动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血的影像学特征及早期临床诊断

目的探讨动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的影像学特征及早期病因学诊断方法,并客观评价其优缺点。方法对115例动脉瘤性SAH采用CT、CTA、MRI、MRA、DSA等影像学检查并结合病史、临床表现进行早期临床诊断。结果115例SAH均在急性出血期内(7天)被早期诊断,其中有96例患者在7天内被DSA检查诊断为动脉瘤,早期病因诊断率83.5%,另19例在7天后二次造影诊断。全组9例行MRA,6例发现动脉瘤;12例行CTA,9例发现动脉瘤。结论采用CT及DSA可以对动脉瘤性SAH进行早期病因学诊断;该方法安全、准确,对动脉瘤性SAH的早期诊断、早期治疗具有重要的应用价值。     

64排螺旋CT在自发性蛛网膜下腔出血病因诊断中的价值

目的探讨64排螺旋CT血管造影(CTA)在自发性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)病因诊断中的应用价值。方法67例自发性SAH患者进行64排螺旋CTA检查,层厚0.625mm,后处理技术包括多层面重建(MPR)、表面遮盖重建(SSD)、容积显示重建(VR)、最大密度投影重建(MIP),并对照手术及介入栓塞治疗结果评估其诊断价值。结果64排螺旋CTA共发现46例48个动脉瘤,脑动静脉畸形(AVM)14例,海绵状血管瘤2例,静脉窦栓塞1例,阴性4例。64排螺旋CTA能清晰显示动脉瘤的瘤体大小、瘤颈、瘤顶指向、载瘤动脉及动脉瘤与邻近血管和骨性组织的空间关系;能清晰显示AVM供血动脉、异常血管团及引流静脉。结论64排螺旋CTA微创、快捷、可靠性高,可作为自发性SAH病因诊断的首选检查手段。     

自发性蛛网膜下腔出血61例64层头颈CTA评价分析

目的评价64层头颈血管CTA在自发性蛛网膜下腔出血诊断与治疗中的价值。方法对61例CT诊断的自发性蛛网膜下腔出血患者行64层头颈CTA检查,采用MIP,MPR,CPR,VR技术重建。其中35例行DSA检查。结果 CTA检查61例,动脉瘤41例(59个),动静脉畸形(AVM)10例,动静脉畸形内合并动脉瘤1例,烟雾病3例,硬膜动静脉瘘1例,正常6例。35例行DSA检查,包括6例CTA检查正常患者,34例CTA与DSA结果相同,1例结果不同,CTA检查正常,而DSA检查为颈内动脉C4段动脉瘤,动脉瘤直径2.1 mm。结论 64层头颈CTA在评价自发性SAH病因及治疗后复查方面,其敏感性和特异性高,操作简单,无创,可以作为其影像学检查的标准。     

102例颅内动脉瘤CT血管成像与数字减影血管造影对比分析

目的探讨CT血管成像（CTA）及数字减影血管造影（DSA）对颅内动脉瘤的临床应用价值。方法收集因动脉瘤引起蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）的住院患者102例,男52例,女50例。均行CTA及DSA检查;CTA及DSA检查均为阴性的患者,4周后复查CTA。比较CTA与DSA在颅内动脉瘤诊断及辅助治疗方面的差异。结果 102例患者中确诊动脉瘤108个。其中CTA检出动脉瘤107个,2个为假阴性,1个为假阳性;DSA检出动脉瘤107个,1个为假阴性。CTA提示可行介入或外科手术治疗者100个,由于动脉瘤基底过宽或发出大分支而采取保守治疗者7个;DSA提示可行介入或外科手术治疗者100个,保守治疗者7个;两者之间差异无统计学意义。结论 DSA作为颅内动脉瘤传统的诊断方法仍是诊断的＂金标准＂。CTA作为简便的非损伤性血管检查方法,可作为SAH的首要诊断依据,对术后复查患者更具实用价值,而对于SAH急性期病因诊断更加具有广阔的应用前景。     

