经典型苯丙酮尿症家系8例产前诊断

目的:建立一种利用苯丙氨酸羟化酶(PAH)基因内含子3中短串联重复序列(STR)多态性连锁分析进行经典型苯丙酮尿症(PKU)产前诊断的方法.方法:提取8例经典型PKU家系成员外周血DNA,提取4例胎儿羊水DNA,采用PCR-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳.银染法进行连锁分析.结果:8例家系中4例可使用连锁分析方法进行精确产前诊断,4例胎儿为经典型PKU患者的可能性较小,出生后经新生儿筛查,证实为健康个体.2例家系仅能进行50%的排除诊断,2例家系无法进行产前诊断.结论:采用单个STR位点连锁分析能对部分经典型PKU家系有效进行产前诊断.     

非缺失型Duchenne型肌营养不良症家系16例产前诊断

目的:探讨使用Duchenne型肌营养不良症(DMD)基因区域多态性位点在非缺失型DMD家系产前诊断的价值.方法:用DMD基因非编码区4个(CA)n重复序列多态性结合染色体核型分析,对16例非缺失型DMD家系进行产前诊断.结果:产前诊断发现4例男胎、2例女胎获得风险X染色体,余1例女胎和9例男胎均未携带风险X染色体.且检测结果的可靠性经出生婴儿DNA分析及临床症状检测得到证实.结论:胎儿性别鉴定结合基因连锁分析的方法,在规范的检测程序和有效的质量控制下,能准确地对非缺失型DMD进行产前遗传学诊断,可有效预防患儿出生.     

应用分子标记对Duchenne型肌营养不良胎儿的产前基因诊断

目的:对未知遗传类型的Duchenne肌营养不良(DMD)家系早期妊娠风险胎儿进行产前基因诊断,确定能否接续妊娠,并探讨检测技术。方法:通过TRIzol方法从孕妇羊水中提取胎儿DNA,用Promega提血试剂盒提取家系其他成员外周血中的DNA。选取Xp21.1区附近的6对荧光引物对12个样本DNA进行PCR扩增和多态性连锁分析,以确定风险X染色体;通过DMD50和SRY2对引物的多重PCR扩增确定胎儿性别。连锁分析与性别鉴定相结合对胎儿进行产前诊断。结果:发现该胎儿为1正常女胎,未携带风险X染色体,且胎儿产后复查结果与产前检测一致。结论:这种方法提示对缺失或/和非缺失型DMD风险胎儿的检测可一步完成,而且扩大了基因的检测范围,诊断结果更为准确可靠。     

应用巢式PCR扩增孕妇血浆中胎儿SRY基因

目的:利用孕妇血浆中胎儿DNA进行无创产前诊断.方法:对包括10例X连锁隐性遗传病携带者的60例14～22孕周孕妇的血浆DNA进行巢式PCR,扩增胎儿来源的Y染色体特异性SRY基因.结果:38例妊娠男胎的孕妇中32例出现SRY基因扩增带,灵敏度为84.2%.22例妊娠女胎的孕妇中4例出现SRY扩增带,特异性为81.8%,总符合率为83.3%(50/60).10例X连锁隐性遗传病携带者中7例妊娠男胎的孕妇中6例检出SRY基因,3例妊娠女胎的孕妇均未检出SRY基因.结论:采用巢式PCR技术检测母体血浆中的胎儿DNA进行产前性别鉴定具有较高的灵敏度和特异性,在遗传病的产前诊断中具有很大的应用前景.     

一个中国X性连锁少汗型外胚层发育不良家系的遗传变异分析

【目的】 前期,课题组在临床工作中发现了一个X性连锁少汗型外胚层发育不良(XLHED)疑似患者家系。该家系共四代24例,男性15例,女性9例,患者4例。鉴此,课题组拟通过分子水平的研究,分析鉴定该家系的致病基因和遗传突变,探讨可能的分子致病机制,为疾病的预防与治疗奠定一定的基础。 【方法】 课题组对该家系资料进行了收集和整理,绘制出了遗传图谱。本课题对疾病家系中所有患病及未患病个体进行了详细的临床检查,并获得患者口腔的临床和X线照片。遗传分析中课题组运用直接测序的方法对候选致病基因进行序列分析,并与300例正常对照人群的基因序列进行序列比对。 【结果】 在该家系中,4例患者均为男性,另有5例女性确认为是携带者。测序结果显示,所有患者和携带者中EDA基因的第220个密码子发生点突变(C→T),造成密码子CCA转变为CTA,对应的氨基酸残基由脯氨酸转变为亮氨酸。同时,在该家系的其他健康成员以及随机选取的300例正常对照人群中均未检测到该突变。 【结论】 XLHED是一种X连锁的遗传疾病,目前研究发现XLHED的发生发展与3个基因有关,分别是位于Xq12-q13.1的EDA、位于2q11-q43的EDAR和位于1q42.2-q43的EDARADD。本XLHED家系是由EDA基因突变引起的。已知EDA蛋白具有4个功能区,包括:跨膜区、弗林蛋白酶切割位点、(Gly-X-Y)19胶原样结构域、TNF同源结构域。其中(Gly-X-Y)19胶原样结构域及TNF同源结构域位于细胞外,构成细胞外C末端结构域。本课题组所鉴定的突变c.659C>T是一个新的,且从未被报道过的错义突变。在19个(Gly-X-Y)胶原样结构域中,本次鉴定的突变发生在第13个(Gly-X-Y)的Y位,造成脯氨酸残基被亮氨酸残基替代。由于脯氨酸和亮氨酸侧链基团的差异,很可能造成肽链上该位点之后氨基酸残基的空间走向改变,影响EDA蛋白的空间构象,进而造成EDA-EDAR结合障碍,使之无法有效激活NF-κB的信号传导途径。进一步阻断或削弱了外胚层发育所必须的基因表达。本课题的完成将进一步丰富EDA基因突变谱,并为XLHED致病机制的研究提供新思路和新线索。     

