大鼠实验性脑出血后脑水肿与MMP-9表达的关系及依达拉奉干预效应的研究

目的 探讨脑出血后脑水肿和MMP-9表达的动态变化及依达拉奉的干预效应.方法 采用立体定向技术制作大鼠脑出血模型,干湿重法测量脑组织含水量和免疫组化法测定脑组织MMP-9的表达.结果 与假手术组比较,脑出血12h时脑组织含水量明显增加(P＜0.05), 72h时达到高峰,随后逐渐下降, 7d时仍高于假手术组(P＜0.05).出血组大鼠脑含水量与血肿周围MMP-9阳性细胞数呈正相关(r=0.846, P=0.034),且差异有统计学意义.(3)治疗组脑含水量和MMP-9阳性细胞数与假手术组比较差异有统计学意义,与出血组比较差异亦有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 MMP-9参与了脑出血后脑水肿的形成,依达拉奉对脑水肿有抑制作用.     

MMP-2/9与脑出血后脑水肿的关系探讨

目的 探讨MMP-2／9与脑出血后脑水肿的关系。方法 采用胶原酶复制大鼠脑出血模型．通过免疫组化和原位杂交技术测定血肿周围脑组织中MMP-2／9的mRNA和蛋白表达，同时进行脑水含量和渗出脑血管外EB量的测定。结果 大鼠脑出血后血肿周围有明显的脑水肿发生和EB含量显著增加．均于24～48h达高峰。正常和假手术组可见极少量MMP-2蛋白和mRNA阳性染色细胞；而无MMP-9的表达。模型组出现大量MMP-2／9蛋白和mRNA阳性染色细胞；且MMP-9蛋白和mRNA表达在24～48h达高峰，与脑水含量和EB含量呈正相关。结论 大鼠脑血肿周围早期存在MMP-2／9的表达上调，其可能促进了出血后血管源性脑水肿的形成。     

脑出血患者血肿周围脑组织水通道蛋白-4的表达变化

目的：探讨脑出血血肿周围脑组织水通道蛋白-4（AQP4）的表达规律及其与脑水肿形成的关系。方法：32例行颅内血肿清除术患者，按发病至手术时间不同分为〈6h、6～24h、24～72h和〉72h组。取术中获得的脑组织做病理标本，检测AQP4的表达变化，并观察其组织病理及超微结构变化。结果：〈6h组脑组织轻微水肿，AQP4表达呈弱阳性，6h后水肿逐渐加重，AQP4表达开始增强，至24～72h达高峰。此后，AQP4表达下降，水肿减轻。结论：脑出血后AQP4表达呈动态变化与脑组织水肿程度一致，提示AQP4在脑出血患者脑水肿的发生、发展中起着重要作用。     

基质金属蛋白酶-9与急性脑出血后脑水肿的相关性研究

目的探讨急性自发性脑出血后血肿周围脑水肿的形成,观察基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)的动态变化,分析脑水肿与MMP-9的相关性。方法 20例出急性脑出血患者血清MMP-9的含量进行动态观察,分别于发病后24h、第3天、第7天、第14天清晨抽取静脉血3mL(除前2次外均需空腹),采用酶联免疫法检测。对脑水肿面积以及血肿面积,神经功能缺损评分情况进行统计。结果脑出血患者血清MMP-9水平呈动态变化,发病3~7d明显升高,之后下降,脑出血急性期血清MMP-9水平与血肿周围脑水肿量呈正相关。MMP-9与出血后脑水肿的发生时间存在一致性。结论 MMP-9参与了脑出血急性期脑水肿形成的机制,MMP-9的高表达可能是出血早期引起BBB开放、血管源性脑水肿的重要原因,阻断脑出血后MMP-9的激活及降低其过度表达是防治脑水肿形成的一个潜在途径。     

