23G玻璃体切除术治疗视网膜静脉阻塞黄斑水肿合并玻璃体黄斑牵拉或黄斑前膜

目的:探讨23G玻璃体手术治疗视网膜静脉阻塞黄斑水肿合并玻璃体黄斑牵拉或视网膜黄斑前膜的临床疗效.方法:对22例22眼视网膜静脉阻塞黄斑水肿合并玻璃体黄斑牵拉或黄斑前膜病例进行回顾性分析.其中12例12眼行23G玻璃体切除手术并剥离视网膜前膜和/或内界膜作为观察组即手术组;另外10例10眼未行手术患者作为对照组,并收集全部患者治疗前、治疗后1、3、6mo的最佳矫正视力(BCVA)及中央视网膜厚度(CRT)资料进行统计学分析.结果:观察组和对照组治疗前BCVA和CRT差异无统计学意义(P=0.645、0.206).观察组术后各随访时间点BCVA较术前均明显提高,差异有统计学意义(F=2.895,P=0.048);CRT较术前明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(F=16.431,P<0.01).对照组随访期内1、3、6mo BCVA及CRT较治疗前无明显改善,差异均无统计学意义.随访期3、6mo时,观察组BCVA较对照组提高,CRT较对照组时降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);而1mo时,观察组BCVA及CRT较对照组无明显改善.结论:23G玻璃体切割手术可以有效地提高视网膜静脉阻塞黄斑水肿合并玻璃体黄斑牵拉或黄斑前膜患者视力并降低中央视网膜厚度.     

光学相干断层扫描在玻璃体黄斑界面疾病中的临床应用进展

玻璃体黄斑界面疾病主要包括玻璃体黄斑牵引综合征、特发性黄斑视网膜前膜和特发性黄斑裂孔。光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tom ography,OCT)作为一种新的能提供高分辨活体组织横截面图像的非损伤性影像学检查技术,具有独特的高分辨率、无损伤性等特点,自临床广泛应用以来,为临床玻璃体黄斑界面疾病的诊断、鉴别诊断、病情的监测以及定量评估、治疗方案的选择等方面提供了重要信息及参考价值。我们对玻璃体黄斑界面疾病在OCT图像中的解剖形态学特征的了解,促进了临床对疾病发生、发展的认识。下面我们就OCT在玻璃体黄斑界面疾病的应用进展加以综述。     

不同类型黄斑前膜玻璃体手术的意义

目的：探讨不同类型的黄斑前膜手术的成功率和手术损伤视力的风险。方法：对56例患有不同类型的黄斑前膜患者的57只手术眼的结果进行回顾性分析，观察手术前后视力改变；不同类型黄斑前膜术后视力改善的比较；视物变形改善率；术中并发症；术后并发症。结果：视力改善2行以上41只眼占78．8％，改善率高的为扣带术后黄斑前膜和黄斑裂孔合并黄斑前膜，其次为特发性黄斑前膜，玻璃体黄斑牵引综合征的视力改善较差。总体近视力改善高于远视力。视物变形改善率为65．0％。术中并发症为原裂孔开放4只眼和新裂孔形成5只眼。结论：扣带术后黄斑前膜，黄斑裂孔合并黄斑前膜以及特发性黄斑前膜手术后的视力改善率较高，手术具有一定的操作风险。     

玻璃体手术治疗玻璃体黄斑牵引综合征

目的:探讨玻璃体手术治疗玻璃体黄斑牵引综合征疗效。方法:手术前后经光学相干断层扫描(optical co-herence tomography, OCT)、多焦视网膜电图(multifocal electroretinography,m ERG)、荧光素眼底血管造影(funds fluorescein angiography,FFA)等检查确诊为玻璃体黄斑牵引综合征患者12例12眼。采用标准三切口玻璃体切除手术。切除已脱离玻璃体后皮质,松解玻璃体视网膜牵引。结果:黄斑部牵引解除12眼,视力提高2行以上9眼。手术后未见明显并发症。结论:玻璃体手术是治疗玻璃体黄斑牵引综合征的有效方法。     

