等速肌力训练对偏瘫患者上肢运动功能恢复的影响

目的:研究等速肌力训练结合偏瘫肢体综合运动疗法对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢运动功能恢复的影响。方法:选择恢复期脑卒中偏瘫患者40例,随机分为观察组和对照组各20例。对照组接受常规偏瘫肢体综合运动疗法、作业治疗、ADL训练以及传统物理因子治疗等对症治疗;观察组在此基础上另外配合偏瘫上肢等速肌力训练。干预前后分别使用BIODEX system-3等速肌力测试系统检测肩屈伸生物力学指标,Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表(FMA)评分上肢部分,改良Ashworth痉挛量表评分,NRS数字疼痛量表(NRS)评分来评定患侧上肢的运动功能、肌张力及疼痛。结果:经过3周治疗,2组患者肩屈伸生物力学指标、FMA上肢运动功能评分、NRS疼痛评分均较前有显著改善,且观察组优于对照组(P0.05);2组患者肌张力均较前改善,但治疗前后差异无统计学意义。结论:等速肌力训练可增强脑卒中偏瘫患者肩关节屈伸肌力,且不会加剧肌肉痉挛和肩关节疼痛,有效促进脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能的改善。     

体外冲击波缓解脑卒中后肱二头肌痉挛的效果

目的观察体外冲击波对脑卒中后肱二头肌痉挛的治疗效果。方法12 例脑卒中后肱二头肌痉挛患者分成对照组(n=6)和治疗组(n=6)。治疗组予单次体外冲击波治疗,对照组予安慰性治疗。两组患者在治疗前、治疗后即刻采用改良Ashworth 量表(MAS)、上肢肩肘部分Fugl-Meyer 评分(FMA)进行评定,表面肌电图测定肘伸展最大等长收缩时肱二头肌、肱三头肌的积分肌电值及协同收缩率。结果治疗组治疗后MAS、FMA评分,肱二头肌积分肌电值及协同收缩率均较治疗前改善(P<0.05),并优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论体外冲击波可以即刻缓解脑卒中后肱二头肌痉挛,降低肘伸展时肱二头肌的协同激活水平及协同收缩率,改善上肢运动功能。     

核心稳定性训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢联合反应的效果

目的观察核心稳定性训练(CST)对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢联合反应的影响。方法 2014年11月~2016年5月,脑卒中偏瘫患者60例随机分成对照组(n=30)和治疗组(n=30)。两组均进行常规康复训练,治疗组在每次运动疗法训练中接受核心稳定性训练20 min。治疗前及治疗6周时,采用简式Fugl-Meyer评定量表上肢部分(FMA-UE)、下肢部分(FMA-LE),Berg平衡量表(BBS),联合反应分级量表(ARRS)进行评定。结果治疗后,两组FMA-UE、FMA-LE、BBS和ARRS评分均较治疗前显著改善(t12.158,P0.001),治疗组优于对照组(t2.317,P0.05)。结论核心稳定性训练能有效改善脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢联合反应。     

个体音乐治疗联合常规康复训练对脑卒中后痉挛性偏瘫患者的影响

目的:观察个体音乐治疗联合常规康复训练对脑卒中后痉挛性偏瘫患者肢体痉挛程度及运动功能的影响。方法:将40例脑卒中后痉挛性偏瘫患者随机分为观察组(n=20)和对照组(n=20)。对照组接受常规康复训练,观察组接受常规康复训练联合个体音乐治疗。两组患者主动运动训练时长保持一致。分别于治疗前和治疗4周后比较两组患者偏瘫肢体肘、膝关节肌张力(MAS)评分和上、下肢运动功能(FMA)评分。结果:治疗前,两组患者肘、膝关节MAS评分和上、下肢FMA评分差异无显著性意义,组间具有可比性。治疗后,两组患者肘、膝关节MAS评分均较治疗前明显降低(P0.01),上、下肢FMA评分均明显提高(P0.01);组间比较,观察组肘、膝关节MAS评分和上、下肢FMA评分均优于对照组(P0.05)。结论:常规康复训练联合个体音乐治疗能更有效降低脑卒中后痉挛性偏瘫患者的肘、膝关节痉挛程度,提高偏瘫肢体运动功能。     

