2010年我院门急诊抗菌药物使用情况调查研究

目的调查医院门急诊抗菌药物使用情况,评价用药合理性。方法随机抽取该院2010年门急诊处方1800张进行调查分析。结果处方使用抗菌药物606张占33.7%,不合理处方57张占9.4%。所使用抗菌药物有10个种类,共36种,其中使用频率较高的为头孢克肟、头孢泊肟酯、头孢呋辛。儿科抗菌药物使用率最高。结论该院抗菌药物使用基本合理,但也存在一些不合理情况,药师应定期监测抗菌药物使用情况,促进药物的合理应用。     

我院2011年上半年门诊抗菌药物应用分析

目的 了解该院门诊抗菌药物使用的合理性.方法 随机抽取门诊的1200张处方,统计处方中抗菌药物的品种、数量、联合用药等情况.结果 在调查1200张处方中,使用抗菌药物处方642张占53.5%.不合理使用抗菌药物处方91张占14.2%.联合应用抗菌药物处方117张占18.2%,其中二联用药占16.2%,三联及以上用药占2.0%.结论 该院门诊抗菌药物的应用基本合理,但必须严格按照抗菌药物使用原则用药,确保临床用药的安全、经济、合理和有效.     

我院2011年上半年门诊抗菌药物应用分析

目的了解该院门诊抗菌药物使用的合理性。方法随机抽取门诊的1200张处方,统计处方中抗菌药物的品种、数量、联合用药等情况。结果在调查1200张处方中,使用抗菌药物处方642张占53.5%。不合理使用抗菌药物处方91张占14.2%。联合应用抗菌药物处方117张占18.2%,其中二联用药占16.2%,三联及以上用药占2.0%。结论该院门诊抗菌药物的应用基本合理,但必须严格按照抗菌药物使用原则用药,确保临床用药的安全、经济、合理和有效。     

2012年我院门、急诊抗菌药物不合理处方调查分析

目的探讨该院2012年门、急诊抗菌药物的不合理使用情况,以便为临床合理用药提供参考依据。方法抽取该院2012年1-12月门、急诊抗菌药物处方4900张,对其中的不合理处方进行回顾性调查分析。结果 4900张抗菌药物处方中,抗菌药物不合理处方350张,占总抗菌药物处方数的7.14%。其中包括单用抗菌药物处方266张占76.00%;二联抗菌药物处方77张占22.00%;三联抗菌药物处方7张占2.00%。不合理处方在给药方案、溶媒选用、联用抗菌药物以及药理作用等方面存在问题。结论该院门、急诊抗菌药物使用仍需要进一步提高,需要医院予以重视,尽可能提高合理使用抗菌药物水平及对其的监管能力。     

某院儿科门诊3467张抗菌药物处方用药及不合理用药的原因分析及其对策

目的:分析医院儿科门诊抗菌药物处方用药及不合理用药的原因及其对策,为儿科患者安全用药提供参考。方法:抽取2018年7月—2019年7月间儿科门诊抗菌药物用药处方3 467张,统计其抗菌药物联用情况、给药途径、用药频度(DDDs)和不合理用药处方;分析其用药的合理性及不合理用药处方的原因。结果:3 467张抗菌药物用药处方中,其中2 597张处方使用单一品种抗菌药物占74.91%,2种抗菌药物联用处方858张占24.75%,3种抗菌药物联用处方12张占0.35%;各抗菌药物给药途径均为口服给药、静脉给药;阿奇霉素、头孢克肟的DDDs较高;不合理用药处方497张占14.34%,主要为给药时间间隔不合理。结论:医院儿科门诊抗菌药物处方用药基本符合《抗菌药物临床应用指导原则》要求,但仍存在不合理用药现象,主要表现为给药时间间隔不合理等,应加强临床医师及药师专业知识培训,健全抗菌药物管理制度,以确保患者抗菌药物使用的合理性、有效性、安全性。     

