征是静脉管腔内出现实性回声，探头加压管腔不能被压瘪；彩色多普勒显示病变处缺乏血流信号或血流信号消失；脉冲多普勒显示频谱异常，即不随呼吸变化。结论：彩色多普勒血流显像具有操作简单，无创伤，可重复检查等优点，是检查下肢深静脉血栓的敏感方法。     

血栓消融器(ATD)在下肢深静脉血栓形成治疗中的应用

目的　评价血栓消融器 (ATD)在下肢深静脉血栓形成 (LEDVT)的介入治疗中的应用价值。方法　LEDVT患者 17例 ,病变在左侧髂股静脉 8例 ,右侧髂股静脉 7例 ,双侧髂股静脉 2例。经健侧股静脉 (或右颈内静脉 )穿刺先置入下腔静脉滤器 ,然后经患侧股静脉或静脉穿刺插管 ,行血栓消融术 ,并结合血管内溶栓治疗。结果　本组 17例患者 ,技术成功率为 10 0 % ( 17/17)。临床疗效 :痊愈 3例、显效 11例、有效 3例 ,总有效率为 10 0 % ( 17/17)。无严重并发症发生。术后表现为髂 -股静脉通畅 ,肿胀消退。随访无复发。结论　采用ATD行血栓消融术并配合综合溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓是简单实用、安全有效的介入治疗方法     

顺行性下肢深静脉造影表现及临床意义

目的：评价顺行性下肢深静脉造影对下肢静脉疾病诊断、分类及治疗的临床价值。材料与方法：327例病人（447条病肢）采用顺行性下肢深静脉造影，适时点片。结果：原发性深静脉瓣膜功能不全226条（59。5％），深静脉血栓形成后综合征110条（24．6％），原发性浅静脉瓣膜功能不全26条（5．9％），急性深静脉血栓形成23条（5．1％），先天性静脉发育异常13条（2．9％），静脉瘤样病变7条（1．5％）。结论：顺行性下肢深静脉造影对下肢静脉疾病的诊断、分类、治疗有重大指导意义。     

急性下肢深静脉血栓溶栓15例疗效分析

目的探讨尿激酶治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓（ADVT）的疗效。方法对15例急性下肢深静脉血栓（ADVT）患者采用尿激酶溶栓治疗。结果溶栓后14天进行疗效判断。本组病例显效10例,有效4例,无效1例,总有效率93．33％。结论应用尿激酶治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓（ADVT）的疗效确切。     

急性下肢深静脉血栓形成腔内治疗的中远期疗效观察

目的：评估血管腔内治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）的中远期疗效。 方法：选取2007年10月至2017年5月东莞市人民医院收治的180例下肢DVT患者,其中120例接受血管腔内治疗联合导管接触性溶栓治疗（介入组）;60例在足量抗凝治疗基础上,经患肢足背静脉局部溶栓（对照组）;所有患者出院后抗凝治疗2年;介入组26例患者停止抗凝后血栓复发,再次接受血管腔内治疗,其后终身抗凝治疗;比较两组的治疗效果、髂静脉通畅率及血栓后综合征（PTS）发生率。 结果：介入组的有效率明显优于对照组（100% vs. 86.7%）,差异有统计学意义（Z=113.679,P<0.05）;介入组治疗1、2、5、10年后,患侧髂静脉血管通畅率分别为89.2%、95%、84.6%、100%,远高于对照组的8.3%、5%、0%、0%;介入组PTS发生率（13.3%）明显低于单纯抗凝治疗组（46.7%）,差异有统计学意义。 结论：血管腔内治疗能有效提高DVT患者的治疗效果,降低PTS的发生率,血管腔内治疗急性DVT安全、有效。     

Case Report: Upper Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis in a 19-Year-Old Baseball Player

Abstract

This report describes a case of a collegiate baseball player who presented with 3 weeks of worsening right shoulder pain and mild swelling and faint discoloration of the right arm and hand. He was found to have a nonocclusive clot in his brachial vein and was treated with anticoagulants. This was his second lifetime thrombosis. A hematologic workup revealed no evidence of a hereditary origin, and thrombosis was believed to be related to recent exertion (baseball throwing). Upper extremity deep vein thromboses are extremely uncommon. However, because they can have potentially life-threatening consequences, deep vein thromboses must be on the differential for any athlete who presents with increased pain, swelling, or discoloration of an extremity.     

