胫骨干骺端骨折的髓内钉治疗的研究进展

胫骨骨折是最常见的长骨骨折,应用髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折的优点在于分散应力,保护髓外血运,避免额外的软组织剥离。但髓内钉治疗胫骨干骺端骨折也存在骨折复位不良,再次移位,畸形愈合,骨折延迟愈合以及不愈合等并发症。为了减少并发症,一些髓内钉固定技术和复位技术已经得到了发展。本文就胫骨干骺端骨折髓内钉治疗固定方法和复位技术的改进进行综述。     

髓内钉与锁定钢板内固定治疗胫骨远侧干骺端骨折的比较研究

目的比较髓内钉与锁定钢板内固定治疗胫骨远侧干骺端骨折的疗效。方法 102例胫骨远侧干骺端骨折伴腓骨骨折分别采用闭合复位髓内钉(髓内钉组,50例)与锁定钢板(钢板组,52例)内固定治疗,腓骨骨折行切开复位钢板内固定。结果髓内钉组与钢板组比较,手术时间更短、切口并发症及刺激性疼痛发生率更低、骨折愈合时间更短、AOFAS评分更高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对于伴有腓骨骨折的胫骨远侧干骺端骨折的治疗,超远端交锁髓内钉固定是更好的选择。     

ETN在胫骨干骺端骨折内固定治疗中的应用

目的总结解剖型胫骨髓内钉(ETN)内固定治疗胫骨干骺端骨折的临床疗效。方法应用ETN治疗胫骨干骺端骨折6例。结果本组随访12～18个月,骨折均达到骨性愈合。无切口感染、骨折畸形愈合、内固定失效等并发症发生。结论ETN治疗胫骨干骺端骨折具有固定牢靠、手术创伤小、手术时间短等优点,适用于开放性胫骨干骺端骨折或手术区域皮肤软组织条件差的患者。     

进钉点改良取骨一期回植交锁髓内钉内固定治疗胫骨干骨折

目的采用前瞻性对比研究胫骨进钉点改良取骨一期回植结合髓内钉内固定术与传统交锁髓内钉内固定术治疗胫骨干骨折的临床疗效。方法将58例胫骨干骨折随机分成2组。改良组28例,在胫骨干骺端髓内钉进钉点入口处以克氏针作引导,环锯取胫骨干骺端松质骨条,植入骨折断端并行交锁髓内钉固定。对照组30例,采用传统以锥形开口器开口并行交锁髓内钉固定。比较2组手术时间、术中出血量、骨折愈合时间、骨折愈合率、下肢功能状况。结果 2组手术时间、术中出血量、下肢功能评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。改良组骨折愈合时间明显缩短,骨折一期愈合率明显提高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论进钉点改良取骨一期回植交锁髓内钉内固定治疗胫骨干骨折具有易操作、损伤小、并发症少、手术安全、骨折愈合快的优点。     

专家型胫骨髓内钉结合阻挡钉技术治疗胫骨远端干骺端骨折

闭合复位、交锁髓内钉内固定技术具有手术创伤小、保护骨折断端血运以及骨折愈合等优点,已成为治疗长管状骨骨折的首选方法,但在治疗胫骨远端干骺端骨折时却存在骨折复位不佳、内固定不牢固、骨折不愈合等并发症。     

交锁髓内钉和经皮钢板固定治疗胫骨远端干骺端骨折的疗效比较

目的 比较交锁髓内钉和经皮钢板固定治疗胫骨远端干骺端骨折的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2004年5月～2005年8月采用交锁髓内钉或经皮钢板固定的51例胫骨远端干骺端骨折的治疗效果，根据内固定方式分成髓内钉组（n=27）和钢板组（n=24），比较两组的手术时间，出血量，透视次数，骨折愈合时间，踝关节前后向、内外翻成角，踝关节最大背伸度及并发症，并采用Olerud-Molander踝关节评分评价结果。结果 所有患者获得12—27个月（21．2个月）随访，两组患者在手术时间、透视次数、踝关节最大背伸度方面差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。所有骨折均获得愈合，平均愈合时间髓内钉组为20．0周，钢板组为18．6周。Olerud-Molander踝关节评分结果均为优良。髓内钉组具有较少的手术出血量，钢板组具有更好的骨折对线；髓内钉组有5例发生畸形愈合，钢板组有4例发生局部软组织并发症。结论 对于胫骨远端骨折，交锁髓内钉和经皮钢板固定都是有效的固定方式，经皮钢板能够提供更好的骨折端稳定性，而交锁髓内钉有利于处理伴有局部软组织损伤的骨折。     

