内皮素1和血管紧张素Ⅱ在过度训练致大鼠急性肾损伤中的作用

目的 观察大鼠力竭后不同时期血浆及肾组织中内皮素1(ET-1)和血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)的变化及其与肾损伤的关系,探讨ET-1和AngⅡ在过度训练致急性肾损伤(OTIAKI)中的作用.方法 健康雄性Wistar大鼠40只随机分为对照组(n=8)和力竭组(ES,n=32).ES组又根据力竭后恢复时间分为力竭后即刻(ESI)组、ES 6h组、ES 12h组和ES 24h组,每组8只大鼠.采用大鼠游泳至力竭建立过度训练模型,而对照组大鼠未进行力竭运动.各组于力竭后即刻,6、12、24h分别检测各组大鼠血清尿素(Ur)、肌酐(Cr)水平;光镜观察肾组织结构改变;采用TUNEL法检测各组大鼠肾组织细胞凋亡;放射免疫分析法测定血浆和肾组织ET-1和AngⅡ含量,并分析力竭大鼠血浆及肾组织ET-1与血清Ur、Cr的相关性及肾组织AngⅡ与肾组织细胞凋亡率之间的相关性.结果 力竭即刻大鼠血清Ur、Cr明显升高(P＜0.05),6h达高峰(P＜0.05),24h恢复到对照水平.力竭后即刻、6、12、24h大鼠肾组织结构变化轻微,但逐渐加重.力竭后即刻至24h大鼠肾细胞凋亡率呈进行性升高(P＜0.01).力竭后大鼠血浆ET-1和AngⅡ均明显升高(P＜0.01),于力竭即刻AngⅡ达高峰(P＜0.01),之后则逐渐降低,至24h恢复至对照组水平;而ET-1于力竭后6h达高峰(P＜0.01),至24h恢复至对照组水平.肾组织ET-1的变化趋势与血浆ET-1平行,而肾组织AngⅡ于力竭后即刻至24h则呈进行性增高(P＜0.01).力竭大鼠血浆及肾组织ET-1含量与血清Ur和Cr均呈明显的正相关(P＜0.001),肾组织AngⅡ含量与肾组织细胞凋亡率呈明显正相关(P＜0.01).结论 过度训练大鼠血液循环中ET-1和AngⅡ的升高主要参与力竭后早期肾损伤的发生;在OTIAKI早期,肾组织ET-1比AngⅡ发挥更重要的作用;而在OTIAKI的维持期,肾组织Ang培Ⅱ比ET-1发挥更重要作用.     

模拟高强度军事训练对大鼠肾组织Na+,K+-ATP酶活性的影响

目的:探讨模拟高强度军事训练对大鼠肾组织Na+,K+-ATP酶活性的影响.方法:①一次性力竭运动:大鼠随机分对照组(A组)、一次性力竭运动组(B组).B组模拟军事训练行一次性力竭跑台运动,检测运动结束即刻(B1组)及24h后(B2组)尿液指标及肾组织Na+,K+-ATP酶活性.②递增负荷跑台运动:大鼠随机分对照组(C组)、递增负荷跑台运动组(D组).D组模拟军事训练行递增负荷跑台运动,检测4周末(C1组、D1组)和8周末(C2组、D2组)尿液指标及肾组织Na+,K+-ATP酶活性.结果:①一次性力竭运动结束即刻,B1组尿蛋白、尿N-乙酰-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶(NAG酶)较A组显著升高(P＜0.05),肾组织Na+,K+-ATP酶活性显著降低(P＜0.05),24h后有所恢复但仍低于A组(P＜0.05).②递增负荷跑台运动4周末D1组尿蛋白、尿NAG酶、肾组织Na+,K+-ATP酶活性均较C1组显著升高(P＜0.05);8周末D2组尿蛋白、尿NAG酶较C2组显著升高,肾组织Na+,K+-ATP酶活性显著降低(P＜0.05),且与尿NAG酶排泄呈负相关.结论:模拟高强度军事训练可引起大鼠肾组织Na+,K+-ATP酶活性的不同改变.     