上肢机器人在脑梗死偏瘫患者康复治疗中的应用

目的:研究上肢机器人治疗脑梗死偏瘫患者的临床效果。方法:接受上肢康复治疗的脑梗死偏瘫患者88例,随机分为对照组与机器人组,各44例。对照组行运动疗法、作业疗法及中频电刺激治疗;机器人组在对照组治疗的基础上联合上肢机器人治疗。比较2组治疗前、后患者手握力及肩、肘、腕等关节活动度得分、Lindmark平衡得分、上肢Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表(FMA)得分。结果:治疗后,2组患者手握力以及肩、肘、腕等关节活动度得分,Lindmark得分,FMA得分均显著高于同组治疗前(P<0.05),且机器人组高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:上肢机器人康复治疗有助于脑梗死偏瘫患者上肢运动功能的恢复。     

偏瘫上肢联合反应分级量表内部一致性与信度研究

目的：研究偏瘫上肢联合反应分级量表（ARRS）的内部一致性与重测信度。方法：22例脑卒中慢性期患者在2周内由同一测试者进行ARRS的检查，进行内部一致性与信度检验。结果：ARRS的Cronbach α系数为0．992：两次ARRS检查组内相关系数为0．983，95％置信区间为0．961-0．993。结论：ARRS具有良好内部一致性与重测信度。     

闭链运动对脑卒中患者上肢功能康复的临床分析

目的:观察闭链运动对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢运动功能和使用能力的康复疗效。方法:脑卒中上肢偏瘫患者100例随机分为观察组和对照组各50例,2组均进行神经生理与神经发育疗法训练,观察组在此基础上加用闭链运动训练。治疗前后使用Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表(FMA)上肢部分和上肢动作研究量表(ARAT)评价偏瘫侧上肢运动功能情况,运动活动记录表中患肢所做活动的使用量量表(AOU)和动作质量量表(QOM)评定患侧肢体的使用能力。结果:治疗6周后,2组FMA、ARAT、AOU及QOM评分均较治疗前明显提高(P0.05),且观察组更高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:闭链运动训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者的上肢运动功能与使用能力有较好的康复疗效。     

基于目标设置的节奏性听觉刺激运动训练对脑卒中后上肢协调功能康复的影响

目的探讨基于目标设置的节奏性听觉刺激运动训练对脑卒中后上肢协调功能康复的影响。方法选取江西中医药大学附属医院2019年8月至2020年7月收治的脑卒中后上肢协调功能障碍患者40例,按随机数字表法分为2组:对照组20例采用常规训练,观察组20例在对照组训练基础上采用基于目标设置的节奏性听觉刺激运动训练。比较2组治疗前后上肢协调功能评分、Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定量表（FMA）评分、日常生活活动能力（ADL）评分和肘屈伸协同收缩率。结果与治疗前比较,2组治疗后上肢协调能力、FMA和ADL评分明显增高（均P<0.05）,肘屈曲协同收缩率和肘伸展协同收缩率明显降低（均P<0.05）;与对照组比较,观察组治疗后上肢协调能力、FMA和ADL评分明显增高（均P<0.05）,肘屈曲协同收缩率和肘伸展协同收缩率明显降低（均P<0.05）。结论基于目标设置的节奏性听觉刺激运动训练可有效改善脑卒中后患者上肢运动协调性,提高其日常生活能力。     

坐姿抗痉挛体位下变频振动疗法对脑卒中患者上肢痉挛及运动功能的影响

目的 观察坐姿抗痉挛体位下变频振动疗法对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢痉挛及运动功能的影响。 方法 选取脑卒中偏瘫上肢痉挛患者30例,采用随机数字表法将其分为治疗组及对照组,每组15例。2组患者均给予常规康复训练,治疗组患者在常规康复干预基础上辅以坐姿抗痉挛体位下的变频振动治疗,振动频率为（6±3）Hz。于治疗前、治疗4周后分别采用改良Ashworth分级法(MAS)评定患者偏瘫上肢痉挛程度;检测并记录被动牵伸患者偏瘫侧肢体时肱二头肌及最大等长收缩时肱三头肌、腹斜肌、多裂肌肌电图均方根值(RMS);采用肩、肘、腕关节主动运动范围（A-ROM）、Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分(FMA)评定患者偏瘫上肢运动功能;采用改良Barthel指数(MBI)评定患者日常生活活动(ADL)能力改善情况。 结果 治疗4周后2组患者偏瘫侧上肢MAS、A-ROM、RMS、FMA及MBI评分均较治疗前明显改善(P<0.05);并且治疗后治疗组患者肩、肘、腕MAS评分［分别为(1.40±0.54)分、(1.43±0.56)分、(1.47±0.40)分］、A-ROM［分别为(62.13±22.34)°、(48.60±18.50)°、(45.20±17.76)°］、肱二头肌、肱三头肌、腹斜肌、多裂肌RMS［分别为(14.18±5.63)μV、(100.24±20.52)μV、(78.72±22.50)μV、(84.05±21.64)μV］、FMA及MBI评分［分别为(26.20±6.44)分、(43.87±8.83)分］均显著优于对照组水平,组间差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论 在常规康复训练基础上辅以坐姿抗痉挛体位下的变频振动疗法能有效降低脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢痉挛程度,提高伸肌兴奋性,改善偏瘫上肢运动功能及ADL能力,其疗效明显优于单纯康复训练。     