阻挡螺钉在带锁髓内钉治疗下肢长骨干骺端骨折中的应用

目的介绍带锁髓内钉结合阻挡螺钉治疗股骨、胫骨远端骨折的手术方法。方法 2009年4月至2009年10月用带锁髓内钉以及阻挡螺钉治疗股骨下段、胫骨干骺端骨折12例,对临床资料进行回顾性分析,评价其临床疗效。结果所有患者随访12~20个月,所有病例伤口均一期愈合,未见软组织并发症,未见骨折移位和断端不稳定现象,骨折愈合满意。结论带锁髓内钉结合阻挡螺钉技术能够有效的固定干骺端骨折,扩大了髓内钉的应用范围,增加了骨折固定的稳定性,在临床应用中值得推广。     

超远端交锁髓内钉固定治疗胫骨远端干骺端骨折

目的探讨超远端交锁髓内钉在胫骨远端距关节面5 cm以内的干骺端骨折治疗中的应用。方法 12例胫骨远端距关节面5 cm以内的干骺端骨折,采用闭合复位、超远端交锁髓内钉进行内固定治疗。结果 12例均获随访平均9.7个月,完全负重时间平均13.4周,临床愈合时间平均12.2周,均于术后4~6周关节活动度恢复正常。结论应用超远端交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨远端距关节面5 cm以内的干骺端骨折,手术创伤小、固定可靠、疗效满意,但应慎重选择病例。     

带锁髓内钉微创内固定治疗胫骨C2型骨折

[目的]总结胫骨C2型骨折的临床特点,探讨带锁髓内钉微创内固定治疗胫骨C2型骨折的手术方法及疗效。[方法]自2000年5月～2006年3月采用带锁髓内钉微创内固定治疗胫骨C2型骨折30例,男21例,女9例;年龄20～63岁,平均41.5岁。闭合骨折14例采用有限扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗;开放骨折16例(包括GustiloⅠ和Ⅱ型)采用非扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗,均静力性固定。受伤距手术时间2h～12d,平均4.5d。[结果]平均随访时间为16.5个月(7～21个月)。30例均达骨性愈合,骨折愈合时间为4～9个月,平均6.2个月。按Johner-Wruch功能评价标准,优24例,良6例。无小腿骨筋膜间隔综合征、深部感染、膝前疼痛、主钉和锁钉断裂及畸形愈合发生。2例延迟愈合。[结论]胫骨C2型骨折多由高能量损伤引起,多发生于骨干区。带锁髓内钉微创内固定是治疗胫骨C2型骨折的一种较好的方法,其操作简单、手术创伤小、固定可靠、骨折愈合率高,并发症少、疗效满意。规范和微创的手术操作应予以高度重视。     

带锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折50例

目的探讨带锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折的手术方法和疗效。方法闭合性骨折28例采用有限扩髓髓内钉治疗。开放性骨折22例采用非扩髓髓内钉治疗,均静力性固定。结果随访3个月~1年,50例均达骨性愈合,骨折愈合时间为3~10个月,平均6个月。愈合优31例,良19例,优良率100%。无锁钉及髓内钉松动、断裂。无小腿骨筋膜间隔综合征、深部感染、膝前疼痛。髋、膝、踝关节功能正常,延迟愈合1例。胫骨迟发性感染2例。结论带锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折,操作简单、手术创伤小,固定坚强可靠,骨折愈合率高,并发症少,能早期活动,是一种较好的内固定方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.