高强度负荷累积肾损伤动物模型的建立

目的 采用改良的8周递增负荷跑台训练,建立符合军事训练特点的高强度负荷累积肾损伤大鼠动物模型.方法 大鼠随机分为对照组(C组)、普通运动组(N组)、军事训练组(M组),行不同模式8周递增负荷跑台训练,收集不同时期尿液、血液及肾组织,行生化检测及病理分析.结果 M组大鼠训练第3周、N组大鼠训练第4周起尿蛋白较C组增高(P＜0.05);训练第8周末M组尿蛋白、白蛋白、尿N-乙酰-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶(NAG酶)量高于N组(P＜0.05);M组血清尿素氮、肌酐及血浆、肾组织血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)浓度高于C组和N组(P＜0.05).结论 本实验所建立的动物模型稳定可靠,具备高强度负荷累积肾损伤的临床特点,适用于军事医学肾脏病理生理和相应治疗手段的研究.     

过度训练致大鼠心肌和肾组织细胞凋亡及山莨菪碱干预的影响

目的 同步研究过度训练致心肌和肾组织细胞凋亡及山莨菪碱干预的影响.方法 采用大鼠游泳至力竭方式建立过度训练模型,将大鼠随机分为对照组、力竭组及山莨菪碱组,力竭组又根据力竭后恢复时间分为力竭即刻组、力竭后6h组和力竭后24h组;山莨菪碱组于力竭运动前腹腔注射山莨菪碱10mg/kg,分为山莨菪碱干预后6h组和山莨菪碱干预后24h组.用TUNEL法、图像分析仪及流式细胞术检测各组大鼠心肌和肾组织细胞凋亡情况.结果 力竭即刻组大鼠心肌细胞凋亡较对照组增多(P＜0.05),力竭后6h组心肌细胞凋亡更为明显(P＜0.05),力竭后24h组心肌细胞凋亡明显减少,但仍明显高于对照组(P＜0.05);力竭即刻、6h、24h组大鼠肾组织细胞凋亡逐渐增多,与对照组比较,差异显著(P＜0.05).山莨菪碱干预后6h组和山莨菪碱干预后24h组心肌和肾组织凋亡细胞数较力竭同时间组明显减少(P＜0.05).结论 心肌和肾组织细胞凋亡是过度训练致心肌和肾脏损伤的细胞学基础;心肌损伤比肾损伤恢复快;山莨菪碱可通过抑制心肌和肾组织细胞的过度凋亡,对心、肾损伤起到明显的防治作用.     

氯沙坦及维生素E对高强度军事训练致大鼠肾损伤模型的保护作用

目的探讨氯沙坦、维生素E对于高强度军事训练致大鼠肾损伤模型的保护作用。方法40只雄性SD大鼠随机分对照组、模型组、氯沙坦组、维生素E组,除对照组外,其余组按高强度负荷累积肾损伤模型的训练方法行8周跑台训练,每周5d,每天1次,每次持续20min。观察每周末的尿液及8周训练结束时血、尿各指标改变。结果训练结束后,模型组、氯沙坦组、维生素E组的尿蛋白、尿N-乙酰-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、血清尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(SCr)值均高于对照组(P<0.05),其中模型组值高于氯沙坦组、维生素E组,氯沙坦组低于维生素E组(P<0.05)。训练结束模型组、氯沙坦组、维生素E组血浆及肾组织血管紧张素Ⅱ浓度(angio-tensinⅡ,AngⅡ)高于对照组,其中氯沙坦组高于模型组(P<0.05),维生素E组与模型组无差异(P>0.05)。模型组、氯沙坦组肾组织Na -K -ATP酶活性低于对照组和维生素E组,其中氯沙坦组高于模型组(P<0.05),维生素E组与对照组间无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论氯沙坦能有效降低尿蛋白、NAG、BUN等,有一定的抗氧化作用。维生素E能增强训练能力,在降低尿蛋白、NAG、BUN等方面弱于氯沙坦,但抗氧化作用明显。两种药物对于高强度军训引起的肾脏损伤均有保护作用。     

