超薄多层螺旋CT与脑灌注成像在颅脑损伤早期诊断中的对比研究

目的探讨超薄多层螺旋CT和脑灌注成像在急性颅脑外伤(TBI)早期诊断中的临床应用价值。方法收集2010年12月~2012年10月我院收治的200例急性颅脑外伤患者检查资料,均于伤后6 h内行超薄多层螺旋CT(MSCT)和CT脑灌注成像(CTP)检查,全部病例于伤后2~3 d动态复查MSCT明确诊断,将数据进行回顾性分析,采用卡方检验评价。结果在MSCT与CTP这两种检测方法中,CTP在脑挫裂伤、硬膜下血肿和脑内血肿的诊断中优于超薄MSCT(P0.05),并且病灶周围低灌注区域大于超薄MSCT。结论 CTP对于急性颅脑外伤早期和微小损伤的诊断优于超薄MSCT,同时可以反映脑组织的灌注情况,具有可靠的临床价值。     

多层螺旋CT颅骨三维图像重建在颅骨骨折中的应用研究

目的分析和对比多层螺旋CT(Multi-slice Spiral Computed Tomography,MSCT)与多层螺旋CT颅骨三维图像重建(Three dimensional reconstruction)在颅骨骨折中的影像表现,探讨多层螺旋CT颅骨三维图像重建在颅骨骨折中的临床应用价值。方法收集2009年12月~2012年10月我院收治的300例急性颅脑外伤(traumatic brain injury TBI)检查资料,均于伤后6 h内行多层螺旋CT及颅骨三维图像重建检查,检出颅骨骨折病例82例,将数据运用统计学方法分析,比较两种检查方法的差异。结果多层螺旋CT颅骨三维图像重建在颅顶骨折(P=0.026)、颅底骨折(P=0.004)的检出率高于常规多层螺旋CT,具有统计学差异﹙P0.05﹚,并且有较高的特异性及敏感性。结论螺旋CT颅骨三维图像重建在颅骨骨折的诊断中优于MSCT,具有可靠的临床价值。     

多层螺旋CT颅骨三维图像重建在颅骨骨折中的应用研究

目的分析和对比多层螺旋CT（Multi-slice Spiral Computed Tomography,MSCT）与多层螺旋cT颅骨三维图像重建（Three dimensional reconstruction）在颅骨骨折中的影像表现,探讨多层螺旋CT颅骨三维图像重建在颅骨骨折中的临床应用价值。方法收集2009年12月～2012年10月我院收治的300例急性颅脑外伤（traumatic brain injury TBI）检查资料,均于伤后6h内行多层螺旋CT及颅骨三维图像重建检查,检出颅骨骨折病例82例,将数据运用统计学方法分析,比较两种检查方法的差异。结果多层螺旋CT颅骨三维图像重建在颅顶骨折（P=0．026）、颅底骨折（P=0．004）的检出率高于常规多层螺旋CT,具有统计学差异（P〈0．05）,并且有较高的特异性及敏感性。结论螺旋CT颅骨三维图像重建在颅骨骨折的诊断中优于MSCT,具有可靠的临床价值。     

多层螺旋CT脑灌注成像与平扫CT值差值的测量对诊断急性脑梗死的价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)脑灌注成像与测量CT值的差值(△Hu)在急性脑梗死早期诊断中的价值。方法对34例临床拟诊为急性脑梗死的患者行头部CT平扫和脑CT灌注成像。评价脑CT灌注成像的达峰时间(TTP),脑血流量(CBF),脑血容量(CBV),测量两侧对称部位CT值的差值(△Hu)。全部病例3⁷ d内复查头部CT及临床随访。另选取34例无脑部疾病、神经系统功能正常的为对照组。结果 34例病例中,头部CT平扫肉眼观察发现可疑病灶15例,测量对称部位CT值差值发现可疑病灶21例;脑CTP显示:32例脑CTP灌注异常,2例脑CTP灌注正常,脑CTP显示患者感兴趣区内脑血流量(rCBF)、脑血容量(rCBV)、对比剂达峰时间(rTTP)明显改变,病灶侧与对照侧、病灶中心区与周边区比较,差异有显著意义(P<0.01)。头部CT平扫肉眼观察发现病灶的敏感度44.11%,脑CTP发现病灶的敏感度94.11%。结论脑CTP检查能够早期诊断急性脑梗死,定量分析可区分中心梗死区与缺血半暗带区,有助于临床医生判断梗死病灶的存在和早期选择治疗方案。     