某医院10800张儿科门诊处方中抗菌药物使用的相关因素分析

目的:分析某医院儿科门诊抗菌药物的使用现状,为抗菌药物合理用药提供参考。方法:抽取2017年度儿科门诊处方10 800张,统计与分析其使用抗菌药物的处方数及其种类、给药途径、联合用药、不合理用药处方等相关因素。结果:10 800张处方中,6 825张处方使用了抗菌药物(占63.19%),药物类别主要以头孢菌素类为主;使用频次排名前3位的抗菌药物分别为头孢克肟颗粒(20.50%)、注射用五水头孢唑林钠(16.94%)和注射用头孢噻肟钠舒巴坦钠(6.45%);口服给药占54.46%,注射给药占39.43%,外用给药占6.11%;单一用药处方4 644张占68.04%,二联用药处方2 181张占31.96%,未见三联用药现象;抗菌药物使用不合理处方258张占3.78%。结论:在医院儿科门诊中,抗菌药物的使用存在一些不合理现象,应加强干预与监管以确保患者用药的安全、有效。     

我院2010年上半年门诊抗菌药物使用现状分析

目的 了解该院儿科抗菌药物使用状况,及时改进存在问题,不断提高合理用药水平.方法 随机抽取该院2010年上半年门诊处方4800张,对抗菌药物的处方数、种类、使用率、联合用药等情况进行统计分析.结果 4800张处方中使用抗生素2968张占61.8%,其中头孢菌素类2281张占抗生素处方的76.9%、青霉素类266张占9.0%、大环内酯类325张占11.0%、林可霉素类96张占3.2%;口服给药861张占29.0%,静脉给药1426张占48.1%,口服+静脉给药681张占22.9%.单联用药(2088张)占70.4%,联合用药(880张)占29.6%.结论 该院抗菌药物使用率和使用起点偏高,建议临床医师规范使用抗菌药物,确保儿童用药安全有效.     

我院2010年上半年门诊抗菌药物使用现状分析

目的了解该院儿科抗菌药物使用状况,及时改进存在问题,不断提高合理用药水平。方法随机抽取该院2010年上半年门诊处方4800张,对抗菌药物的处方数、种类、使用率、联合用药等情况进行统计分析。结果 4800张处方中使用抗生素2968张占61.8%,其中头孢菌素类2281张占抗生素处方的76.9%、青霉素类266张占9.0%、大环内酯类325张占11.0%、林可霉素类96张占3.2%;口服给药861张占29.0%,静脉给药1426张占48.1%,口服+静脉给药681张占22.9%。单联用药(2088张)占70.4%,联合用药(880张)占29.6%。结论该院抗菌药物使用率和使用起点偏高,建议临床医师规范使用抗菌药物,确保儿童用药安全有效。     

我院抗菌药物处方分析

目的分析该院抗菌药物处方,促进该院合理使用抗菌药物。方法选取该院3600张处方,对抗菌药物使用情况进行统计分析。结果 3600张处方中使用抗菌药物680张,抗菌药物使用率为18.89%,抗菌药物处方不合理主要是药物选择不合理及联合用药不合理。结论该院抗菌药物使用情况基本合理,但不合理处方仍然存在,应继续加强医院处方点评工作。     

大连五院抗菌用药分析及不合理用药情况分析

目的：统计大连市第五人民医院抗菌药物使用情况,并分析药物不合理使用情况,以促进其合理用药水平的提高。方法：采用DDD分析法和金额排序法设计调查表,利用Excel软件进行DDDs及金额统计排序,另外对大连五院门诊处方作回顾性调查。结果：本院抗菌药物2007年青霉素类抗生素使用率最高,共使用抗菌药物12类68种。使用频率前3位依次为青霉素、头孢克肟、罗红霉素。使用金额前3位依次为哌拉西林-他唑巴坦、克拉维酸钾阿莫西林、帕珠沙星。2008年头孢类抗生素使用频率最高,共使用抗菌药物12类66种。使用频率前3位依次为罗红霉素、青霉素、头孢克肟。使用金额前3位依次为环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、头孢替唑。在调查的12000张处方中分离出不合理用药处方216张,占1.80%。结论：本院抗菌药物使用存在一些问题,建议加强抗菌药物合理应用和规范化管理。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.