输血前主要感染性指标检测结果及感染控制分析

目的分析患者输血前感染性指标检测结果,了解患者输血前传染性疾病感染情况及感染控制。方法回顾性分析2013年1-12月我院收治的需要输血治疗的1080例患者临床资料,分析人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体（抗-HIV1/2）、梅毒螺旋体抗体（抗-TP）、乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）,丙型肝炎病毒抗体（抗-HCV）四项主要感染性指标检测结果。结果 1080例患者HBsAg110例,阳性率10.19%,抗-HCV21例,阳性率1.11%,梅毒30例,阳性率1.76%,抗-HIV1例,阳性率0.09%。结论输血前进行感染性指标检测可及时发现潜在感染源,也可避免输血后不必要的医疗纠纷。     

12 863例患者输血前感染性指标检测的临床意义

目的 探讨患者输血前接受感染性指标检测的临床意义.方法 对2002年12月～2006年12月对12 863例患者输血前血液用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)进行乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)、丙肝病毒抗体(抗 -HCV)、艾滋病病毒抗体(抗-HIV)和梅毒试验(TRUST)检测分析.结果 HBsAg阳性率12.59%,抗-HCV阳性率1.90%,抗-HIV阳性率0.02%,TRUST阳性率0.80%.结论 对患者输血前进行感染性指标检测对于血液传播性疾病的预防和减少因输血后感染引起的医疗纠纷的发生有着十分重要的作用,对患者、医院及供血单位均有保护意义.     

输血前检测传染性疾病相关指标的重要性

目的:通过输血患者的输血前传染性疾病血液相关指标的检测,探讨分析其在临床工作中的重要性。方法:用化学发光法检测HBsAg、抗-HCV、抗-HIV、TP-AB,用速率法检测ALT。结果:检测输血患者2994例,其中HBsAg、抗-HCV、抗-HIV、TP-AB、ALT阳性率分别为8.50%、0.26%、0.19%、2.00%、18.00%,ALT并发HBsAg阳性率0.86%、ALT并发抗-HCV阳性率0.07%。结论:输血前检测传染性疾病血液相关指标,既保证了临床安全用血,又可避免医务人员的职业感染,减少医疗纠纷。     

患者输血前与无偿供血者输血相关传播性疾病检测结果分析

目的 了解患者输血前与无偿供血者输血相关传播性疾病感染情况.方法 选择输血前患者与中心血站无偿献血者的HBsAg、抗-HCV、抗-HIV1/2、梅毒等4项检测结果 进行对比分析.结果 11 037例输血前患者HBsAg阳性1019例(9.233%)、抗-HCV阳性61例(0.553%)、抗-HIV1/2阳性2例(0.018%)、梅毒抗体阳性88例(0.797%);57 794例无偿献血者HBsAg阳性350例(0.606%)、抗-HCV阳性163例(0.282%)、抗-HIV1/2阳性4例(0.007%)、梅毒抗体阳性347例(0.600%).结论 输血前患者HBsAg阳性率远远高于无偿献血者HBsAg阳性率,无偿献血者抗-HCV、抗-HIV1/2、梅毒抗体的阳性率均低于输血前患者;因此开展输血前相关传播性疾病的检测,对减少和杜绝是否为医源性经血传播疾病而引起纠纷,保护医患双方利益具有十分重要的意义.     

受血者输血前5项检查的作用

目的了解受血者输血前5项检查(ALT、HBsAg、抗-HCV、抗-HIV、梅毒)的现状,并进一步探讨5项检查的作用和影响。方法用贝克曼全自动生化分析仪测定ALR,ELISA法测定HBsAg和抗-HCV,胶体金法测抗-HIV,TRUST法测梅毒。结果2 206例受血者输血前血清标志物ALT、HBsAg、抗-HCV、抗-HIV和梅毒的阳性率分别为28.86%、27.24%、2.22%、0.05%和0.18%。结论对受血者输血前进行5项检查是十分必要的,并对人民健康和社会产生积极的作用和深远的影响。     

