The functional anatomy of Kager's fat pad in relation to retrocalcaneal problems and other hindfoot disorders

Kager's fat pad is a mass of adipose tissue occupying Kager's triangle. By means of a combined magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, gross anatomical and histological study, we show that it has three regions that are closely related to the sides of the triangle. Thus, it has parts related to the Achilles and flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendons and a wedge of fat adjacent to the calcaneus. The calcaneal wedge moves into the bursa during plantarflexion, as a consequence of both an upward displacement of the calcaneus relative to the wedge and a downward displacement of the wedge relative to the calcaneus. During dorsiflexion, the bursal wedge is retracted. The movements are promoted by the tapering shape of the bursal wedge and by its deep synovial infolds. Fibrous connections linking the fat to the Achilles tendon anchor and stabilize it proximally and thus contribute to the motility of its tip. We conclude that the three regions of Kager's fat pad have specialized functions: an FHL part which contributes to moving the bursal wedge during plantarflexion, an Achilles part which protects blood vessels entering this tendon, and a bursal wedge which we suggest minimizes pressure changes in the bursa. All three regions contribute to reducing the risk of tendon kinking and each may be implicated in heel pain syndromes.     

Anatomy and function of the subdeltoid bursa

An anatomical study was undertaken on 40 non-embalmed normal cadaver shoulders to determine the attachments, boundaries and macroscopic nerve supply of the subdeltoid bursa. Two areas of attachment were observed, one (proximal and superficial) along the free border of the coracoacromial ligament and adjacent deep surface of deltoid, the other (distal and deep) to the humerus distal to the supraspinatus tendon there were no posterior or anterior attachments. In addition, two blind pouches were observed, one proximal under the coracoacromial ligament and the other beyond the distal attachment. The continuity observed between the lateral border of the coracoacromial ligament and the subdeltoid bursa provides a smooth surface, thereby casting doubt on the aggressive action of the ligament on the rotator cuff.     

The developmental anatomy of the equine navicular bursa and associated structures

Summary The navicular bone, navicular bursa and their associated structures were collected from 20 horses ranging in age from 80 days gestation to 2 years post-gestation. The right front foot of every horse was sampled for light microscopy. The development of the navicular bursa and associated structures were studied.Study of the developmental anatomy of the equine navicular bursa established that the bursa is a distinct entity in both the fetus and the adult horse.Development of the bursal cavity in the fetus was found to be complete by 120 days of gestation. Synovial membrane of the navicular bursa was first evident at 100 days of fetal age. With increasing fetal maturation there was a concurrent development in the synovial membrane consisting of increased cellularity, vascularity and villi formation.Nerve fibers or nerve endings were not observed within the synovial membrane of the navicular bursa. However, nerve bundles were often observed within the associated connective tissue, bursal capsule and distal navicular ligament. Pacinian corpuscles were observed in the 200-day fetus in close proximity to the navicular bursa.The development of a fibrous bursal capsule was first evident at 160 days fetal age, thereafter increasing in both thickness and density.Ligaments of the navicular bone were found to develop early in fetal life. At 100 days the collateral sesamoidean ligaments were well developed; however earliest evidence of formation of the distal navicular ligament was at 120 days.In both the fetus and the adult the proximal blood supply to the navicular bone was found to course dorsally in close proximity to the collateral sesamoidean ligament to enter the proximal border of the navicular bone.Concurrent with weight bearing there was a dorsal palmar orientation of the bone trabeculae of the navicular bone. In the young postgestational horses a progressive roughening or fraying of the palmar surface of the navicular bone and the apposing surface of the deep digital flexor tendon was evident.     