多层螺旋CT灌注成像在颅脑系统疾病中的应用研究

随着多层螺旋CT的推广使用,使以脑血流动力学研究为目的的多层螺旋CT脑灌注成像(MSCT perfusion imaging)逐渐变为现实,为综合应用CT扫描技术提供了条件,为临床提供了一种全新的、极具潜力的、适用面广的影像检查新技术。一、CT脑灌注成像理论基础1.脑灌注成像理论的形成:在198     

多层螺旋CT灌注成像在缺血性脑卒中的临床应用

多层螺旋CT灌注成像(CT perfusion,CTP)因其成本较低、精确性高、操作容易等优点,在判断脑血流、脑代谢方面为临床提供了新的途径,已逐渐成为缺血性脑卒中的重要诊断方法,对目前指导治疗和观察疗效具有非常重要的意义.现就CTP检查方法和各项指标意义进行阐述,探讨CTP在缺血性脑卒中的临床应用,同时与其他灌注成像方法作比较,提出脑卒中"一站式"CT检查方案.     

创伤性重型颅脑损伤早期格拉斯哥昏迷量表评分动态变化与CTP的相关性

目的通过CT灌注成像(CTP)观察创伤性重型颅脑损伤患者血流动力学的变化;探讨创伤性重型颅脑损伤早期格拉斯哥昏迷量表(Glasgow coma scale,GCS)评分变化与CTP的相关性。方法动态评定20例创伤性重型颅脑损伤患者GCS评分,行CT检查明确重型颅脑损伤诊断;并分别在外伤后或术后第2 d、7 d及14 d行CTP检查。分析创伤性重型颅脑损伤早期GCS评分与脑局部脑血流量(region cerebral blood flow,rCBF)、局部脑血容量(region cerebral blood volume,rCBV)及血液通过组织的平均通过时间(mean transit time,MTT)之间的关系。结果创伤性重型颅脑损伤患者早期GCS评分与CBF、CBV呈正相关,与MTT呈负相关。表明患者伤后GCS评分越高,脑组织缺血的程度越低。结论 CTP技术有助于了解颅脑损伤后局部脑组织血流灌注状况,rCBF、rCBV和MTT与创伤性重型颅脑损伤早期GCS评分存在相关性。     

640层螺旋CT脑灌注成像与CT血管成像在超早期脑梗死中的应用

目的探讨东芝Aquilion ONE 640层CT脑灌注成像(CTP)与CT血管成像(CTA)在超早期脑梗死患者中的应用价值。方法我院2014-06—2015-12收治的28例超早期脑梗死患者,均在发病后6h内实施CT平扫、CTP与CTA检查,分析平扫及灌注CT表现,计算CTP的达峰时间(TTP)、脑血流量(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)各参数值,并与对侧及半暗带周边相应区灌注参数相对比;重建颈段和脑内动脉CTA图像,采用图像后处理技术显示病变血管情况,对动脉狭窄程度进行分级评价。所有患者3~7d内行多层螺旋CT复查,评估CTP与CTA在超早期脑梗死诊断中的临床价值。结果 28例患者经头颅CT平扫发现,11例有可疑脑缺血区,其余17例未见明显异常。行CT脑血管灌注成像发现,患者感兴趣区内rCBF、rCBV、rTTP(病变侧与对照侧灌注参数的相对比值)明显改变,脑梗死区较边缘区TTP更高,CBF、CBV更低,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01);半暗带区CBF、TTP与对侧比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01),而CBV对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。CTA检查发现,10例患者大脑中动脉闭塞,7例大脑中动脉狭窄,11例一侧颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞。结论 CTP早期发现脑梗死患者脑组织中的缺血半暗带,CTA检查可准确判断狭窄或闭塞血管,在脑梗死患者的早期诊断和指导溶栓治疗中有重要临床价值。     