模拟不同模式训练对大鼠血浆及肾组织血管紧张素Ⅱ及其受体-1表达的影响

目的 研究模拟不同模式训练对大鼠血浆及肾组织血管紧张素Ⅱ及其受体-1的影响,并探讨其机制.方法 (1)一次性力竭训练:大鼠随机分为对照组(A组),训练1组(B1组),训练2组(B2组),行一次性力竭跑台训练,检测训练结束(B1组)及24 h后(B2组)尿液指标和血液、肾组织血管紧张素Ⅱ及其受体-1的改变.(2)负荷累积训练:大鼠随机分对照1组(C1组),中强度负荷累积训练组(D1组),对照2组(C2组),高强度负荷累积训练组(D2组),D1组行4周递增负荷跑台训练,D2组行8周递增负荷跑台训练,分别检测4周末C1组、Dl组各项指标,和8周末C2组、D2组各项指标.结果 (1)一次性力竭训练结束即刻B1组尿指标、咀浆及肾组织血管紧张素Ⅱ、血管紧张素Ⅱ受体-1表达较A组明显增强(P<0.05).24 h后B2组各指标较B1组有所下降,但仍高于A组(P<0.05).(2)负荷累积中强度训练4周后D1组尿指标、血浆及肾组织血管紧张素Ⅱ浓度较C1组明显升高,而肾组织血管紧张素Ⅱ受体1表达明显减弱(P<0.05).负荷累积高强度训练至8周,D2组尿指标、血管紧张素Ⅱ浓度及血管紧张素Ⅱ受体-1表达较C2组均明显升高(P<0.05),肾组织血管紧张素Ⅱ浓度与尿白蛋白量的相关程度高于血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ.结论 模拟不同模式、不同强度训练,可引起大鼠血浆及肾组织血管紧张素Ⅱ和肾脏血管紧张素Ⅱ受体-1表达发生不同的改变,并且与尿白蛋白量密切相关.     

大鼠模拟高强度军事训练肾损伤后肾组织肾损伤分子-1、中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白的变化及其意义

目的:探讨在大鼠模拟高强度一次性力竭、负荷累积军训肾损伤两种模型中,肾组织肾损伤分子-1(KIM-1)、中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)表达的变化及其意义。方法:(1)雄性12周龄SD大鼠58只:模拟高强度军事一次性力竭训练尿检(TU)组10只、血检(TS)组48只,构建高强度一次性力竭军训肾损伤模型。留取训练前后不同时间TU组尿样,TS组血清、肾组织样本。(2)雄性4周龄SD大鼠56只:模拟高强度军事负荷累积训练尿检对照(CUC)组8只、尿检训练(CUT)组8只、血检对照(CSC)组20只、血检训练组(CST)组20只,构建高强度负荷累积军训肾损伤模型。留取每2周末次训练后CUC、CUT组24 h尿液;每2周处死CSC、CST组各10只,取血、肾组织。(3)检测血、尿KIM-1、NGAL浓度。免疫组化法测肾组织KIM-1、NGAL表达,计算阳性染色单位累积光密度值(IOD)。结果:TS组大鼠训练后肾组织见KIM-1、NGAL表达明显增强。6 h KIM-1、NGAL的IOD最高。肾组织KIM-1、NGAL表达的强度与尿液KIM-1、NGAL水平正相关。CST组大鼠在训练第2周,肾组织KIM-1、NGAL的表达即强于同期对照组。随训练强度、时间增加,IOD值逐渐增加,与尿液KIM-1、NGAL、肾小管半定量积分正相关。结论:尿中KIM-1、NGAL在反映高强度军训肾损伤中具有良好的敏感性。     