大鼠脑出血后基质金属蛋白酶的动态表达及七叶皂苷钠对其表达的影响

目的 观察大鼠脑出血(ICH)后基质金属蛋白酶-2( MMP-2)、MMP-9蛋白动态表达及其与血肿周围脑组织含水量的关系,以及观察七叶皂苷钠对MMP-2、MMP-9表达的影响.方法 Wistar大鼠250只随机分为4组:正常对照组10只、假手术组、ICH组和七叶皂苷钠治疗组各80只,于制模后6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h、72 h、120 h、7 d、15 d 8个时间点,测定各组血肿周围脑组织含水量、MMP-2和MMP-9的蛋白表达.结果 治疗组神经功能缺损较ICH组明显改善,尤以6 h～7 d时明显(P<0.01～0.05);6～120 h各治疗组血肿周围脑组织含水量较ICH组明显减少(P<0.01～0.05);ICH后MMP-2蛋白表达在6 h达到高峰,12 h时下降,与正常对照组相比具有统计学意义 (均P<0.01),治疗组MMP-2蛋白表达在各时间点较ICH组明显减少(均P<0.01);ICH后MMP-9蛋白表达在6 h开始上升,24～48 h达高峰,72 h时下降,与正常对照组相比,具有统计学意义(均P<0.01),其表达水平与血肿周围脑组织含水量呈正相关 (r=0.949, P<0.05);治疗组MMP-9蛋白表达在各时间点较ICH组明显减少(均P<0.01).结论 大鼠ICH后MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白的表达是ICH后早、中期脑水肿形成主要因素,七叶皂苷钠能降低MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白表达和脑组织含水量,对ICH具有保护作用.     

大鼠脑出血后脑组织MMP-2、MMP-9 表达的实验研究

目的　探讨大鼠脑出血后不同时程脑组织中的基质金属蛋白酶 - 2 ( MMP- 2 )、基质金属蛋白酶 - 9( MMP- 9)的表达及其规律。方法　采用立体定向技术制作大鼠脑出血模型 ,在脑出血后不同时间分别断头取脑 ,免疫组化法测定脑组织 MMP- 2、MMP- 9的表达量。结果　 ( 1)与假手术对照组比较 ,脑出血后 6 h血肿周围可见到微血管内皮表达 MMP- 9( P<0 .0 1) ,48h达高峰 ,至 5～ 7d后下降 ,但仍高于假手术对照组 ( P<0 .0 1) ,2周时降至零表达 ;12～ 2 4h中性粒细胞亦表达 MMP- 9;( 2 ) MMP- 2的表达要迟于 MMP- 9,2 4h可见到少量的 MMP- 2表达 ( P>0 .0 5 ) ,5～ 7d时逐渐达高峰 ( P<0 .0 1) ,主要在巨噬细胞上表达 ,2周时仍保持较高水平 ( P<0 .0 1)。结论　脑出血后出血侧血肿边缘有 MMP- 9、MMP- 2表达 ,推测 MMP- 9在急性期参与了脑水肿的形成 ,而 MMP- 2在脑出血后期可能参与了脑组织的修复.     

CVF干预对大鼠实验性脑出血后C9表达及脑水肿的影响

目的 研究大鼠实验性脑出血后血肿周围补体成分C9的表达情况及其与脑水肿的关系,探讨补体C9在脑出血后继发性损伤中的作用以及应用眼镜蛇毒因子（CVF）干预后的影响.方法 采用立体定向技术,将自体不凝血注入大鼠尾状核制备脑出血模型,将动物分为假手术组、出血组和CVF干预组,分别在不同时间断头取脑,连续切片作补体C9免疫组化染色和HE染色.结果 脑出血后2 h血肿周围脑组织开始表达C9,24 h达高峰;各组与假手术组之间比较有差异（P＜0.01）;血肿周围脑组织含水量在ICH后6 h开始增加（P＜0.05）,12 h明显增加,24～72 h达高峰（P＜0.01）,此后逐渐回落,2 w基本恢复正常水平.对侧半球相应部位及假手术对照组脑组织含水量没有明显变化;C9的表达脑组织含水量呈正相关关系（r=0.833,P＜0.05）;经CVF干预后,血肿周围组织C9表达量及脑组织含水量明显下降,干预组与出血组之间比较有显著差异（P＜0.01）.结论脑出血后补体级联激活,C9表达明显增加,脑组织含水量增加,经CVF干预后,C9表达下降,脑水肿减轻,能达到神经保护作用.     