超声引导下置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓

目的 探讨超声引导下经皮置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的临床应用价值.方法 自2009年9月至2011年9月共收治下肢DVT患者34例,均采用下腔静脉滤器置入后,患肢在超声引导下经皮置管,持续导管内给予溶栓药物尿激酶50 万u/d和肝素5 000 u/d,交替使用.其中2例患者合并下腔静脉血栓,采用经颈静脉途径释放下腔静脉滤器;2例患者采用大隐静脉置管;其余均采用经皮腘静脉置管.结果 所有患者均置管成功,放置溶栓导管5 ～ 7 d.27例患者术后下肢肿胀基本消失,活动能力明显改善.5例患者活动后仍有较明显乏力和沉重感.1例患者术后3个月复发,再次置管后好转.1例患者术后6个月复发合并健侧下肢DVT,采用外周血管溶栓治疗.所有患者均采用DSA了解溶栓情况,26例患者髂股静脉术后连续性通畅,8例患者阶段性通畅.结论 超声引导下经皮置管溶栓治疗具有创伤小、定位准确、药物剂量个人化以及溶栓率高等优点,是治疗DVT的有效方法.     

Catheter-directed thrombolysis of proximal lower extremity deep vein thrombosis: a prospective trial with venographic and clinical follow-up

Purpose

To prospectively evaluate the primary and long-term venographic and clinical results of catheter-directed thrombolysis in the treatment of proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of lower extremity.

Materials and methods

Fifty-six patients with mean age of 48 (range 15–81) years with acute DVT (symptom duration of less than 2 weeks), extending to high femoral (16 patients) or iliac vein (40 patients) were treated with selective catheter-directed thrombolysis. The mean total dose of 3.8 (range 1.0–8.1) million units of urokinase was administered during a mean of 39 (range 6–72) hours. Endovascular stenting was performed in 9 of the iliac DVT patients.

Results

Complete procedural venographic success was achieved in 79% of patients. Major complications were noted in 7% of patients and the total rate of complications was 13%. Mean venographic follow-up was 3.5 years (range 3 months to 9.6 years); well preserved femoral vein valves and fully recanalized deep crural veins were observed in 83% and 57% of patients. Normal clinical findings in the affected limb were noted during the latest follow-up visit in 67% of patients. Clinical post-thrombotic syndrome occurred in 9% of patients.

Conclusion

Catheter-directed thrombolysis achieves good primary success with acceptable complication rate and effectively reduces prevalence of post-thrombotic syndrome.     

AngioJet药物机械偶联血栓清除术治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的 探讨AngioJet药物机械偶联血栓清除术治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的效果与并发症.方法 回顾性分析2015年2月至2016年8月通过AngioJet药物机械偶联血栓清除术治疗的22例急性下肢DVT患者临床资料,依据患者术后临床症状缓解情况及血栓清除率评估治疗效果,观察手术相关并发症发生情况.结果 22例患者术后症状即刻缓解,患健肢大腿周径差由术前(4.5±0.6) cm下降至术后(1.0±0.4) cm(P＜0.05).尿激酶平均剂量(18.4±3.1)万U,平均溶栓时间(4.2±0.7)h.19例DVT完全清除(＞90％),2例大部分清除(50％～90％),1例部分清除(＜50％).术后6例患者出现短暂性血红蛋白尿,经补液水化后当日缓解,无肺栓塞、大出血等并发症发生.结论 AngioJet药物机械偶联血栓清除术治疗急性下肢DVT安全有效,并发症少.     

经腘静脉置管接触性溶栓治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成应用价值研究

目的探讨经患侧腘静脉置管接触性溶栓(CDT)治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2012年3月至2017年3月收治的39例应用经患侧腘静脉CDT治疗急性DVT患者的临床资料。所有患者均在腔静脉滤器保护下经患侧腘静脉置管CDT。记录置管成功率,健、患肢周径差值,静脉血栓评分,静脉再通率,深静脉瓣膜保存率,介入治疗并发症与下肢深静脉血栓形成后综合征(PTS)的发生率等指标并评价疗效。结果所有患者均穿刺置管成功,置管成功率为100.0%(39/39)。患者治疗前后的健、患肢周径差值分别为(6.12±1.03)cm与(2.55±0.76)cm,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),肢体肿胀消退明显。患者治疗前后静脉血栓评分为(5.73±0.94)分与(2.13±1.60)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),血栓消融明显,静脉再通率为(64.23%±16.21%)。39例患者中,1例患者出现置管处炎症,1例患者出现穿刺处血肿,1例患者溶栓后出现髂静脉狭窄并行髂静脉支架植入术治疗,即介入治疗并发症的发生率为7.7%(3/39)。随访6~12个月,34例患者完成随访,随访率为87.2%(34/39),无DVT复发与肺栓塞发生。深静脉瓣膜保存率为(76.14%±9.15%),PTS的发生率为15.4%(6/39)。结论应用经患侧腘静脉CDT治疗急性DVT安全有效。     