长链非编码RNA linc00152在急性肾衰大鼠肾组织中表达及影响

目的探讨急性肾衰大鼠肾组织中长链非编码RNA linc00152的表达情况及其对急性肾衰的影响。方法选取雄性SD大鼠72只,采用随机数字表法分为对照组(n=6)与模型组(n=66)。模型组建立庆大霉素诱导的急性肾衰大鼠模型,对照组注射同体积生理盐水。采用实时定量聚合酶链式反应(PCR)法检测对照组及分别于第1、3、7、14、21天自模型组选取的6只大鼠肾组织中血清尿素氮、肌酐、尿N-乙酰-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶含量以及linc00152的表达、分布情况。将剩余36只模型组大鼠分为生理盐水组(n=12)、1 mg/kg siRNA组(n=12)及2 mg/kg siRNA组(n=12)。1 mg/kg siRNA组与2 mg/kg siRNA组分别尾静脉注射1 mg/kg、2 mg/kg linc00152-siRNA以达到活体水平阻断linc00152表达的目的,生理盐水组注射等体积生理盐水,分别于阻断后24、72 h检测linc00152表达水平、血清生化指标及尿液成分。结果模型组第1天血清尿素氮、肌酐、尿N-乙酰-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶含量显著上升,第3天继续上升,第7天达到峰值,第21天基本恢复至正常水平。正常大鼠肾组织中linc00152主要表达于皮质;模型组linc00152表达在皮质和髓质中均为第1天显著上升,第3天继续上升,第7天达到峰值,第21天基本恢复至正常水平,其中,皮质中linc00152水平变化幅度更明显。1 mg/kg、2 mg/kg linc00152-siRNA干预后24 h,急性肾衰大鼠肾皮质中linc00152表达水平分别下降约40%、70%;1 mg/kg、2 mg/kg linc00152-siRNA干预后72 h,急性肾衰大鼠肾皮质中linc00152表达水平分别下降约50%、80%。1 mg/kg、2 mg/kg linc00152-siRNA干预后24、72 h,急性肾衰大鼠血清总蛋白、白蛋白、尿素氮、肌酐、K~+、尿蛋白及尿酮体水平均较生理盐水组显著降低,Na~+水平均较生理盐水组显著升高,组间比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);2 mg/kg linc00152-siRNA干预后24、72 h,急性肾衰大鼠血清总蛋白、白蛋白、尿素氮、肌酐、K~+、尿蛋白及尿酮体水平较1 mg/kg siRNA组显著降低,Na~+水平较1 mg/kg siRNA组显著升高,组间比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 linc00152在庆大霉素诱导的急性肾衰大鼠的肾组织中表达显著增加,活体水平阻断linc00152的表达对急性肾损伤有防治作用。     

2周跑台训练对大鼠空间学习和记忆能力及海马组蛋白乙酰转移酶和组蛋白去乙酰化酶活性的影响

目的:探讨跑台训练对大鼠空间学习和记忆能力及海马组蛋白乙酰转移酶(HAT)和组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAC)活性的影响。方法:3周龄清结级SD雄性大鼠48只,随机分为安静组(n=24)和训练组(n=24),训练组大鼠进行2周每天30 min的跑台训练,速度和时间依次为8 m/min×3min,10 m/min×3 min,15 m/min×18 min,10 m/min×3 min,8 m/min×3 min。安静组大鼠每天在同一时间段放于跑台上30min,不开动跑台。训练最后三天,采用Morris水迷宫检测所有大鼠学习和记忆行为,指标为大鼠找到放置D象限的平台的潜伏期,120秒内在各象限的游泳时间百分比及穿越原平台相应位置的次数。分别于最后一次训练结束后即刻、1 h和6 h检测大鼠海马组蛋白乙酰转移酶和组蛋白去乙酰化酶活性。结果:与安静组相比,训练组大鼠潜伏期显著缩短,在D象限的游泳时间百分比显著增加,在120秒穿越原平台位置的次数显著增加。训练组大鼠运动即刻和1 h海马HAT活性较安静组显著升高、HDAC活性较安静组显著降低,二者在训练后6 h均恢复到基础水平。结论:2周跑台训练显著提高大鼠的空间学习和记忆能力;急性运动可导致大鼠海马组织短时HAT活性升高和HDAC活性降低,2周跑台训练未引起大鼠安静时海马组织HAT和HDAC活性显著变化。     

长链非编码RNA肺腺癌转移相关转录本1在大鼠急性缺血缺氧再灌注肾损伤过程中表达与作用

目的探讨急性缺血再灌注肾损伤(AIKI)大鼠肾组织中长链非编码RNA肺腺癌转移相关转录本1(MALAT1)的表达情况及其对急性肾衰竭的影响。方法选取清洁级雄性SD大鼠128只为研究对象,随机分为对照组(n=40)、模型组(n=44)与实验组(n=44)。其中,模型组与实验组均按照国际标准建立大鼠AIKI模型,实验组每天注射MALAT1 siRNA。分别于2、24、48、72 h及7、14 d各处死6只大鼠,采集肾组织样本,实时定量PCR法检测MALAT1的表达水平;分别于48、72 h检测血清生化指标。结果急性肾损伤后,MALAT1表达显著增加,达到峰值后逐渐下降。尾静脉注射MALAT1 siRNA后,MALAT1、血清尿素氮、肌酐水平显著降低。结论 MALAT1在AIKI大鼠的肾组织中表达显著增加,活体水平MALAT1表达的下调对急性肾损伤有缓解作用。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.