有关跟骨骨折复位与内固定的应用解剖

目的 :为跟骨骨折的内固定设计提供解剖学基础。方法 :对 5 4对 10 8侧成人跟骨干燥标本的一些与其骨折内固定有关的骨性标志进行测量。结果 :跟骨的长度为 68.6± 6.4mm ;跟骨前部、跟骨沟部及跟骨后部的宽度分别为 2 2 .3± 3 .2mm ,2 4.4± 2 .9mm和 3 0 .3± 3 .2mm。载距突的长、宽、高分别为2 3 .6± 3 .0mm ,15 .3± 2 .2mm和 9.5± 1.2mm ,载距突与跟骨水平面存在 2 7.7°± 6.8°的上翻角。Gissane′s角为 116.7°± 8.0°。结论 :本文结果对跟骨骨折的复位和固定具有指导意义。     

Revisiting the infracardiac bursa using multimodal methods: topographic anatomy for surgery of the esophagogastric junction

In embryology, the infracardiac bursa (ICB) is a well‐known derivative separated from the omental bursa. During surgeries around the esophagogastric junction (EGJ), surgeons often encounter a closed space considered to be equivalent to the ICB, but the macroscopic anatomy in adults is hardly known. This study aimed to revisit the ICB using multimodal methods to show its development from the embryonic to adult stage and clarify its persistence and topographic anatomy. Histological sections of 79 embryos from Carnegie stage (CS) 16 to 23 and magnetic resonance (MR) images of 39 fetuses were examined to study the embryological development of the ICB. Horizontal sections around the EGJ obtained from three adult cadavers were examined to determine the topographic anatomy and histology of the ICB. Further, 32 laparoscopic surgical videos before (n = 16) and after (n = 16) the start of this study were reviewed to confirm its remaining rate and topographic anatomy in surgery. The ICB was formed in 1 out of 10 CS17 samples, and in 8 out of 10 CS18 samples. Further, it was observed in all CS19–23 except one CS23 sample and in 25 (64%) out of 39 fetus samples. Three‐dimensional reconstructed MR images of fetuses revealed that the ICB was located at the right alongside the esophagus and the cranial side of the diaphragmatic crus. In one adult cadaver, the caudal end of the ICB arose from the level of the esophageal hiatus and the cranial end reached up to the level of the pericardium. The inner surface cells of the space consisted of the mesothelium. In laparoscopic surgery, the ICB was identified in only 11 (69%) out of 16 surgeries before. However, subsequently we were able to identify the ICB reproducibly in 15 (94%) out of 16 surgeries. Thus, the ICB is the structure commonly remaining in almost all adults as a closed space located at the right alongside the esophagus and the cranial side of the diaphragmatic crus. It may be available as a useful landmark in surgery of the EGJ.     

Human fetal anatomy of the posterior semimembranosus complex at the knee with special reference to the gastrocnemio-semimembranosus bursa

There is little information on the fetal anatomy of the posterior semimembranosus tendinous complex and its associated bursa. We examined histological sections (transverse or sagittal) of the right or left knee in 13 mid-term human fetuses (12-25 weeks of gestation). The medial head of the gastrocnemius provided an aponeurosis facing or attached to the muscles of the pes anserinus by 12 weeks of gestation. The peritendinous tissue of the semimembranosus provided a bursa continuous with a laterally extending plate-like tissue by 15 weeks, but sometimes the typical bursa was absent. The aponeurosis of the medial head consistently accompanied a bursa-like space (false bursa) surrounded by heterogenous structures including the popliteus and a wall of the semimembranosus bursa. Sagittal sections displayed notches on the medial head surface that received the semimembranosus and semitendinosus overriding the medial head of the gastrocnemius. In contrast to a real bursa originating from the peritendinous tissue of the semimembranosus, a false bursa without a homogeneous wall consistently develops at the origin of the medial head of the gastrocnemius. Due to mechanical stress from the tendons, the false bursa is likely to develop into a structure similar to a real bursa with a synovial lining even if the real bursa is absent in the fetus. We hypothesize that the adult gastrocnemio-semimembranosus bursa, largely or partly, originates from the fetal false bursa. Absolute resection of the false bursa is difficult because it is a mere gap between normal tissues.     