尿激酶和前列腺素E1联合不同给药方法溶解下肢深静脉血栓的临床研究

目的寻找一种更好的下肢深静脉血栓的溶栓方法。方法将静脉内联合应用尿激酶和前列腺素E1、患肢股动脉注射尿激酶联合静滴前列腺素E1与静脉单用尿激酶作对照研究,比较三种治疗方法血管再通率的变化。以血管造影为标准判断溶栓效果。结果联合溶栓组的疗效明显优于单用尿激酶组(P<0.01);患肢股动脉注射尿激酶联合静滴前列腺素E1组疗效明显优于静脉内联合应用尿激酶和前列腺素E1组(P<0.01);患肢股动脉注射尿激酶联合静滴前列腺素E1组并发症少、更加安全有效。结论患肢股动脉注射尿激酶联合静滴前列腺素E1治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成操作简便、安全、无不良反应、效果好。     

护理干预在人工全髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成中的应用

目的研究护理干预在人工全髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成中的应用。方法将44例患者随机分成两组,即对照组和实验组,每组22例,对照组采用人工全髋关节置换术的常规护理,实验组在对照组基础上加强对患者的护理干预,比较两组患者术后下肢肿胀、浅静脉充盈及腓肠肌压痛等症状的发生率及对护理人员的满意度。结果对照组患者术后下肢肿胀、浅静脉充盈及腓肠肌压痛等症状的发生率为36.36%,实验组为4.55%,对照组高于实验组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);对照组患者对护理人员的满意度为63.64%,实验组为90.91%,实验组对护理人员的满意度高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论加强对人工全髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成的护理干预,利于减少深静脉血栓的发生,提高患者对护理人员的满意度,提高患者的生活质量。     

低剂量尿激酶较长时间经导管直接溶栓术治疗急性髂-股静脉血栓形成的安全性和临床疗效

目的 探讨低剂量尿激酶较长时间经导管直接溶栓术(CDT)治疗急性髂-股静脉血栓形成的安全性及临床疗效.方法 搜集2005年1月至2011年3月间,采用CDT治疗且至少有12个月临床随访资料的,单侧急性髂-股静脉血栓形成的63例患者的临床资料.对CDT期间患者出现的并发症、血栓清除率、置管灌注持续溶栓时间、尿激酶用量、患肢消肿程度以及临床随访资料进行回顾性分析.计数资料用Fisher精确概率法检验.计量资料多组间比较采用方差分析,两两比较用LSD检验.对不同时间点的血栓清除率比较用重复测量资料的方差分析.结果 CDT期间没有肺栓塞和大出血发生,小的出血并发症10例(15.9％),其中沿血管鞘边缘渗血3例、穿刺点周围皮下瘀斑或血肿3例、血尿3例、牙龈出血1例.因置管引起并发症4例(6.3％),其中穿刺点周围软组织炎症表现3例、血管鞘周围继发血栓1例.53例(84.1％)患者CDT第4～8天血栓溶解程度达到Ⅲ级和Ⅱ级.CDT中,尿激酶50万U/d和75 U/d灌注溶栓获得的血栓清除率分别为(91.2±10.1)％和(91.3±12.2)％,明显优于25万U/d的(75.9 ±20.1)％(P＜0.05),但尿激酶50万U/d和75万U/d二者间的血栓清除率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);尿激酶50万U/d和75万U/d灌注溶栓达到Ⅲ级时的平均置管时间[分别为(7.1±0.9)d和(6.2±1.3)d]与Ⅱ级时的平均置管时间[分别为(6.4±1.0)d和(6.0±0.8)d],差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).随置管灌注时间的延长,平均血栓清除率有增加的趋势(P＜0.05).CDT 24 h后58例(92.1％)患肢软组织张力减轻,48 h后患肢周径[大腿中部为(54.25±5.79) cm,小腿中部为(44.05 ±5.18)cm]缩小,同术前[大腿中部为(56.46±5.91)cm,小腿中部为(45.68 ±5.16)cm]比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),出院时患肢周径[大腿中部为(49.00±4.67)cm,小腿中部为(38.41±4.15)cm]同健侧[大腿中部为(48.38±4.68)cm,小腿中部为(37.73±3.92) cm]比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术后6个月时髂静脉支架通畅率91.1％(41/45).12个月时多普勒超声显示11例开通的股静脉瓣膜功能有反流征象.结论 采用低剂量尿激酶、较长时间经导管直接溶栓术治疗急性髂-股静脉血栓形成具有较高的安全性和满意的临床治疗效果.