预防蛛网膜下腔出血再发的护理

目的评估预防蛛网膜下出血(Subarachnoid Hemorrhage,SAH)再发的护理的方法.方法通过对96例SAH患者详细的临床观察,掌握SAH再发的临床表现,实施消除病因、心理护理、杜绝不必要的探视、卧床休息4～6W等护理,避免增加腹压、防治并发症、加强与患者社区治疗点联系、坚持随访.结果在我院治疗的SAH患者仅有2.4%的再发.结论 SAH患者的康复护理是减少SAH再发、降低SAH死亡率的极其重要措施之一.     

3D-CTA检查在基层医院诊断自发性蛛网膜下腔出血患者的临床实用性分析

目的探讨3D—CTA在基层医院诊断自发性蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）患者的临床实用性。方法通过3D—CTA检查自发性SAH患者36例,结合DSA,开颅手术、介入栓塞术、保守治疗结果证实3D—CTA检查结果及临床实用性。结果通过3D-CTA技术检查SAH患者36例,4例为非动脉瘤性SAH。32例动脉瘤阳性患者共发现34个动脉瘤。13例行介入栓塞治疗。5例开颅动脉瘤夹闭。6例放弃手术,要求保守治疗。8例要求转上级医疗中心。结论3D-CTA较DSA具备快速、便捷、微创、安全、敏感性高、家属认同度高、基层临床医生易于掌握和开展等优点,在基层医院具有很强的临床实用性。患者可在第一时间得到准确合理的救治。     

全面护理在自发性蛛网膜下腔出血患者行3D-CTA检查中的应用

目的探讨自发性蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）患者行三维CT脑血管造影（3D．CTA）检查的全面护理。方法对26、例SAH患者行3D—CTA检查前给予心理护理、触摸护理和检查前的准备及告知,检查中指导患者配合检查,并讲解检查过程中可能出现的反应,检查后密切观察病情变化、用药护理,对患者及家属行健康指导。结果’26例SAH患者都成功进行3D—CTA检查,检查过程顺利血管显影满意,无并发症或其他意外事件发生。结论对SAH患者在3D·CTA检查中进行全面优质的护理可确保造影检查的顺利进行和减少并发症的发生。     

原发性蛛网膜下腔出血502例临床分析

目的 总结原发性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的临床特点、影像学特征、并发症和预后.方法 回顾性分析总结502例SAH患者的临床资料.结果 84.3%(423/496)患者以剧烈头痛为主要症状,13.1%(66/496)出现头晕或眩晕,意识障碍占27.5%(138/496),局灶性神经功能缺损体征58.2%(292/496),脑膜刺激征阳性72.5%(364/496),数字减影血管造影术检查阳性率54.1%(93/172),病因以动脉瘤最常见占20.1%(101/496).绝大部分预后好,老年人病死率高.结论 SAH病因复杂,临床表现多样化,脑血管造影常可明确病因,多数患者恢复良好.     

原发性蛛网膜下腔出血502例临床分析

目的 总结原发性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的临床特点、影像学特征、并发症和预后.方法 回顾性分析总结502例SAH患者的临床资料.结果 84.3%(423/496)患者以剧烈头痛为主要症状,13.1%(66/496)出现头晕或眩晕,意识障碍占27.5%(138/496),局灶性神经功能缺损体征58.2%(292/496),脑膜刺激征阳性72.5%(364/496),数字减影血管造影术检查阳性率54.1%(93/172),病因以动脉瘤最常见占20.1%(101/496).绝大部分预后好,老年人病死率高.结论 SAH病因复杂,临床表现多样化,脑血管造影常可明确病因,多数患者恢复良好.     