吻合膝上外侧血管髂胫束移植修复跟腱缺损的应用解剖

目的 :为带血供髂胫束移植修复跟腱缺损新术式提供解剖学基础。方法 :在 40侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上 ,对膝上外侧动脉的起源、走行、分支、分布、吻合以及髂胫束的血供来源等进行解剖观测。结果 :膝上外侧动脉于腓骨头上缘近侧垂直距离 5 .2± 0 .9cm处起自动脉 ,起始外径1.8± 0 .4mm ,向外上蜿蜒走行 3 .0± 0 .2cm ,分为升、降支。升支起始外径 1.2± 0 .4mm ,发出肌支和髂胫束穿支 ;降支起始外径 1.2± 0 .4mm ,发出肌支、3～ 5支股骨外侧髁骨膜支及髂胫束穿支。其中低位髂胫束穿支距腓骨头上缘距离 6.1± 1.1cm ,膝上外侧血管髂胫束瓣蒂长 4.9± 1.0cm。结论 :根据膝上外侧血管的分支、分布特点 ,设计吻合血管髂胫束游离移植修复跟腱缺损的术式具有可行性。     

吻合血管大收肌腱复合组织瓣移植修复跟腱缺损的应用解剖

目的 :为吻合血管的大收肌腱复合组织瓣移植修复跟腱缺损新术式提供解剖学依据。方法 :在 40侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成人尸体下肢标本上 ,对膝降动脉的起始、走行、分支和分布 ,以及大收肌腱的形态、血供等解剖观察。结果 :膝降动脉 95 %起于股动脉 ,起始处距收肌结节 7.8± 0 .8cm ,膝降动脉90 %发出隐支、股内侧肌支和关节支 ,膝降动脉和关节支起始外径分别为 :1.9± 0 .4mm和 1.4± 0 .4mm ,关节支伴大收肌腱下行 ,分支供养大收肌腱及股骨内侧髁。结论 :以膝降血管为蒂可形成大收肌腱骨皮复合组织瓣 ,吻合血管移植可修复不同类型的跟腱缺损 ,术式简便易行 ,供区损伤小。     

锤状指治疗中固定指位的应用解剖研究

目的 探讨成人新鲜上肢标本指间关节活动对伸肌腱Ⅰ~Ⅱ区伸肌腱的影响,为临床锤状指治疗中固定指位的选择提供解剖学基础。方法 纳入成人新鲜上肢标本16侧,取示、中、环、小指各16指,分别于各指在近侧指间关节0°伸直位、45°屈曲位和90°屈曲位时,测量远侧指间关节的最大被动屈曲角度。显露伸肌腱Ⅰ~Ⅱ区,制作锤状指畸形模型,克氏针在中节指骨颈水平垂直于指骨长轴穿透指骨作为参照,于伸肌腱Ⅱ区上做标记,测量肌腱滑动距离。固定远侧指间关节于0°伸直位,近侧指间关节自0°伸直位至90°屈曲位,观察伸肌腱Ⅱ区断端间隙距离的变化,并测量肌腱的滑动距离。结果 实验显示,当近侧指间关节于90°屈曲位时,远侧指间关节的最大被动屈曲角度较近侧指间关节于0°伸直位时增加约21%;近侧指间关节处于0°伸直位时,示指、中指、环指及小指的伸肌腱Ⅱ区末端断端间隙距离分别为(0.35±0.06)mm、(0.42±0.05)mm、(0.46±0.06)mm、(0.51±0.08)mm;固定远侧指间关节,屈曲近侧指间关节至90°屈曲位时,近侧断端向远侧滑移,示指、中指、环指及小指的滑移距离分别为(0.69±0.09)mm、(0.74±0.03)mm、(0.80±0.07)mm、(0.81±0.10)mm,且最终远近两侧断端重叠。结论当远侧指间关节于轻度过伸位、近侧指间关节于屈曲位时,断端间隙消失,此时伸肌腱Ⅰ~Ⅱ域区松弛,张力降低。在锤状指治疗应用上述指位可降低肌腱张力,利于肌腱愈合。     

The arterial anatomy of the Achilles tendon: Anatomical study and clinical implications