黄斑前增生性病变的玻璃体手术治疗

目的：探讨黄斑区内表面增生性病变玻璃体手术治疗效果帮并发症的防治,方法,对各种原因所致的黄斑区牵引和皱褶共41例（41只眼）行玻璃体手术治疗。包括特发性黄斑前膜12例,黄斑裂孔合并黄斑前膜形成10例,外伤或视网膜脱离复位术后黄斑皱褶19例（不包括 病性眼底病变或视网膜脱离患者）。术哪找前膜与视网膜之间的潜在性间隙（桥底）或粘连薄弱部位,应用笛形针、视网膜钩、铲、镊等眼内器械,将增生膜和玻璃体后界膜剥离干净。结果：41例术中均顺利剥除黄斑区的视网膜前膜、恢复黄斑区的解部形态,除4例术中,术后发生少量视网膜浅层出血外,未见视网膜撕裂、脱离等并发症。术后视力提高者共38例,3例视力保持原有水平,所有患者视物变形均有明显改善甚视力提高,症状缓解,并发症得到有效控制,术前、术后应用光学相干断层成像术检查,有助于了解黄斑区及增生膜的情况,并进行疗效的客观评价。     

玻璃体手术治疗老年性黄斑变性玻璃体积血

老年性黄斑变性（AMD）在我国50岁以上人群的患病率高达15．5％，其中0．6％～6．O％的患者并发玻璃体积血。为了观察玻璃体手术治疗AMD并发玻璃体积血的疗效，我们对2002年至2007年在北京同仁眼科中心因AMD并发玻璃体积血接受玻璃体手术的患者进行了回顾性总结，现报告如下。     

玻璃体切除治疗特发性黄斑前膜的临床观察

目的 评价玻璃体切除治疗特发性黄斑前膜的效果。方法 采用睫状体扁平部位闭合式玻璃体切除膜剥离术去除黄斑前膜。结果 术后视力均有所提高，无并发症发生。结论 玻璃体切除联合剥离术是一种有效的治疗特发性黄斑前膜的方法。     

玻璃体状态与黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离的术式选择

我们根据玻璃体后界膜状态对２４例黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离分别采用市同术式进吁治疗。①伴玻璃体后脱离（ＰＶＤ）者行玻璃体注气术；②伴玻璃体视网膜异常粘连者行玻璃本切除术；③伴周边部裂孔者，先封周边孔，不能复位时再根据是否伴ＰＶＤ选择术式。本文怪出针对玻璃体后界膜与后极部视网膜异常粘连、牵拉，形成黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离这一发商机制，制定治疗方案。术后追踪６－２０个月，２４例中２３例视网膜复位占９５．８％，视力恢复至０．０２－０．４。     

玻璃体手术治疗黄斑孔性视网膜脱离的初步报告

本文对１５例伴有玻璃体视网膜异常粘连的黄斑孔性视网膜脱离进行了玻璃体切除、视网膜前膜剥离、玻璃体注惰性气体及巩膜扣带术。术中重点在于玻璃体后界膜的分离。追踪观察６￣１２个月，视网膜解剖及功能复位率为９３．３％。根据术中所见，本文提出针对其发病机制进行有目的、有选择的治疗方案，同时注射到玻璃体后界膜对黄斑孔的形成、视网膜脱离的发生，以及增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变中的决定性作用。     

玻璃体切除黄斑前膜剥除联合内界膜剥除对特发性黄斑前膜患者疗效的影响

目的：分析玻璃体切除黄斑前膜剥除术联合与不联合内界膜(ILM)剥除对特发性黄斑前膜(IMEM)患者脉络膜厚度、视力和视物变形的影响。

方法：前瞻性研究。收集2016-01/2020-01在本院诊治的IMEM患者88例88眼,按随机数字表法分两组：观察组44眼接受玻璃体切除黄斑前膜剥除术联合内界膜剥除治疗,对照组44眼仅接受玻璃体切除黄斑前膜剥除术治疗。比较两组患者手术前后脉络膜厚度、视力和视物变形、黄斑中心凹厚度(CMT)、椭圆体区连续性(EZ)及并发症。

结果：与术前比较,两组患者术后3、6mo时的黄斑中心凹脉络膜厚度(SFCT)、距黄斑中心凹鼻侧1 000μm处脉络膜厚度(NFCT)及距黄斑中心凹颞侧1 000μm处脉络膜厚度(TFCT)均明显下降(P<0.05),但两组间比较无差异(P>0.05); 与术前比较,两组患者最佳矫正视力(BCVA)改善,光敏感度(MS)上升,观察组患者黄斑暗点数(SP)上升,对照组患者SP下降,观察组术后1、3、6mo时的MS明显低于对照组,SP高于对照组(均P<0.05); 与术前比较,两组患者术后3、6mo时的水平和平均M评分较术前均明显下降(均P<0.05),但组间无差异(P>0.05); 两组术后1、3、6mo时的CMT较术前均明显下降,观察组术后3、6mo时的CMT均高于对照组(均P<0.05),EZ连续比例及并发症发生率组间比较均无差异(P>0.05)。