110 mm容积螺旋穿梭扫描在全脑灌注及脑血管联合成像中应用的探讨

【摘要】
目的 探讨宝石能谱计算机断层扫描（computed tomography,CT）110 mm容积螺旋穿梭扫描在全脑灌注及脑血管联合成像中的应用价值。
方法 采用宝石能谱CT,注射造影剂后从颅底到头顶进行110 mm范围的容积螺旋穿梭扫描,重建56例受检者的全脑灌注及脑血管图像,同时期同机器常规扫描模式所得脑动脉重建检查100例,脑静脉三维重建检查25例,脑血流灌注检查80例分别建立数据库。容积螺旋穿梭扫描图像中,随机抽取脑灌注图像20例,44例非烟雾病患者中随机抽取脑动脉薄层最大密度投影（maximum intensity projection,MIP）像、脑动脉三维重建图像各20例,从17例进行脑静脉三维重建图像中随机抽取15例,与随机抽取相同例数的常规扫描模式下同类型图像,就图像质量进行评分后比较。
结果 宝石能谱CT 110 mm容积螺旋穿梭扫描所得脑灌注图像及脑静脉三维重建图像质量与常规扫描模式差异无显著性,容积螺旋穿梭扫描和常规扫描模式两组脑灌注图像得分分别为4.00（3.00,4.00） vs 4.00（3.00,4.00）,P=0.477,脑静脉三维重建图像得分分别为5.00（4.00,5.00） vs 4.00（4.00,5.00）,P=0.119。脑动脉薄层MIP图像质量优于常规扫描模式,其评分分别为4.00（4.00,5.00） vs 4.00（4.00,4.00）,P=0.016。脑动脉三维重建图像质量差于常规扫描模式,评分分别为3.00（3.00,4.00） vs 4.00（4.00,5.00）,P＜0.001。
结论 宝石能谱CT 110 mm容积螺旋穿梭扫描能够有效地对脑血管疾病患者进行影像学综合评估。     

64层螺旋CT灌注成像和血管成像在急性缺血性脑卒中的应用

目的：探讨64层螺旋CT 灌注成像（CTP）、CT血管成像（CTA）在急性缺血性脑卒中的应用价值。方法对30例急性缺血性脑卒中患者,于发病12 h内行头CT平扫、CTP、CTA检查,分析平扫及灌注CT表现,计算灌注缺损区CBF、CBV、MTT各参数值,与对侧相应区灌注参数进行比较,重建颈段和脑内动脉CTA图像,并于发病2～7 d复查CT平扫。结果30例急性缺血性脑卒中患者,15例C T平扫未发现异常,14例可见腔隙梗死灶或软化灶,1例可见脑梗死早期低密度改变。10例C T P未见明显异常,20例C T P发现与临床症状相对应的大小不等的灌注减低区,18例可见不同范围缺血半暗带。CTA 显示12例未见明显异常,18例可见血管狭窄或闭塞。结论 CTP、CTA能够快速准确反映缺血部位及范围,显示缺血半暗带,判断闭塞血管,对早期诊断急性脑梗死和指导溶栓治疗具有重要价值。     