The Achilles tendon is the most frequently ruptured tendon in the lower limb and accounts for almost 20% of all large tendon injuries. Despite numerous published studies describing its blood supply, there has been no uniformity in describing its topography. The current study comprises a detailed anatomical study of both the intrinsic and extrinsic arterial supply of the Achilles tendon, providing the detail sought from studies calling for improved planning of surgical procedures where damage to the vascularity of the Achilles tendon is likely. A dissection, microdissection, histological, and angiographic study was undertaken on 20 cadaveric lower limbs from 16 fresh and four embalmed cadavers. The Achilles tendon is supplied by two arteries, the posterior tibial and peroneal arteries. Three vascular territories were identified, with the midsection supplied by the peroneal artery, and the proximal and distal sections supplied by the posterior tibial artery. The midsection of the Achilles tendon was markedly more hypovascular that the rest of the tendon. The Achilles tendon is at highest risk of rupture and surgical complications at its midsection. Individuals with particularly poor supply of the midsection may be at increased risk of tendon rupture, and approaches to the tendon operatively should consider the route of supply by the peroneal artery to this susceptible part of the tendon. Clin. Anat. 22:377–385, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Clinical anatomy of the chiasma tendlinum (camper) in the fingers

Sixty human hands from adult cadavers were used to study the chiasma tendinum (Camper) of the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon in the finger. Two hundred forty fingers were microdissected and examined morphometrically. The formation of the chiasma tendinum could be divided into nine types. The most common type shows that the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon divides into four bundles, the two inner of which cross each other. The length and width of the chiasma tendinum in the middle finger is the longest and widest, while in the little finger it is the shortest and narrowest. The relationship of the chiasma tendinum and the long vinculum of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon was also observed in the present study. In the most common type the long vinculum lies distal to the chiasma lying between the two terminal tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis. The authors suggest three functions for the chiasma tendinum: (1) it provides a pathway for the flexor digitorum profundus tendon; (2) it increases the stability and balance of the proximal interphalangeal joint; and (3) it prevents hyperextension of the proximal interphalangeal joint. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

双蒂腓肠肌皮瓣修复跟腱复合缺损的改进及其解剖学依据

目的改进双蒂腓肠肌皮瓣下滑术式,细化其修复跟腱复合组织缺损适应证,减少供区创伤。方法0侧成人下肢标本,模拟只切断比目鱼肌近端附着点、保留跟腱远端完整性的双蒂腓肠肌V-Y推进皮瓣,测定膝关节不同屈曲角度下皮瓣下滑的距离。结果在膝关节屈曲0°、30°、60°、90°时,上述方法后双蒂腓肠肌皮瓣下滑的平均距离分别为(13.83±5.31)mm、(25.00±2.83)mm、(32.67±4.41)mm、(39.50±4.85)mm。结论双蒂腓肠肌V-Y下滑术式中只切断比目鱼肌近端附着点后重建,保留跟腱远端完整性的这一改进在解剖学上是可行的,适用于40mm以内的成人跟腱复合组织缺损。     

Normal anatomy of the heel entheses: anatomical and ultrasonographic study of their blood supply

The purpose of this study was first to determine the normal blood supply of the heel entheses with cadaver injection, and second, to identify by means of ultrasound (US) this blood supply in healthy volunteers before and after the intravenous injection of a US contrast agent (SonoVue). Twenty cadaver lower limbs were cut into sagittal, coronal, or axial sections after the injection of a red-colored gelatin solution. Ten anatomical samples were selected for histology. Then 10 healthy volunteers were enrolled in a contrast-enhanced ultrasonography study (CUS). Calcaneal tendon and plantar aponeurosis entheses were studied first without any contrast-agent (B-mode, power Doppler). A single dose (2.4 ml) of the contrast agent was then administered for studying each enthesis of the right foot. The operators had to look for blood flow within the entheses and in the adjacent soft tissues. Anastomotic transverse branches were seen macroscopically at the back of the calcaneal tendon, giving some capillaries penetrating the enthesis. None of these vessels could be seen with CUS. In contrast, a high-density vascular network could be detected in Kagers triangle with CUS. No blood vessel could be seen within the plantar aponeurosis enthesis, either macroscopically or microscopically. No evidence of entheseal vascularization was found with any contrast-enhanced imaging technique. Inferior branches of the lateral plantar artery were seen on coronal and sagittal sections of the hindfoot, and could be detected with CUS. These arterioles were running toward the anterior aspect of the calcaneal tuberosity, near the plantar aponeurosis insertion. In conclusion, no vascularization was detected with CUS at the cortical bone insertion of normal heel entheses. However, some vascularization could be seen in the immediate vicinity of heel entheses. The latter feature has to be kept in mind, as it may represent a pitfall for the diagnosis of early inflammatory changes in patients, especially those with seronegative spondylarthropathies.     