结论：玻璃体切除黄斑前膜剥除治疗IMEM时,无论是否联合ILM剥除均可取得良好的视力并改善视物变形,且对脉络膜厚度的影响及安全性相当; 但联合ILM剥除具更低的光敏感度和更高的暗点数,术后CMT更厚,并未体现出显著优越性。     

Vitreomacular interface diseases: Diagnosis and management

This article discusses the diagnosis and management of abnormal vitreomacular interfaces disorders including vitreomacular adhesion, vitreomacular traction, epiretinal membrane, full thickness macular holes, lamellar holes and pseudoholes. Optical coherence tomography has better enabled our ability to diagnose abnormalities of the vitreoretinal interface by providing clinical information that cannot be obtained by other ophthalmic diagnostic techniques. While vitrectomy remains the most commonly performed treatment for these disorders, the recent introduction of pharmacologic vitreolysis represents the development of non-surgical treatment options of certain diseases of the vitreoretinal interface.     

高度近视黄斑劈裂的研究进展

黄斑劈裂是高度近视常见的黄斑病变之一.玻璃体后皮质和内界膜的切线和前后方向牵引、视网膜血管牵拉、巩膜扩张被认为是重要发病因素.目前的治疗手段主要是玻璃体手术或联合内界膜剥除术、黄斑扣带术.治疗时机及治疗手段虽有共识但存在争议.     

玻璃体切割术治疗外伤性视网膜前膜的临床观察

目的 评价在直视显微镜下自睫状体扁平部行玻璃体手术治疗外伤性视网膜前膜的效果及其影响因素。方法 回顾性分析自1999年1月至2002年3月经玻璃体手术治疗的外伤性视网膜前膜96例96眼的临床资料。结果 96眼均一次成功，术后视力提高51眼，不变5眼。结论 玻璃体切割术是治疗外伤性视网膜前膜的有效方法。由于手术较为复杂精细，如果对手术适应症选择不正确和手术操作不当，可引起不应有的术后并发症，影响术后视功能的恢复。     

Vitrectomy for macular pucker and vitreomacular traction syndrome

During the course of a so-called posterior vitreous detachment, a thin layer of the posterior vitreous cortex often remains adherent to the underlying retina. Tangential stretch of this vitreous pseudomembrane may cause vitreomacular traction syndrome, edema, and macular hole formation. The same process appears to underlie the development of true epimacular membranes (idiopathic macular pucker). Vitrectomy is generally agreed to be the most appropriate treatment for these clinical situations. We evaluated the incidence of vitreomacular adhesion and of visual improvement after vitrectomy of eyes with macular pucker (group 1; n=60) and vitreomacular traction syndrome (group 2; n=50). Vitreomacular attachment was assessed during vitrectomy under the condition of continuous air infusion. In the two groups, complete or partial vitreous attachment to the macula was observed in 57.4% and 74%, respectively. We conclude that vitreomacular adhesion is a common feature of the two clinical situations. Visual improvement was achieved in 73% of both groups. High rates of postoperative visual acuities of 20/50 or better (60.6% in group-1; 65.7% in group-2 cases) occurred only in eyes with preoperative values of 20/100 or better. It is reported that the visual outcome of vitreoretinal surgery for the two clinical conditions deteriorates with increasing duration after initial manifestation. Vitrectomy should not be postponed in patients who complain of disturbing visual symptoms such as reduced visual acuity, metamorphopsia and disturbance of binocular reading. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Surgical Management of Macular Epiretinal Membranes

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of surgical treatment on macular epiretinal membranes.Methods: Vitrectomy and membrane removal were undergone for idopathic or secondary macular epiretinal membrane.Results: Fourteen eyes of 15 patients (93%) had vision improvement after operation in which 8 eyes (57%) increased 3 or more Senellen lines. Only one case suffered from paracentral scotoma. No other complications were noted. Conclusion: Surgical management of macular epiretinal membrane is safe and effective with good visual outcome and few complications. Eye Science 1996; 12:140 -144.     