输血前感染性指标检测的结果分析

目的探究输血前患者的感染状况,强调相关感染性检查项目设立的重要性。方法检测726例患者输血前乙肝两对半,丙型肝炎抗体,梅毒螺旋体人免疫缺陷病毒抗体及丙氨酸氨基转移酶,并分析其检测结果。结果726例标本中HBsAg阳性率为11.98%,抗-HCV阳性率为0.83%,梅毒阳性率为0.67%,抗-HIV阳性率为0%,ALT异常阳性率为12.53%。结论输血前感染性指标检测可减少因输血引起的的医疗纠纷和降低医护人员的职业感染。     

2600例术前和输血前4种传染性标志物检测结果分析

目的:了解患者术前和输血前相关传染性指标的自身情况,从而预防因手术和输血引起的医疗纠纷和提高医务工作者的自身保护意识.方法 采用酶联免疫吸附试验技术(ELISA)对2600例术前和输血前患者进行乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、丙型肝炎病毒抗体(抗-HCV)、人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体(抗-HIV)、梅毒试验(TRUST)检测分析.结果 HBsAg阳性率9.03％、抗-HCV阳性率0.95％、抗-HIV阳性率0.076％、TP阳性率为0.70％.结论 对术前和输血前患者进行相关传染性指标的检测,能有效避免和预防医院感染以及减少医疗纠纷.所以对术前和输血前患者进行血液传播性疾病相关检测非常重要.     

术前、输血前传染性指标检测的临床意义

目的：探讨患者术前、输血前接受传染性指标检测的临床意义。方法：对2003年7月-2006年12月本院18 725名肿瘤患者术前、输血前血液进行乙肝表面抗原（HBsAg）、丙型肝炎病毒抗体（抗-HCV）、艾滋病病毒抗体（抗-HIV）和梅毒试验（TRUST）检测分析。结果：HBsAg阳性率11.5%,抗-HCV阳性率1.8%,抗-HIV阳性率0.01%,TRUST阳性率1.18%。结论：对患者术前、输血前进行传染性指标检测对于血液传播性疾病的预防和减少因输血后感染引起的医疗纠纷的发生有着十分重要的作用,对患者、医院及供血单位均有保护意义。     

13377例手术输血前感染标志物的结果分析

目的:了解患者手术、输血前的血液感染标志物的情况。方法:对13377例手术、输血前患者的8项血液标志物参数:乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙型肝炎病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)、乙型肝炎病毒e抗原(HBeAg)、乙型肝炎病毒e抗体(抗-HBe)、乙型肝炎病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc)、丙型肝炎病毒抗体(抗-HCV)、艾滋病病毒抗体(抗-HIV)和梅毒螺旋抗体(抗-TP)进行检测,并进行统计分析。结果:HBsAg阳性率7.4%,抗-HCV阳性率0.3%,抗-HIV阳性率0.04%,抗-TP阳性率1.8%。乙肝二对半检测的模式有12种。结论:在手术、输血前进行感染标志物的检测有利于减少医疗纠纷,并加强医务人员防护意识。     

受血者输血前4项传染病检测的必要性

目的：探讨受血者输血前4项输血相关性传染病标志物检测的意义。方法：收集我院需要输血的患者静脉血标本2453例,用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法进行输血前乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原（HBsAg）、丙型肝炎病毒抗体（抗-HCV）、艾滋病免疫缺陷病毒抗体（抗-HIV）、梅毒螺旋体抗体（TP-Ab）4项输血相关性传染病的检测。结果：2453例患者4项标志物中HBsAg阳性率7.8%、抗-HCV阳性率为1.4%、抗-HIV阳性率0.04%、TP-Ab阳性率1.5%,总阳性率为10.74%。结论：对受血者进行输血前4项输血相关性传染病标志物检测对于传染病感染的辅助诊断、区分责任及减少医疗纠纷的发生,有着重要意义。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.