原位肝移植后胆道并发症的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的诊治。方法 回顾性分析40例原位肝移植的临床资料，总结术后胆道并发症的防治经验。结果 3例患者术后出现血胆红素和／或转氨酶持续性升高，经T管胆道造影术及核磁共振胆胰管成像证实存在胆道狭窄，其中2例为肝门部胆管与肝总管狭窄，1例为吻合口处胆管狭窄。经采用T管窦道球囊扩张术，3例的胆道狭窄得以改善，肝功能好转，其中1例经3次选择性球囊扩张，现健康存活已21月余；其中合并胆漏的1例，在B型超声波引导下穿刺置管负压引流后治愈；合并胆道胆泥淤积的1例及合并多重胆道感染的2例，均予以对症治疗。结论 手术技术不佳及胆管的血液供应不良是肝移植术后发生胆道并发症的重要因素；联合应用胆道造影术和核磁共振胆胰管成像能了解胆树全貌，有助于胆道狭窄、胆泥淤积与胆漏的诊断；及时采用放射介入技术处理胆道并发症可取得良好疗效。     

肝移植术后并发症的介入治疗

目的评价肝移植术后多种并发症的介入治疗。方法回顾性的分析肝移植术后出现各种并发症并进行介入治疗的82例患者,胆管病变62例;肝动脉病变8例;下腔静脉病变13例;肝静脉狭窄7例;门静脉病变9例。胆管并发症采用经T管置入引流管、经皮肝穿刺胆管行胆汁引流或球囊扩张术。球囊扩张成形术或(和)金属支架植入术处理血管狭窄的患者;局部溶栓治疗用于术后血管内血栓形成的病例。结果在胆管并发症患者中,41例经T管置入引流管,34例行经皮穿刺胆汁引流(PTBD),球囊扩张胆道成形术9例。3例肝动脉狭窄的患者接受了球囊扩张成形术或支架植入术,1例肝动脉形成血栓者行插管溶栓,效果良好。9例下腔静脉狭窄患者行支架植入术,1例接受了球囊扩张成形术。5例肝静脉狭窄患者接受了球囊扩张成形术或支架治疗。门静脉狭窄患者中6例接受支架治疗,1例门脉血栓形成行局部溶栓,治疗不满意。结论介入治疗是处理肝移植术后胆管和血管并发症不可或缺的临床治疗方法。     

原位肝移植术后胆管并发症的预防与处理

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后胆管并发症的原因及防治。方法 2000年5月至2002年1月38例原位肝移植的临床资料进行回顾性研究。结果 本组38例病人术后共发生胆管并发症9例（9/38，24%）。其中单纯胆瘘4例，胆管空肠吻合口狭窄，肝内胆管结石，胆管狭窄合并胆泥形成，胆瘘继发胆管狭窄，胆管狭窄合并肝内胆汁瘤各1例。此9例中2例死于严重感染，7例痊愈。结论 原位肝移植术后胆管并发症病因复杂，后果严重。首先应该注重预防，并做到早期诊断。逆行性胰胆管造影术（endoscopic retrograde cholangiopanreatography,ERCP）和经皮经肝胆管造影术（percutaneous tran-shepatic cholangiography,PTC）等辅助性介入治疗手段应受到重视。     

经皮肝穿刺胆道引流介入治疗肝移植术后胆道狭窄30例

目的 探讨经皮肝穿刺胆道引流介入治疗原位肝移植术后胆道狭窄的可行性及其效果.方法 对292例原位肝移植术后出现胆道狭窄的30例患者分别行胆道球囊扩张术、胆道引流术和胆道支架置入术.结果 3例胆道狭窄合并胆瘘患者和3例单纯吻合口狭窄患者,经气囊扩张术和胆道引流后痊愈.8例肝内外胆管多发狭窄患者,经气囊反复扩张胆道狭窄段后,7例狭窄纠正而获得痊愈;1例经气囊扩张治疗后出现肝内血肿,再次行肝移植.14例肝内外胆管多发狭窄合并胆泥的患者,经反复球囊导管扩张后,12例狭窄明显减轻,黄疸缓解;1例置入胆道支架,后因大量胆泥造成支架阻塞而再次行肝移植;1例治疗后狭窄仍存在,黄疸无缓解而再次行肝移植.2例T型管引流口段狭窄行经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术后,狭窄明显减轻,黄疸缓解.结论 经皮肝穿刺胆道引流介入是治疗原位肝移植术后胆道狭窄的良好方法.     