双螺旋CTA在颅内自发性出血病因诊断中的应用

目的探讨双螺旋CT血管造影(CTA)在颅内自发性血患者查找出血原因的诊断价值.方法采用表面遮盖法(SSD),最大密度投影(MIP)和血管微镜(microscopy)技术进行三维重建及分析共检查颅内自发性出血患者45例,其中13例同时做DSA进行对照.结果CTA发现动脉瘤14例,动静脉畸形8例及Glan静脉瘤1例,均清晰显示与颅内血管解剖关系、病灶大小、形态及与周围结构关系.结论CTA可查找到颅内自发性出血患者病因,并对制定治疗方案提供依据.     

蛛网膜下腔出血临床与数字减影血管造影术分析(附23例报告)

目的 分析自发性蛛网膜下腔出血（ＳＡＨ）的临床与数字减影血管造影术（ＤＳＡ）的特点。方法 回顾性分析２３例ＳＡＨ患者症状、病因、预后及ＤＳＡ检查。结果 头痛、呕吐、脑膜刺激征阳性是ＳＡＨ主要症状。经ＤＳＡ发现,２３种中２０例有脑动脉瘤,２例为多发;共计２２个动脉瘤,２１个位于Ｗｉｌｌｉｓ环,１４个位于前交通动脉。９例行手术治疗,５例行介入治疗,７例内科保守治疗,除２例死亡外,２１例均痊愈。接受ＣＳ     

Computed Tomographic Angiography for the Evaluation of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Objectives: Computed tomography (CT) followed by lumbar puncture (LP) is currently the criterion standard for diagnosing subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in the emergency department (ED); however, this is based on studies involving a limited number of patients. The authors sought to assess the ability of CT angiography (CTA), a new diagnostic modality, in conjunction with CT/LP to detect SAH. Methods: Consecutive patients presenting to the ED with symptoms concerning for SAH were approached. All patients had an intravenous catheter placed and underwent a noncontrast head CT followed by CTA. Patients whose CT did not reveal evidence of SAH or other pathology underwent LP in the ED. CTAs were read within 24 hours by a neuroradiologist blinded to the patient's history. Results: A total of 131 patients were approached, 116 were enrolled, and 106 completed the study. In six of 116 patients (5.1%), aneurysm was found on CTA with normal CT and positive findings on LP; three had a positive CTA with normal CT and LP findings (one of which had a negative cerebral angiogram), and there was one false‐positive CTA. Follow‐up of all 131 patients showed no previously undiagnosed intracranial pathology. In this patient population, 4.3% (5/116) were ultimately found to have an SAH and/or aneurysm. Conclusions: In this pilot study, CTA was found to be useful in the detection of cerebral aneurysms and may be useful in the diagnosis of aneurysmal SAH. A larger multicenter study would be useful to confirm these results.     

Can Computed Tomography Angiography of the Brain Replace Lumbar Puncture in the Evaluation of Acute‐onset Headache After a Negative Noncontrast Cranial Computed Tomography Scan?

Objectives: The primary goal of evaluation for acute‐onset headache is to exclude aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Noncontrast cranial computed tomography (CT), followed by lumbar puncture (LP) if the CT is negative, is the current standard of care. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) of the brain has become more available and more sensitive for the detection of cerebral aneurysms. This study addresses the role of CT/CTA versus CT/LP in the diagnostic workup of acute‐onset headache. Methods: This article reviews the recent literature for the prevalence of SAH in emergency department (ED) headache patients, the sensitivity of CT for diagnosing acute SAH, and the sensitivity and specificity of CTA for cerebral aneurysms. An equivalence study comparing CT/LP and CT/CTA would require 3,000 + subjects. As an alternative, the authors constructed a mathematical probability model to determine the posttest probability of excluding aneurysmal or arterial venous malformation (AVM) SAH with a CT/CTA strategy. Results: SAH prevalence in ED headache patients was conservatively estimated at 15%. Representative studies reported CT sensitivity for SAH to be 91% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 82% to 97%) and sensitivity of CTA for aneurysm to be 97.9% (95% CI = 88.9% to 99.9%). Based on these data, the posttest probability of excluding aneurysmal SAH after a negative CT/CTA was 99.43% (95% CI = 98.86% to 99.81%). Conclusions: CT followed by CTA can exclude SAH with a greater than 99% posttest probability. In ED patients complaining of acute‐onset headache without significant SAH risk factors, CT/CTA may offer a less invasive and more specific diagnostic paradigm. If one chooses to offer LP after CT/CTA, informed consent for LP should put the pretest risk of a missed aneurysmal SAH at less than 1%. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:444–451 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine     