实验性脑出血大鼠血肿周围VEGF、bFGF表达及血管新生的动态变化及重组人促红细胞生成素对其干预作用的研究

目的研究大鼠脑出血后血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)表达的动态变化及血管新生情况,以及重组人促红细胞生成素(rhEPO)对其的干预作用,探讨rhEPO对脑出血的可能保护机制。方法采用自体血脑内注入法建立脑出血动物模型。168只雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常组、假手术组、模型组、rhEPO治疗组。免疫组化法检测VEGF、bFGF、CD34的表达变化,用CD34的表达来反映血管新生情况。结果脑出血后3h即有VEGF表达增多,7～14d达高峰;bFGF的表达6h开始增多,72h达高峰;CD34+血管数12h开始增多,14d达高峰。rhEPO治疗组6h～21d时VEGF、bFGF表达比模型组高(P<0.05或P<0.01),且VEGF表达于72h～7d时提前达高峰;12h～21d时CD34+血管数高于模型组(P<0.01),且于7d时提前达高峰。结论rhEPO能上调脑出血后VEGF、bFGF的表达,促进脑出血后血肿周围新生血管生成。     

脑出血灶周组织ICAM-1与MMP-9表达的实验研究

目的研究大鼠实验性脑出血后血肿周围脑组织细胞间粘附分子-1（ICAM-1），基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）的表达。方法采用立体定向技术将自体不凝血注入大鼠尾状核区制备脑出血模型，免疫组化染色法检测血肿周围脑组织ICAM-1，MMP-9的表达。结果脑出血后6h血肿旁有少量ICAM-1表达阳性细胞，12h开始增多，3d达高峰；脑出血后6h血肿周围就有较多MMP-9表达阳性细胞，2d时阳性细胞最多；脑出血后ICAM-1与MMP-9的表达呈正相关（y=0．768，P〈0．05）。结论血肿周围组织ICAM-1、MMP-9表达上调提示两者可能参与了脑出血后继发性脑损伤。     

实验性脑出血灶周MMP-9的表达与脑水肿的关系

目的探讨脑出血（ICH）后出血灶周脑组织MMP-9表达的动态变化,分析其与脑水肿的关系。方法健康雄性Sprauge-Dawley（SD）大鼠56只,分为正常组（8只）和手术组（48只）,手术组选择出血后12、24、48、72、96、120h共6个时间点,每点各8只。在脑立体定向仪下采用自体动脉血注入尾状核法制备脑出血模型。用免疫组化法和RT-PCR法检测MMP-9的表达水平;用干湿重法测量脑含水量（BWC）;用测定渗出脑血管外的EB量来评价BBB的通透性,电镜观察神经元形态变化。结果ICH灶周脑组织MMP-9的表达在48h达峰值,脑水肿于72h达峰值,两者呈正相关（r=0．698,P〈0．01）。电镜观察到血管周围水肿,神经元水肿。结论MMP9参与了ICH后灶周脑组织水肿的过程,诱导或加重脑水肿。     

The neuroendocrinology of stress and the pathophysiology and therapy of depression and anxiety

Clinical and preclinical studies have gathered substantial evidence that stress response alterations play a major role in the development of major depression, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The stress response, the hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical (HPA) system and its modulation by corticotropin-releasing hormones (CRH),corticosteroids,and their receptors, and the roles of natriuretic peptides and neuroactive steroids are described. We review the role of the HPA system in major depression, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder and its possible relevance for treatment. Impaired glucocorticoid receptor function in major depression is associated with an excessive release of neurohormones such as CRH, to which a number of signs and symptoms characteristic of depression can be ascribed. In panic disorder, a role of central CRH in panic attacks has been suggested. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is causally involved in sodium lactate-induced panic attacks. Furthermore, preclinical and clinical data on its anxiolytic activity suggest that nonpeptidergic ANP receptor ligands may be potentially useful in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Post-traumatic stress disorder is characterized by a peripheral hyporesponsive HPA system and elevated CRH concentrations in the CSF. This dissociation is probably related to an increased risk of this disorder. We further review recent data that describe an important role of GABA(A)-receptor modulatory,3 alpha-reduced neuroactive steroids in major depression, anxiety, and its treatment. Antidepressants are effective in both depression and anxiety disorders and have major effects on the HPA system,especially on glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors. Normalization of HPA system abnormalities is a strong predictor of the clinical course, at least in major depression and panic disorder. Currently,CRH-R1 or glucocorticoid receptor antagonists and ANP receptor agonists are being studied and may provide future treatment options more closely related to the pathophysiology of these disorders.     