表面肌电生物反馈治疗对偏瘫患者上肢功能的影响

目的探讨表面肌电生物反馈治疗对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能的影响。 方法将40例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为治疗组（20例）和对照组（20例）。2组患者均常规给予神经内科药物治疗及康复训练，治疗组同时辅以表面肌电生物反馈（sEMG-BFB）治疗。分别于治疗前及治疗4周后采用Fugl-Meyer量表（FMA）评定偏瘫侧上肢功能，采用改良Ashworth痉挛指数（MAS）评定偏瘫侧肘关节屈、伸肌张力，采用sEMG评定偏瘫侧肱二头肌、肱三头肌在进行屈伸肘（最大等长收缩）动作时的肌电积分值（IEMG），并计算肘屈曲、伸展协同收缩率。 结果2组患者治疗前，其患侧上肢FMA、MAS评分以及肘关节屈伸协同收缩率间差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）；2组患者经相应治疗后，其偏瘫侧上肢FMA、MAS评分以及肘关节屈伸协同收缩率均较治疗前显著改善（P＜0.01），且治疗组患者FMA、MAS评分以及肘关节伸展协同收缩率的改善幅度明显优于对照组（P＜0.01）。 结论表面肌电生物反馈治疗可显著缓解偏瘫患者肘关节屈伸肌痉挛，进一步改善偏瘫患者肘关节屈伸肌协调性，提高上肢运动功能。     

Neuro-rehabilitation robot-assisted assessments of synergy patterns of forearm,elbow and shoulder joints in chronic stroke patients

Background

Abnormal synergy is one of the major motor deficits in stroke patients. Abnormal muscle synergies, in conjunction with weakness and spasticity, interfere with voluntary movements and restrict the range of motion. This study aimed to quantify abnormal synergies in the affected upper limbs of chronic stroke patients by using a neuro-rehabilitation robot.

Methods

Twelve chronic stroke patients and eight age-matched control subjects were recruited to perform rectilinear tracking movements in four horizontal directions (back–forth, two oblique directions at 45°, and right–left). Kinematic, kinetic and electromyogram data were recorded and used to develop two biomechanical indices and one electromyogram assessment index based on principal component analysis.

Findings

Significant differences between upper limbs of control subjects and the affected side of stroke patients were observed in all three assessment indices. Higher correlation between the elbow joint angle and the forearm pronation/supination torque, higher variation of the forearm torque, and abnormal co-contraction of the elbow and shoulder muscles were observed in the affected limbs of stroke patients. The difference was more prominent in the right–left direction and the oblique direction contra-proximal to ipsi-distal.

Interpretation

The proposed assessment indices could be employed to quantify the abnormal synergies in stroke patients. Rectilinear tracking along the right–left direction and the oblique direction of contra-proximal to ipsi-distal is more suitable for assessing abnormal synergies.     

Short-term effects of dynamic lycra splints on upper limb in hemiplegic patients

OBJECTIVE: To assess acceptability, effects on swelling, resting posture, spasticity, and active (AROM) and passive range of motion (PROM) of individually tailored upper limb Lycra garments, designed as dynamic splints to exert directional pull on certain limb segments, when worn for 3 hours by hemiplegic patients. DESIGN: Crossover trial. SETTING: Outpatient and inpatient rehabilitation center. PATIENTS: Convenience sample of 16 patients with hemiparesis and upper limb spasticity caused by a stroke more than 3 weeks before the study. INTERVENTIONS: Assessments performed at the start and end of a 3-hour period during a standard rehabilitation day when the patients were and were not wearing the garment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) Comfort assessed by questionnaire; (2) circumference of each limb segment; (3) resting posture at elbow and wrist; (4) spasticity at shoulder, elbow, and wrist using the Tardieu scale; and (5) AROM and PROM at shoulder, elbow, and wrist measured using a goniometer; (6) elbow proprioception using McCloskey's method; (7) visual neglect syndrome using the line bisection test. Differences between changes occurring with and without the garment were compared using Wilcoxon's signed rank test for ordinal variables (spasticity grading) and Student's t test for continuous variables (all other data). RESULTS: During 3 hours, garments worn on the arm by patients with hemiplegia (1) were comfortable, (2) improved wrist posture and reduced wrist and finger flexor spasticity, (3) reduced swelling in patients with swollen limbs (digit circumference decreased by 4%; p<.01), (4) improved PROM at shoulder (mean increase in range, 4.1 degrees +/- 13.0 degrees per shoulder movement; p<.01); and (5) impaired ability to flex fingers (range of voluntary flexion of digit III reduced from 107.3 degrees +/-79.6 degrees to 91.4 degrees +/-74.1 degrees; p<.05). CONCLUSION: Lycra garments, designed to produce continuous stretch of spastic muscles when worn for several hours each day, have rapid splinting and antispastic effects on wrist and fingers in patients with hemiplegia. These garments may help severely affected patients with major spasticity or painful swollen limbs.     