Clinical anatomy of the subacromial and related shoulder bursae: A review of the literature

The subacromial bursa (SAB) is the main bursa of the shoulder. It facilitates normal movement and is also commonly involved in shoulder disorders. Other shoulder bursae have been described but their anatomy has not been well studied. Anatomical variation of shoulder bursae has been suggested and this has implications for clinical practice. This article reviews current knowledge of the normal anatomy of the SAB and related shoulder bursae. A systematic review of the English and German literature was conducted using databases and a hand search of reference lists focusing on the clinical anatomy of the SAB, coracobrachial and subcoracoid bursae and subtendinous bursa of subscapularis. Twenty‐four original sources and 13 textbooks were identified. Fifteen studies described the general morphology of the shoulder bursae using cadaveric specimens, eight examined innervation, and one provided information about the blood supply of the SAB. The literature agrees that the SAB is consistent and well innervated with a lateral subdeltoid part and a variable subcoracoid portion. There is variability regarding the consistency, location, and communications of the coracobrachial and subcoracoid bursae and the superior part of the subtendinous bursa of subscapularis, and little information on their nerve and blood supply. Several bursae are present around the shoulder joint. Further research is warranted to understand the precise attachments, dimensions, and communications of the bursae, as well as their nerve and blood supply. This information will improve understanding of the clinical relevance of these bursae and inform appropriate assessment and treatment. Clin. Anat. 30:213–226, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

肝肾胰器官簇移植临床解剖学研究

目的：为了开展肝肾胰器官簇移植提供应用解剖学资料和术式设计方案。方法：对２４具成人尸体进行解剖观察,了解其主要血管分布,胆管、输尿管、胰管的位置以及腹腔内空腔脏器的相互关系。结果：测得主要血管腹主动脉平均长度１９．２０ｃｍ,上端外径２．２１ｃｍ;下腔静脉平均长度１９．４２ｃｍ,上端外径２．６０ｃｍ;门静脉长５．５９ｃｍ,宽度１．４９ｃｍ;肝固有动脉长３．８５ｃｍ,宽０．６４ｃｍ;胆总管长４．１９ｃｍ,宽度０．７８ｃｍ;在输尿管平均长度为２７．１１ｃｍ,右输尿管平均长度为２５．９３ｃｍ。对器管簇移植的整体切取、修整、安放和吻合提供多种方案。结论：肝肾胰器官簇移植手术有应用解剖学依据的可行性,按形态学规律有多种合理的术式设计方案     

前交叉韧带胫骨附着处临床解剖学研究

目的 研究前交叉韧带(ACL)胫骨附着处的解剖形态学特点,并探讨ACL胫骨附着处测量值埘选择ACL重建方式的意义.方法 对10例福尔马林处理的成人膝关节标本进行解剖.在屈伸膝关节时根据ACL纤维张力区分前内束和后外束,然后从胫骨附着处切断韧带,用Photoshop软件测量附着处的相关数据.结果 ACL存在着两个不同的功能束,即前内束和后外束;胫骨附着处的形状不规则,可分为倒三角形、椭1形及四边形三种;ACL胫骨附着处的前后径与横径分别为(17.89±2.44)mm、(13.85±1.79)mm;前内束和后外束胫骨附着处的面积分别为(101.18±32.28)m㎡、(77.61±19.86)m㎡;两束中心点连线的距离为(8.03±1.51)mm.结论 本研究改进的数字图像测量方法是一种既实用又廉价的测量方法;ACL胫骨附着处测量值可作为选择ACL重建方式的参考.     