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目的 探讨原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的发生原因及防治措施。方法 回顾性研究110例原位肝移植的临床资料。结果 110例病人术后共发生胆道并发症15例(13．6％)。其中单纯胆癌5例，迟发性弥漫性肝内胆管损伤3例，拔除T管后胆瘘2例，胆管空肠吻合口狭窄、肝内胆管结石、胆道狭窄合并胆泥形成、胆瘘后继发胆道狭窄、胆道狭窄合并肝内胆汁瘤形成各1例。除3例弥漫性肝内胆管损伤外，12例中2例死于严重胆道感染，其余10例经治疗痊愈。结论 原位肝移植术后胆道并发症病因复杂，治疗相对困难，因此首先应该注重预防，其次尽量做到早期诊断，针对不同的情况采取相应的治疗措施；重视ERCP和PTC等辅助性介入治疗方法。     

降低肝移植术后手术技术相关胆道并发症的体会

目的 探讨肝移植的手术技巧，以降低手术相关胆道并发症。方法 对89例终末期肝病患者施行腔静脉成形的改良背驮式原位肝移植，供肝肝总动脉与受者肝总动脉端端吻合，供肝肝总管或胆总管与受者胆总管端端吻合，未置T管。术后定期进行影像学检查，了解移植肝是否出现胆道并发症。结果 1例术后5个月发生肝门分叉处胆管狭窄，经球囊扩张后效果不佳，再次手术行胆管狭窄成形术后治愈；其余患者未发生胆漏、吻合口狭窄、胆泥或胆道结石、肝门部胆管狭窄、胆管炎、胆汁瘤、粘液囊肿及十二指肠乳头功能异常等胆道并发症。结论 注重供肝的灌洗和修整，提高肝动脉吻合和胆道重建技巧，可有效避免或减少技术性胆道并发症的发生。     

彩色多普勒超声及超声造影在肝移植术后血管并发症中的应用

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声（CDU）和超声造影（CEUS）在检测肝移植术后血管并发症中的应用价值并对两者进行比较。方法对肝移植术后患者常规行CDU检查，对CDU疑肝血管血流异常患者行超声造影检查，观察肝动脉、门静脉、下腔静脉及肝实质的血流灌注，对其中29例经数字减影血管造影术（DSA）或CT血管造影（CTA）／MR血管造影（MRA）证实病例的CDU及造影检查资料进行分析。结果术后血管并发症患者29例，其中肝动脉狭窄22例，肝动脉血栓闭塞3例（肝动脉血栓闭塞合并肝梗死2例），门静脉狭窄2例，下腔静脉狭窄1例，另1例为肝门部血肿并肝动脉、门静脉受压狭窄。CDU显示25例狭窄均有血流参数异常，但不能判断狭窄部位及程度，3例血栓闭塞者，动脉血流均未显示，但不能肯定诊断；超声造影可明确诊断肝动脉血栓闭塞，显示肝动脉、门静脉及下腔静脉狭窄，与DSA或CTA／MRA结果符合率分别为100％（3，3）、90．9％（20／22）、100％（2／2）及100％（1／1）。结论CDU与超声造影互为补充，有利于提高肝移植术后血管并发症的诊断准确性。     

磁共振成像在肝移植术后并发症诊断中的应用

目的探讨磁共振成像在肝移植并发症诊断中的价值。方法回顾分析11例肝移植术后发生并发症者的磁共振检查影像资料。结果11例患者术后出现皮肤和巩膜黄染、发热以及尿黄等症状，丙氨酸转氨酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶、γ-谷氨酰转移酶和胆红素升高．经B型超声波检查不能明确原因，采用磁共振（MRI、MRA和MRCP）检查，明确肝动脉吻合口狭窄1例；肝动脉闭塞2例；下腔静脉吻合口狭窄及血栓形成各1例；胆管吻合口狭窄4例，其中1例伴胆汁瘤形成；肝门水平非吻合口狭窄6例；肝坏死2例；肝包膜下血肿及右肾上腺出血各1例；均显示不等量的右侧胸腔积液、腹腔积液及肝门部水肿。结论磁共振一次检查可显示肝内外的多种结构，能为肝移植术后并发症的诊断提供丰富的肝脏、血管、胆道以及肝外结构的图像信息。     

大鼠原位肝移植术并发症的预防

为了改进手术操作，减少大鼠原位肝移植术的并发症，采取肝上下腔静脉缝合，肝下下腔静脉，门静脉及胆道用套管吻合法做了６５次大鼠原位肝移植术。术后受体的主要并发症是出血，感染和胆道梗阻。该实验结果提示，术中注意防止血管损伤，提高手术技术是预防术后发生并发症的关键，另外，胆道套管的长度不宜超过５ｍｍ，否则易发生结石。     