The Efficacy and Safety Profile of Ocriplasmin in Vitreomacular Interface Disorders

ABSTRACT

Vitreomacular adhesion (VMA) describes the adhesion of the posterior hyaloid face to the inner retina in any part of the macula. This can arise after incomplete separation of the posterior vitreous cortex from the macula during vitreous liquefaction. While the VMA may resolve spontaneously, a strong and persistent adhesion can lead to a variety of anatomical changes, including vitreomacular traction (VMT) and macular hole (MH). Both conditions can present with metamorphopsia and decreased vision. In cases of symptomatic VMT and full-thickness macular hole, pars plana vitrectomy has long been the standard of care. However, due to the possible surgical complications and need for postoperative care, many have searched for non-surgical options via pharmacologic vitreolysis. Ocriplasmin (Jetrea, Thrombogenics USA, Alcon/Novartis EU) is a recombinant protease approved in October 2012 for the treatment of symptomatic vitreomacular adhesion (VMA). There have been conflicting views on the safety of Ocriplasmin with changes in the ellipsoid zone seen on OCT and changes seen on ERG indicating photoreceptor damage. This publication reviews the efficacy and safety of ocriplasmin injection for VMA based on previously published data.     

Vitreomacular traction syndrome: a comparison of treatment with intravitreal plasmin enzyme vs spontaneous vitreous separation without treatment

Purpose

To evaluate the effects of intravitreal autologous plasmin enzyme (APE) in patients with focal vitreomacular traction (VMT).

Methods

APE was obtained by incubation of patient-derived purified plasminogen with streptokinase, and intravitreally injected 5–12 days later. Twenty-four hours after injection, in case of incomplete VMT release, a pars plana vitrectomy was performed. The hyaloid internal limiting membrane adherence and removal of the posterior hyaloid were intraoperatively evaluated.

Results

Thirteen patients were recruited. During preparation of APE, five patients had spontaneous release of VMT. Eight patients received APE injection (2 IU). In five patients, spontaneous resolution of VMT occurred before APE administration. Twenty-four hours after injection, persistence of VMT was detected in all the eight treated patients. Best-corrected visual acuity was 0.51±0.37 LogMAR at baseline, improving to 0.23±0.14 LogMAR at 6 months (P=0.002). Foveal thickness was 464±180 μm at baseline, reducing to 246±59 μm at 6 months (P<0.001). Hyaloid was intraoperatively judged ‘partially detached'' in seven cases and ‘totally detached'' in one case. Hyaloid peeling was evaluated ‘easy'' in six eyes and ‘very easy'' in two eyes.

Conclusions

In the current study, there was a large percentage of spontaneous resolution of VMT before an APE administration. A single intravitreal APE injection seems insufficient to induce a complete posterior vitreous detachment in these patients.     

Epiretinal membrane with macular pucker

Background: Epiretinal membranes are a common finding in people over the age of 50 years. Clinically, they usually cause minor visual distortion. However, in some patients, there may be a significant visual loss and/or metamorphopsia and surgery may be required in more severe cases. Case history: In this report, we document the findings of a patient having an epiretinal membrane with macular pucker. The patient underwent surgery consisting of posterior vitrectomy and peeling away of the membrane. Discussion: The classification and terminology commonly used to describe epiretinal membranes are reviewed. In addition, the aetiology, prevalence, symptoms, differential diagnosis, treatment and complications of epiretinal membranes are discussed.     

Vitroctomy for Macular Pucker

Vitreous surgery was used to treat 130 consecutive cases with epiretinal membranes causing macular pucker. The membrane: (1) occurred after otherwise successful retinal reattachment surgery in 78 eyes (60%), (2) was idiopathic in 28 eyes (22%), (3) was associated with other ocular disorders in 20 eyes (15%), and (4) in four eyes may have been developmental. The abnormal tissue was successfully removed in 128 of 130 eyes, and vision improved at least two lines on the Snellen chart in 108 eyes (83%). Postoperative visual acuity was 20/20 in five eyes (4%), 20/25 to 20/40 in 41 eyes (31.5%), 20/50 to 20/100 in 64 eyes (49%), 20/200 in 15 eyes (11.5%), and 20/400 in five eyes (4%).Complications included one case of sterile endophthalmitis and one case of infective endophthalmitis (Staphylococcus epidermidis). Peripheral retinal tears occurred in six eyes (5%). No posterior retinal breaks occurred in this series. Later retinal detachment occurred in eight eyes (6%) requiring further retinal surgery. Progressive postoperative nuclear sclerotic lens changes occurred in 31 (34%) of 90 phakic eyes. Sizable amounts of epiretinal tissue recurred postoperatively in four eyes (3%).