CTA在自发性脑室出血病因诊断中的临床应用价值

[目的]探讨CT血管成像 （Computed tomographic angiography,CTA）在自发性脑室出血病因诊断中的临床应用价值.[方法]对68例自发性脑室出血患者进行CTA、数字减影血管造影（DSA）检查.CTA 在发病后24 h内完成,DSA 在发病后72 h内完成.对CTA、DSA影像诊断结果进行对比分析.[结果]DSA发现并经手术证实32例自发性脑室内出血继发于脑血管病变,检出率为47.06%（32/68）,包括动脉瘤22例,脑动静脉畸形9例,烟雾病1例.CTA发现31例出血继发于脑血管病变,检出率为45.59%（31/68）,包括动脉瘤21例,脑动静脉畸形9例,烟雾病1例.CTA漏诊的1例,在行DSA复查时显示为大脑前动脉末梢段动脉瘤.两种检测方法阳性率和阴性率均无显著差异（P〉0.05）.[结论]CTA在自发性脑室出血病因诊断中的灵敏度高,与DSA比较具有无创和良好的诊断效率.     

CTA联合全脑血流灌注成像在蛛网膜下腔出血后的临床应用

目的：探讨CTA联合全脑灌注成像在蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）后的临床应用价值。方法：SAH病人29例,通过双源CT全脑血流灌注（PBV）检查,重建CTA图像和PBV图像,在检出动脉瘤等同时,以灌注参数评估SAH后脑血管痉挛及其所致的脑缺血改变情况。结果：29例病人中检出27例的28个动脉瘤。额、颞、顶、枕叶及小脑PBV值SAH组分别为11.17±3.13;10.92±2.91;11.08±2.53;9.88±3.01;19.83±5.12,对照组分别为17.10±3.60;15.98±5.03;15.84±3.53;16.14±1.86;23.54±4.64,额、顶、枕叶差异显著（P<0.05）;存活组与死亡组各脑叶PBV值均未见显著性差异;优势出血侧和非优势出血侧低灌注出现情况无显著性差异。结论：CTA联合全脑PBV灌注成像能够在诊断SAH出血原因的同时显示脑血管痉挛引起的脑组织缺血改变。     

三维CT血管重建成像在急性蛛网膜下腔出血的应用分析

目的：探讨三维CT血管重建成像在急性蛛网膜下腔出血的应用及局限性分析。方法：对147例CT表现为急性蛛网膜下腔出血患者进行CTA检查,由神经和放射两名医生对结果分析,对CTA阴性以及诊断有争议患者进行DSA检查。结果：在147例急性蛛网膜下腔出血患者中,109例患者3D-CTA结合出血CT图像确诊动脉瘤,瘤体直径2-12mm,均在手术或者介入治疗中证实;其余病例中,7例CT图像有明显的责任灶的蛛网膜下腔出血,3D-CTA阴性,通过DSA发现并经手术证实为动脉瘤,23例普通CT表现为中脑周围出血以及均匀弥漫蛛网膜下腔出血病例CTA提示阴性患者DSA检查也为阴性;3例CTA可疑动脉瘤均被DSA证实为动脉起始的壶腹,CTA在诊断颅内动脉瘤的敏感性和特异性分别为94％和100％。结论：对急性蛛网膜下腔出血患者使用CTA筛查是相对快捷、低风险检查方式,但结果的分析需结合CT图像出血形式以及放射和神经外科医生共同阅片可以完成CTA的诊断效能。