人体原位肝脏移植26例的并发症防治经验

目的 总结和探讨肝脏移植病人术后常见并发症的防治经验。方法 回顾性分析了26例肝脏移植的术后并发症以及对各种并发症的处理。结果 本组病人手术成功率100%,术后并发症包括腹腔内出血5例,肝上下腔静脉狭窄1例,肝后下腔静脉扭曲狭窄1例,门静脉吻合口成角扭曲狭窄1例,胆管狭窄2例,急性排斥反应7例,慢性排斥反应1例,HBV再感染4例,肝癌肝内复发4例,肺转移3例,颅内出血5例,急性肾功能衰竭6例,感染20例次,均给予相应治疗,结论 肝脏移植病人术后应积极预防各种并发症的发生,了解各种并发症的发生时间和症状有助于早期诊断,并发症发生后应采取各项积极正确的治疗措施。     

肝移植术后血管与胆管并发症的介入治疗

目的 评价介入方法诊断与治疗肝移植术后血管与胆管并发症的价值。方法对40例肝移植患者的相关资料进行回顾性分析。结果40例肝移植患者中有3例患者术后出现血管并发症，发病率为7．50％(3／40)，首发时间分别在术后4天、38天和80天。其中2例肝动脉狭窄植入支架，1例肝右动脉主干闭塞，但侧支循环形成未做治疗。2例患者术后出现胆总管吻合口狭窄，其中1例合并吻合口漏，发病率为5．00％(2／40)，首发时间分别在术后68天和100天。经皮肝穿胆道造影诊断后1例行内外引流，1例先行球囊扩张后植入胆道支架，黄疸均减轻。结论介入放射技术对于肝移植术后胆管与血管并发症的诊治具有很大价值。     

胆道闭锁患儿肝移植术后门静脉狭窄的血管腔内治疗

目的探讨血管腔内治疗在胆道闭锁患儿肝移植术后门静脉狭窄(PVS)治疗中的应用价值。方法收集因原发病为胆道闭锁接受肝移植、术后后发生PVS的患儿14例,均经门静脉造影证实,并接受经皮血管成形术和(或)经皮血管内支架成形术治疗。分析14例患儿血管腔内介入治疗的效果。结果 14例患儿共进行23次血管内腔内介入治疗,技术成功率82.61%(19/23)。10例患儿经1~2次球囊扩张治疗后治愈,4例患儿球囊扩张治疗后,行血管腔内支架成形术,支架植入后未发生狭窄。14例患儿均未出现治疗相关并发症。结论胆道闭锁患儿肝移植术后PVS的血管腔内介入治疗安全、有效。     

Application of interventional radiology for stenosis of vascular anastomosis in living-donor liver transplantation

Stenosis of vascular anastomosis is a significant complication leading to graft loss after liver transplantation. For the diagnosis of portal vein stenosis, clinical signs of portal hypertension such as ascites and thrombocytopenia, stenosis and/or poststenotic dilatation on ultrasonography (US), and jet flow, rambling, or scarcity flow of the intrahepatic portal vein on Doppler US are useful. Three-dimensional computed tomography is used to confirm the indications for interventional radiography (IVR) to treat portal stenosis. For the diagnosis of hepatic vein stenosis, clinical signs such as ascites and slight jaundice, dilatation and stenosis on US, and reduced flow with a flat wave form of the intrahepatic portal vein on Doppler US are useful. The percutaneous transcaval approach is safer than the percutaneous transhepatic approach for patients with ascites. The requirement for multiple procedures could be a good indication for stent placement before patients develop liver cirrhosis. For hepatic artery stenosis, percutaneous intraluminal angioplasty and stenting are possible and good results have been reported recently. However, the long-term results must be evaluated in the future. IVR can be safely and successfully applied to the treatment of vascular complications using balloon dilatation and/or stent placement techniques before graft dysfunction becomes irreversible.     