Parathyroid imaging

The most common indication for parathyroid imaging is hyperparathyroidism, which is caused by a solitary parathyroid adenoma in most patients. The primary function of parathyroid imaging is localization of the abnormal parathyroid gland, enabling the surgeon to pursue a minimally invasive resection. Ultrasound and (99m)Tc sestamibi scintigraphy are the mainstays for the preoperative localization of culprit lesions. The emerging modality of SPECT-CT can improve the sensitivity of (99m)Tc sestamibi scintigraphy and its use is encouraged when available. CT and MR imaging are useful as adjuncts, particularly as anatomic correlates to suspected ectopic glands on (99m)Tc sestamibi scintigraphy that are inaccessible to ultrasound. In cases of suspected parathyroid carcinoma, preoperative CT or MR imaging is recommended for surgical planning.     

Spine imaging

Imaging of the vertebral column and spinal cord has evolved from plain film evaluation to computed tomography (CT), CT in conjunction with myelography, and most recently magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Currently, MRI has essentially replaced other imaging modalities in evaluation of the spine because of its superiority in demonstrating anatomic detail and multiplanar capability. The following is a review of the various imaging modalities available and their application in the evaluation of common spinal disorders.     

Opioid imaging

Many breakthrough scientific discoveries have been made using opioid imaging, particularly in the fields of pain, addiction and epilepsy research. Recent developments include the application of ever higher resolution whole-brain positron emission tomography (PET) scanners, the availability of several radioligands, the combination of PET with advanced structural imaging, advances in modeling macroparameters of PET ligand binding, and large-scale statistical analysis of imaging datasets. Suitable single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) tracers are lacking, but with the increase in the number of available PET (or PET/CT) cameras and cyclotrons thanks to the clinical successes of PET in oncology, PET may become widespread enough to overcome this limitation. In the coming decade, we hope to see a more widespread application of the techniques developed in healthy volunteers to patients and more clinical impact of opioid imaging.     

Neuro-molecular imaging

Neuroscience is the scientific study of how the nervous system develops, its structure, and what it does. With the development of different sciences and technologies, neuroscience has become an interdisciplinary science that collaborates with other fields, and the research approach of neuroscience has also changed greatly. Molecular imaging is a powerful tool for neuroscience that can be used for understanding disease, identifying biomarkers, and developing novel therapeutics. Molecular imaging plays an important role in neuroimaging, especially for investigations of the living brain. While CT and MRI provide important structural and anatomical information on the brain, neuro- molecular imaging allows the in vivo visualization and measurement of celluladmolecular processes in the living brain.     

Laryngeal imaging

Knowing the surgical options for treating laryngeal carcinomas and the factors that are used to select patients for radiation therapy leads to a more valuable and relevant interpretation of neck scans in patients with laryngeal tumors. Critical factors include tumor volume; cartilaginous invasion; spread across supraglottic-glottic-subglottic boundaries; infiltration of preepiglottic, paraglottic, and pharyngeal planes; and nodal disease. MR imaging offers greater sensitivity to cartilaginous invasion than CT but shows a higher rate of false-positive studies. Direct coronal MR imaging is often valuable in assessing these issues.     

Amyloid imaging

Molecular neuroimaging techniques such as PET are proving valuable in the early and differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD).With the advent of new therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing β-amyloid (Aβ) burden in the brain to potentially prevent or delay functional and irreversible cognitive loss, there is increased interest in developing agents that allow assessment of Aβ burden in vivo. Amyloid imaging with PET has proven useful in the discrimination of dementias, showing significantly higher Aβ burden in the gray matter of AD patients when compared with healthy controls or patients with frontotemporal dementia. ApoE ε4 carriers, independent of diagnosis or disease severity, present with higher Aβ burden than non-ε4 carriers. Amyloid imaging matches histopathological reports in aging and dementia, reflecting the true regional density of Aβ plaques in cortical areas. It also appears to be more sensitive than FDG-PET for the diagnosis of AD. In healthy older people there is an increasing prevalence of amyloid positive scans with age, rising from 20% in the seventh decade to 60% in the ninth decade. Of people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 40-60% present with detectable cortical Aβ deposition. In both groups, Aβ deposition is associated with a higher risk for cognitive decline and dementia due to AD. These observations suggest that Aβ deposition is not part of normal aging, supporting the hypothesis that it occurs well before the onset of symptoms and is likely to represent preclinical AD in asymptomatic persons and prodromal AD in MCI. Further longitudinal observations, coupled with different disease-specific tracers and biomarkers, are required to confirm this hypothesis and further elucidate the precise role of Aβ deposition in the course of AD.     