Polymorphisms of DRD4 and DRD3 and risk of avoidant and obsessive personality traits and disorders

We investigated whether polymorphisms of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) and polymorphisms of the dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) were associated with personality disorder symptomatology rather than with personality traits such as novelty seeking. DNA was obtained from 145 depressed patients in a clinical trial. These patients were assessed for the presence of personality disorder symptoms and disorders. The 2-repeat allele of the DRD4 exon III polymorphism was associated with increased rates of avoidant and obsessive personality disorder symptomatology. The T,T genotype of the DRD4 -521 C>T polymorphism was also associated with increased rates of avoidant and obsessive personality disorder symptomatology. The Gly9,Gly9 genotype of the DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism was associated with increased rates of obsessive personality disorder symptomatology. None of these three polymorphisms were associated with novelty seeking or other temperament traits on the Temperament and Character Inventory. Our results suggest that genetic polymorphisms of DRD4 and DRD3 may well be associated with personality traits, and that conflicting findings to date may arise from the problem of phenotype definition.     

沙盘游戏疗法在地中海贫血患儿心理干预中的应用

本文目的是对沙盘游戏疗法在地中海贫血患儿心理干预中的应用进行综述,以期为地中海贫血患儿的心理康复提供参考。地中海贫血是以珠蛋白生成障碍为主要特征的遗传性疾病,由于长期输血治疗,患儿存在较多的心理和行为问题。沙盘游戏疗法作为一种有效、实用的儿童心理治疗方法,对提高地中海贫血患儿的康复效果、改善生存质量有重要的临床意义。     

癫痫共病抑郁的机制及临床诊疗

本文目的是探讨癫痫共病抑郁的可能机制及临床诊疗。癫痫是一种常见的、慢性的、致残性的神经疾病,癫痫患者生活质量下降,存在明显的负性情绪,常伴发各种精神疾病。癫痫与抑郁具有共同的神经生物学基础,可能存在共同的发病机制。本文从癫痫共病抑郁的发病机制、临床诊断及治疗方面予以总结归纳。     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Seclusion and restraint and prediction of violence

The authors studied the use of seclusion and restraint on an inpatient unit in a state psychiatric hospital. Of 69 randomly selected inpatients, 51% experienced seclusion or restraint at least once. More psychotic than nonpsychotic patients required seclusion or restraint. However, neither psychosis/nonpsychosis nor voluntary/involuntary admission status predicted the likelihood of violent threats or actions. Patients experiencing seclusion and restraint showed a nonsignificant trend toward longer mean length of stay in the hospital. The frequency of patient behavior leading to seclusion or restraint appeared to be directly related to the stimulation caused by the presence of many staff members and other patients.     

Comparison of trigeminal and spinal modulation of pain and nociception

Modulation of pain and nociception by noxious counterstimulation, also called "diffuse noxious inhibitory controls" or DNIC-like effect, is often used in studies of pain disorders. It can be elicited in the trigeminal and spinal innervation areas, but no study has previously compared effects in both innervation areas. Therefore, we performed a study comparing DNIC-like effects on the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) and the nociceptive blink reflex as well as the respective pain sensations. In 50 healthy volunteers, the blink reflex elicited with a concentric electrode and the NFR were recorded before and after immersion of the contralateral hand in cold water. Responses were recorded as the subjective pain sensation and the reflex size. The cold water immersion of the contralateral hand elicited a reduction of both subjective pain sensation and reflex amplitude following the stimulation of both reflexes. However, there were no strong correlations between the individual reductions of both subjective pain sensation and reflex amplitude for both reflexes, and neither when results of the two reflexes were compared with each other. The dissociation between DNIC-like effects on pain and on nociception, which had been found previously already for the NFR, implies that both effects need to be studied separately.