Application of a volar static splint in poststroke spasticity of the upper limb

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical and neurophysiologic effects of 3-month reflex inhibitory splinting (RIS) for poststroke upper-limb spasticity. DESIGN: Pretest-posttest trial. SETTING: Outpatient rehabilitation center. PARTICIPANTS: Forty consecutive patients with hemiplegia and upper-limb spasticity after stroke that had occurred at least 4 months before. INTERVENTION: Patients wore an immobilizing hand splint custom-fitted in the functional position for at least 90 minutes daily for 3 months. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Patients underwent measurement of (1) spasticity at the elbow and wrist according to Modified Ashworth Scale; (2) passive range of motion (PROM) at the wrist and elbow; (3) pain at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist using a visual analog scale; (4) spasms; and (5) comfort and time of splint application. The instrumental measure of spasticity was the ratio between the maximum amplitude of the H-reflex and the maximum amplitude of the M response (Hmax/Mmax ratio). RESULTS: A significant improvement of wrist PROM (F=8.92, P=.001) with greater changes in extension than in flexion, and a reduction of elbow spasticity (F=5.39, P=.002), wrist pain (F=2.89, P=.04), and spasms (F=4.33, P=.008) were observed. The flexor carpi radialis Hmax/Mmax ratio decreased significantly (F=4.2, P=.007). RIS was well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: RIS may be used as an integrative treatment of poststroke upper-limb spasticity. It can be used comfortably at home, in selected patients without functional hand movements, and in cases of poor response or tolerance to antispastic drugs.     

电针联合巴氯芬对控制脑卒中痉挛状态的作用

目的:探讨电针刺激与巴氯芬联合治疗脑卒中高痉挛状态的临床效果。方法:脑卒中单侧偏瘫伴痉挛患者58例,随机分为对照组和电针组各29例,均常规给予口服巴氯芬片,中频电刺激患肢痉挛拮抗肌,抗痉挛体位练习及功能训练。电针组同时加用电针刺激,上肢取劣势侧伸肌,下肢取劣势侧屈肌。结果:治疗2个月后,电针组与治疗前及对照组比较,上下肢痉挛评分均明显降低;Barthel评分明显提高(均P<0.01)。结论:电针联合巴氯芬能有效控制脑卒中所至高痉挛状态,有利于患者运动训练的进行,使ADL能力得到提高。     

卒中后偏瘫痉挛状态的评价方法现状

作为脑卒中最常见的并发症之一,偏瘫痉挛状态对患者的基本活动和日常生活造成极大影响,因此评定卒中患者的痉挛状态恢复程度是临床医生的重要任务.但现阶段临床研究中对于选择卒中后偏瘫痉挛状态的评价方法选择存在大量问题.本研究筛选出近十年临床研究中常用的卒中后偏瘫痉挛状态评价方法[痉挛状态及肌张力评价(ASS、MAS、CSI、M...     

Clinical factors associate with shoulder subluxation in stroke patients]

OBJECTIVE: This study explores whether shoulder subluxation after stroke is related to age, hemiplegic side motor impairment, spasticity, sensory deficit, depression, unilateral neglect and length of stay in acute ward. METHOD: This prospective study included 57 patients with hemiplegia. The shoulder subluxation was systematically detected by radiography and quantified according to de Bats score. The complete clinical assessment of the upper limb on day 15 analyzed motricity (motricity index), spasticity of shoulder adductors and biceps (Ashworth), sensory deficit, unilateral neglect and depression (MADRS). Age, side of hemiplegia and the aetiology were also noted. We researched relations between shoulder subluxation and these clinical factors. Means were compared using Mann Whitney and chi(2) tests. Coefficients of correlation were estimated between two quantitative variables. A multiple regression analysis was also conducted including all significant parameters, the dependent variable being the shoulder subluxation. RESULTS: Shoulder subluxation was observed in 32% of hemiplegic patients. After multiple regression analysis, the main clinical factors related to subluxation were motor (p < 0.0001), spasticity of shoulder adductors (p = 0.028) and age (p = 0.036). Statistically, the risk of subluxation was divided by 1.62 (1.07, 2.43) for every five years age growth and by two (1.33, 2.94) when the motricity index went up by ten points. CONCLUSION: This study shows that the age could play an independent part. The loss of elasticity of the periarticular tissues when ageing could have a protective role.     