Intraoperative imaging with open magnetic resonance imaging and neuronavigation

The Erlangen-concept of image-guided-surgery is based on the installation of an open magnetic resonance (MR) scanner (Magnetom Open, 0.2 T, Siemens AG) in a twin operating room in combination with two neuronavigation systems (Stealth NeuroStation, Sofamor Danek, MKM Zeiss). Since March 1996 this method has been used for a total of 402 patients, among them 44 children. In 214 patients, mainly with gliomas or pituitary adenomas or who needed surgery for epilepsy, we performed intraoperative MR imaging to monitor the extent of resection, allowing a second look for possible tumor remnants and also compensating for brain shift by an intraoperative update of neuronavigation. Functional neuronavigation, i.e. the combination of anatomical neuronavigation with functional imaging [e.g. magnetoencephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)] was used in patients with lesions in brain areas such as the motor and speech areas. For MEG we used a MAGNES II biomagnetometer (Biomagnetic Technologies, San Diego, Calif.) and for fMRI a 1.5 T Siemens Symphony MR scanner. So far we have treated 89 patients with functional neuronavigation. Our preliminary experience indicates that intraoperative MR imaging, especially in combination with functional neuronavigation, allows more radical resections with lower morbidity.     

颅内原发性淋巴瘤DWI及PWI表现

目的 探讨颅内原发性淋巴瘤扩散加权成像(DWI)和灌注加权成像(PWI)特点.方法 回顾性分析10例颅内原发性淋巴瘤的DWI表现和9例颅内原发性淋巴瘤的PWI特征,所有病例均经病理证实,并结合其病理特征与高级别(Ⅲ、Ⅳ级)星形细胞瘤作对照.结果 颅内原发性淋巴瘤DWI多呈均匀高信号,肿瘤实质ADC值为(79.73±10.21)×10-5mm2/s,明显低于高级别星形细胞瘤ADC值(99.81±19.57)×10-5mm2/s(P=0.002).9例行PWI检查,颅内原发性淋巴瘤肿瘤实质最大rCBV比值为1.71±0.59,而14例高级别星形细胞瘤肿瘤实质最大rCBV比值为5.17±1.73,与高级别旱形细胞瘤比较,颅内原发性淋巴瘤呈低灌注趋势(P=0.001).结论 颅内原发性淋巴瘤DWI、PWI具有一定的特征,术前行DWI、PWI有助于提高MRI对颅内原发性淋巴瘤的诊断水平.     

Magnetic source imaging

Epilepsy surgery primarily aims to control seizures in cases of drug-resistant epilepsy; in addition, neurological or neuropsychological deficits need to be avoided, and social integration improved. Determination of the specific site and extent of interictal and ictal epileptic brain regions is the main task of the presurgical evaluation of partial epilepsies. An additional challenge of the preoperative work-up is to delineate the functionally important regions (motor, somatosensory, language). As a new, non-invasive, functional modality, magnetoencephalography (MEG) yields information that is complementary to electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). As magnetic field distortion by the brain, cerebrospinal fluid, skull and skin is negligible, the technique offers a virtually undistorted view of brain activity and, thus, offers excellent spatiotemporal resolution. In general, MEG is used for focus localization as well as functional mapping as part of the clinical routine. This report presents an overview of the technique, as well as its advantages and limitations in the clinical context of epileptology.