北京鸭法氏囊中B细胞活性因子性质分析

从2～3月龄北京鸭法氏囊得到分子量小于10000道尔顿的提取物。该提取物能显著提高小鼠脾脏空斑形成细胞(简称PFC)的数目。它还具有对抗B细胞抑制剂环磷酰胺(简称CP)的作用:注射了CP的小鼠PFC数目明显下降,此时再注射囊提取物则能恢复小鼠产生PFC的能力;该提取物还能延长致死量CP处理后小鼠的存活期。表明法氏囊提取物中有些因子能够促进B细胞的发育成熟及其功能的正常发挥。把这种因子称为囊素(Bursatin)。经高温或蛋白水解酶处理,囊素的促PFC活性丧失,表明其很可能是肽类物质。囊提取物能提高小鼠脾细胞中cAMP含量,提示囊素可能以cAMP为介导而起作用。此外,囊提取物还有增多胸腺细胞中E-玫瑰花形成细胞数目的活性,表明提取物中可能有多种活性因子或某因子有多种活性。     

带血管蒂肌腱移植修复跟腱缺损的实验研究

目的为带血供肌腱移植修复跟腱缺损提供生物力学和组织学依据.方法选用新西兰大白兔15只,其中12只分两组一侧行带血管蒂趾长屈肌腱转位修复跟腱缺损,对侧为游离肌腱移植对照组,术后12周取材,分别行组织学检查和生物力学测试.结果带血管蒂肌腱组移植跟腱组织学形态近似正常跟腱,肌腱最大拉伸力为正常跟腱的67.7%,而游离肌腱组移植跟腱的腱纤维为瘢痕包裹,最大拉伸力为跟腱的35.3%,两者的差异性非常显著(P＜0.01).结论带血管蒂肌腱移植修复跟腱缺损优于游离肌腱移植.     

改良Giftbox缝合法联合束状捆扎技术治疗急性跟腱断裂的疗效分析

目的 探讨改良的Giftbox缝合法联合束状捆扎技术治疗急性跟腱断裂的手术疗效。方法 回顾性研究。纳入徐州市中心医院手足显微外科2016年1月—2018年12月急性跟腱断裂患者38例,其中男32例、女6例,年龄17~73（39.2±16.8）岁,左侧18例、右侧20例。均采用改良Giftbox缝合联合束状捆扎法行跟腱切开缝合术。观察患者手术前后美国矫形外科足踝协会踝-后足评分系统（AOFAS）评分的变化;末次随访时,对比患者两侧小腿周径,采用跟腱完全断裂评分系统（ATRS）进行评分,并以Amer-Lindholm评分评价手术疗效。结果 本组38例患者均完成手术,术后均获随访,随访时间为（9.1±3.4）个月。末期随访时：患者AOFAS评分为（90.7±3.0）分,较术前的（45.2±4.4）分明显提高,差异有统计学意义（t=57.97, P<0.001）;ATRS评分为（80.3±6.3）分;患者小腿周径患侧为（38.9±4.3）cm、健侧为（39.3±4.4）cm,两侧比较差异有统计学意义（t=-3.63,P=0.001）。按Amer-Lindholm评分评价,本组疗效优20例、良17例、差1例,优良率为97.4%（37/38）。结论 利用改良Giftbox缝合法联合束状捆扎技术治疗急性跟腱断裂效果确切,跟腱长度和强度恢复良好。     

腕关节镜掌侧入路安全区的临床解剖学研究

目的 解剖观察与腕关节镜掌侧入路建立相关的腕部结构,探索建立入路的安全区域.方法采用8例防腐标本和2例新鲜标本,模拟手术“由内向外”操作,标识掌侧入路,测量与掌侧入路建立有关的1/2、6R、6U入路和VR、VR’、VU入路与周围重要结构的最近距离.结果 1/2入路与桡神经浅支的最近距离是( 2.4± 1.5 )mm.6U、6R入路与尺神经腕背支的最近距离是(16.2±1.3 )mm和(9.0±2.4)mm.VR、VR’入路与正中神经掌皮支的最近距离是(6.7±1.1)mm和(2.8±0.9 )mm,与桡动脉的最近距离是( 6.3±4.0 )mm和(10.0±3.4 )mm,并且均穿过桡侧腕屈肌腱的基底部.VU入路与尺动脉和指深屈肌腱的最近距离是(3.3±1.4)mm和( 0.3±0.5 )mm.结论 腕关节镜掌侧入路的建立有一定的安全区域.