A randomized controlled study of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of hemiplegic shoulder pain associated with spasticity

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of botulinum toxin A (BT-A) on hemiplegic shoulder pain associated with spasticity. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. SETTING: Outpatient clinic of a rehabilitation department. PARTICIPANTS: Patients, more than three months post stroke, with hemiplegic shoulder pain associated with shoulder adductor and elbow flexor spasticity, randomly assigned to BT-A or placebo. INTERVENTION: One-time injection of BT-A (500 units) into the pectoralis major and biceps brachii on the hemiplegic side. MAIN MEASURES: Visual analogue scale of shoulder pain (0 -10), shoulder adductor and elbow flexor tone using the Ashworth Scale and passive range of shoulder abduction. These were assessed at baseline, four weeks, eight weeks and 12 weeks post injection. RESULTS: Seventeen patients were enrolled, eight in the BT-A group and nine in the placebo group. At baseline, the median visual analogue scale score for shoulder pain was 6, the median Ashworth Scale shoulder adductor and elbow flexor spasticity score was 2 and the median range of shoulder abduction 76 degrees. Subjects who received BT-A showed significantly greater improvements in median shoulder adductor and elbow flexor Ashworth Scale scores than placebo at week 4 (P B / 0.01) but not at week 8 and 12. For shoulder pain and passive shoulder abduction range, all subjects showed postinjection improvements and no difference could be demonstrated between the two groups. DISCUSSION: Possible reasons for the negative finding in this study include the small sample size and the presence of causes of shoulder pain not related to spasticity which could have confounded outcome.     

The effect of modified constraint-induced movement therapy on spasticity and motor function of the affected arm in patients with chronic stroke

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of modified constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) in a real-world clinical setting on spasticity and functional use of the affected arm and hand in patients with spastic chronic hemiplegia.Method: A prospective consecutive quasi-experimental study design was used. Twenty patients with spastic hemiplegia (aged 22-67 years) were tested before and after 2-week modified CIMT in an outpatient rehabilitation clinic and at 6 months. The Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), active range of motion (AROM), grip strength, Motor Activity Log (MAL), Sollerman hand function test, and Box and Block Test (BBT) were used as outcome measures.Results: Reductions (p<0.05-0.001) in spasticity (MAS) were seen both after the 2-week training period and at 6-month follow-up. Improvements were also seen in AROM (median change of elbow extension 5°, dorsiflexion of hand 10°), grip strength (20?Newton), and functional use after the 2-week training period (MAL: 1 point; Sollerman test: 8 points; BBT: 4 blocks). The improvements persisted at 6-month follow-up, except for scores on the Sollerman hand function test, which improved further.Conclusion: Our study suggests that modified CIMT in an outpatient clinic may reduce spasticity and increase functional use of the affected arm in spastic chronic hemiplegia, with improvements persisting at 6 months.     

Hemiplegic limb synergies in stroke patients

OBJECTIVE: To describe the extent to which the voluntary movements of hemiparetic stroke patients are restricted to the hemiplegic limb synergies (which are marked by the inability to master individual joint movements) described by Brunnstr?m. The study also aimed to describe the extent to which the synergies are related to functioning. DESIGN: In a prospective observational study design, 64 consecutive hemiparetic stroke patients were assessed with Brunnstr?m's hemiplegic limb synergies, the modified Ashworth scale for spasticity, the Rivermead mobility index, and the Barthel ADL index. RESULTS: Three months after stroke, 8 of the 64 patients were moving completely or partly within the synergies. All patients whose movements were restricted to the synergies also exhibited spasticity. Hemiparetic patients whose movements were restricted to the synergies had significantly worse functioning scores than hemiparetic patients whose movements were not restricted to the synergies although severe disabilities were seen in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Three months after stroke, the voluntary movements of only 13% of hemiparetic stroke patients were restricted to the synergies. The synergies were associated with spasticity and activity limitations. The use of the synergies might only be suitable for a small fraction of hemiparetic patients-namely, those displaying spasticity.