肝移植术后胆管狭窄的早期介入处理技巧

目的探讨肝移植术后带T管期间胆管狭窄的早期诊断及介入治疗价值。方法回顾性分析85例患者肝移植术后胆管狭窄资料,所有病例均经T管途径实施了介入治疗,包括换管、扩张(直接扩张、球囊及金属扩张器扩张)、支撑引流(单管、双管、三管引流)以及胆道镜观察和疏通。结果65例胆管狭窄疗效满意(有效率76%),10例得到控制,6例效果较差,接受了二次肝移植,4例治疗无效死亡。结论经T管途径的胆道造影和介入治疗是早期发现和控制胆管狭窄简单而有效的诊治方法。     

Vascular complications after liver transplantation in pediatric patients

Vascular complications are the major cause of morbidity and mortality after liver transplantation, particularly in pediatric patients, owing to their smaller vascular diameters. Between September 2001 and June 2004, among 21 (16 boys and 5 girls) pediatric liver transplantations of mean age 8.3 +/- 5.1 years, hepatic arterial thrombosis (HAT) was diagnosed in 2 (9.5%) patients, and hepatic arterial stenosis (HAS) in 4 (19.4%). Vascular patency was evaluated with Doppler ultrasonography every 12 hours in the first postoperative week and daily in the second postoperative week. When occlusion was suspected, conventional angiography was performed. Thrombectomy was performed in one patient, and thrombectomy and reanastomosis were performed in another patient with HAT. Two patients with HAS were treated with balloon angioplasty. A third patient was treated with balloon angioplasty and endoluminal stent placement at the same time. The last patient with HAS had an intimate dissection, which occurred 24 hours after balloon angioplasty, that was treated with subsequent endoluminal stent placement. Mean follow-up for the patients with vascular complications was 9.5 +/- 5.7 months (range, 4 to 18 months). The overall mortality rate was 14.1% (3/21); however, no deaths were caused by vascular complication. Routine Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation is an effective choice for diagnosing vascular complications seen after liver transplantation. Immediate surgical intervention is required for acute vascular complications, whereas late complications may be treated with balloon angioplasty and/or endoluminal stent placement.     

Evolving treatment of biliary strictures following liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: The optimal endoscopic treatment for anastomotic biliary strictures after deceased donor liver transplantation is undefined. Endoscopic therapy with conventional methods of biliary dilation and stent placement has been successful but often requires prolonged therapy. OBJECTIVE: To determine the outcomes of an aggressive endoscopic approach that uses endoscopic dilation followed by maximal stent placement. SETTING: Tertiary-care academic medical center. PATIENTS: Of 176 patients who underwent deceased donor liver transplantation between June 1999 and July 2004, 25 were diagnosed with anastomotic biliary strictures. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were treated endoscopically with a combined technique of balloon dilation and maximal stent placement. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Treatment outcomes, including bileduct patency, a need for surgical intervention, morbidity, and mortality, were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS: Endoscopic dilation followed by maximal stent placement was performed until resolution of strictures in 22 or 25 patients (88% immediate success on intent-to-treat analysis). Persistent resolution of strictures was achieved in 18 of these 22 patients. Re-treatment was successful in 2 of 4 patients with recurrent strictures. Overall, 20 or 22 patients who completed endoscopic therapy (91%) avoided surgical intervention. Medical duration of endoscopic treatment was 4.6 months. Patients with early onset strictures required a significantly shorter duration of endoscopic therapy (3 vs 9 months; P < .01). Multiple stent placement was not technically difficult, and no major complications were encountered. CONCLUSIONS: Aggressive endoscopic therapy with combined biliary dilation and maximal stent placement allows resolution of anastomotic biliary strictures after deceased donor liver transplantation in a relatively short period, with sustained success and minimal complications.     

经皮经肝胆道支架术在肝移植术后胆管狭窄中的应用

目的 评价经皮经肝胆道支架术治疗肝移植术后胆管狭窄的疗效.方法 肝移植术后胆管狭窄患者23例,其中吻合口狭窄7例,肝门区狭窄6例,多发性狭窄10例.确诊后均行经皮经肝胆道支架术.术前均给予经皮经肝胆管引流术(percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage,PTBD),同时对狭窄部位...     

肝移植术后胆管并发症的预防与诊治

目的探讨肝移植术后胆管并发症发生的原因，就其预防、诊断和治疗提出对策。方法复习近年来国内、外相关文献并进行综述。结果肝移植术后胆管并发症形成的原因相当复杂，预防的方法目前还没有统一的标准。治疗措施根据其形成的原因不同而有所差别。结论保存性损伤和缺血性损伤以及手术技术不佳和胆管的血液供应不良都是肝移植术后发生胆管并发症的重要原因。改进T管置管方法可显著降低与T管相关的胆管并发症的发生率。胆道充分冲洗，尽量减少对供者胆管血供的损害以及实现精细胆管黏膜无张力对端吻合是预防胆系并发症的关键。联合应用胆管造影技术和核磁共振胆胰管成像能了解胆树全貌，有助于胆管狭窄、胆泥淤积与胆瘘的诊断，及时采用放射介入技术处理胆管并发症可取得良好疗效。