孕妇外周血中胎儿有核红细胞在杜氏进行性肌营养不良胎儿产前诊断中的应用

目的探讨应用孕妇外周血中胎儿有核红细胞，对性连锁遗传病进行非创伤性产前诊断方法的可行性。方法取已生育过杜氏进行性肌营养不良病（DMD）患儿的孕妇外周血，经密度梯度离心法分离有核细胞层，挑取有核红细胞，并提取DNA，提取孕妇、其丈夫及杜氏进行性肌营养不良患儿的外周血的基因组DNA。将有核红细胞DNA先进行随机引物预扩增，利用dystrophin基因中4个短串联重复序列多态位点（STR-44，STR-45，STR-49和5＇-ysⅡ）进行PCR扩增，进行家系连锁分析。结果准确检测2例，1例为杜氏进行性肌营养不良患儿，1例为正常女孩。结论利用孕妇外周血中胎儿有核红细胞，可进行胎儿杜氏进行性肌营养不良病的非创伤性产前诊断。     

血友病B家系的基因测序与高危胎儿的产前诊断

目的:对3个血友病B家系进行凝血因子Ⅸ(F9)基因突变分析,并对家系中的4个高危胎儿行产前诊断。方法:采用PCR反应和扩增后DNA直接测序技术对3个家系先证者及其家系成员F9基因的8个外显子进行序列分析,确定先证者及携带者的基因型后取羊水或绒毛进行产前诊断。结果:3个家系患者中均检出了F9基因突变,分别为G79R(c.10487G>A)、17788DelG、IVS2+4A>T(c.6493A>T)突变,其中,17788DelG为国内外首次报道的突变。女性携带者中检测出上述位点的杂合突变。家系1和家系2中行产前诊断的男性胎儿未携带F9基因突变,家系3中女性胎儿携带有IVS2+4A>T杂合突变,出生后随访均证实产前诊断的结果。结论:F9基因G79R、17788DelG、IVS2+4A>T是3个血友病B家系的致病性突变,应用基因测序技术可以对血友病B家系行有效的基因和产前诊断。     

Duchenne型肌营养不良症患者32例基因缺失分析及产前诊断

目的:探讨Duchenne型肌营养不良症(DMD)基因缺失突变的类型,建立基因诊断技术平台.方法:应用寡核苷酸引物扩增DMD基因18个外显子区域,对27例家系32例DMD患者进行基因缺失分析,用4对二核苷酸重复序列多态引物对DMD家系进行扩增片段长度多态性连锁分析.并对10例先证者有DMD基因缺失的家系进行产前诊断.结果:27例DMD家系中19例(70.4%)有至少1个外显子缺失,且缺失热点区域集中在外显子12、13、45、47、48、49和50,所有携带者至少有1个或1个以上多态性位点为杂合态,缺失诊断结合多态分析进行诊断,10例男性胎儿中2例具有外显子缺失.结论:基因缺失诊断结合连锁分析可快速、准确地进行DMD的产前诊断.     

6例非缺失型Duchenne型肌营养不良家系产前基因诊断

目的 :建立非缺失型Duchenne型肌营养不良家系产前基因诊断平台。方法 :用Duchenne基因非编码区(CA)n重复序列结合染色体核型分析 ,对 6个非缺失型DMD家系进行产前基因诊断。结果 :在非缺失型的家系产前诊断中 ,发现获得风险X染色体的男胎 3例 ,女胎 1例 ,余 1例女胎和 1例男胎均未携带风险X染色体。检测结果的可靠性经出生婴儿DNA分析及临床症状检测得到部分证实。结论 :胎儿性别鉴定结合基因连锁分析的方法 ,在规范的检测程序和有效的质量控制下 ,能准确地对非缺失型DMD进行产前遗传学诊断 ,是目前预防患儿出生有效的实验室检测方法。     

DMD散发型病例产前诊断对策

目的 杜氏／贝氏肌营养不良症的散发病例的产前诊断分析，为临床服务提供依据。方法 采用DMD／BMD基因的5′启动子区域、基因缺失热区的内含子及基因的3′不翻译区的多个短串联重复序列(STR)位点进行缺失检测和单体型连锁分析。结果 应用此诊断程序可检测到大部分的缺失病例，对于非缺失病例，可以通过单体型连锁分析确定(风险)基因的标记。无家族史的散发病例中新生突变可发生在不同的层次上，新生突变可发生于男性生殖腺中；在产前诊断中，对获得风险染色体标记的男性胎儿要慎重对待。结论 散发病例中基因突变可发生在不同世代，父源的生殖腺嵌合值得注意。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.