MICROPROCESSOR-BASED SYSTEM FOR MEASUREMENT OF BIOELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE DURING HEMODIALYSIS

ＭＩＣＲＯＰＲＯＣＥＳＳＯＲ－ＢＡＳＥＤＳＹＳＴＥＭＦＯＲＭＥＡＳＵＲＥＭＥＮＴＯＦＢＩＯＥＬＥＣＴＲＩＣＡＬＩＭＰＥＤＡＮＣＥＤＵＲＩＮＧＨＥＭＯＤＩＡＬＹＳＩＳＭＩＣＲＯＰＲＯＣＥＳＳＯＲ－ＢＡＳＥＤＳＹＳＴＥＭＦＯＲＭＥＡＳＵＲＥＭＥＮＴＯＦＢ...     

精神分裂症患者的脑功能显像与神经心理测验的相关研究

本研究应用单光子发射断层摄影术（ＳＰＥＣＴ）、ＨＲ成套神经心理测验（成人）修订本［ＨＲＢ（Ａ）－ＲＣ］和修订韦氏记忆测验（ＷＭＳ－ＲＣ）对３２例住院精神分裂症患者的脑功能改变及脑功能显像与神经心理测验之关系进行探讨。结果显示，精神分裂症患者存在额叶、颞叶和基底节的脑血灌流量降低，同时表现程度不同的神经心理功能损害，此改变在阴性症状和阳性症状的病人间无差异。脑血灌流量降低与损伤指数（ＤＱ）和记忆商数（ＭＱ）未见明显关系。相关分析表明，ＤＱ与ＴＥＳＳ评分呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０．３６，Ｐ＜０．０５）；ＭＱ与住院次数（ｒ＝－０．４２，Ｐ＜０．０５）、ＢＰＲＳ评分（ｒ＝－０．５６，Ｐ＜０．０１）、ＳＡＰＳ评分（ｒ＝－０．３９，Ｐ＜０．０５）和ＳＡＮ评分（ｒ＝－０．３７，Ｐ＜０．０５）呈显著负相关，与ＧＡＳ评分（ｒ＝０．５３，Ｐ＜０．０１）呈显著正相关     

精神症状和单胺递质相互关系

应用高效液相色谱液对精神分裂症患者脑脊液中的ＤＡ、ＮＥ、Ａ、５－ＨＴ及其代谢产物进行测试，并和症状量表评分进行相关分析，发现ＢＰＲＳ评分和ＭＨＰＧ显著正相关，ＳＡＰＳ和ＭＨＰＧ、ＤＡ、ＨＶＡ显著正相关，ＳＡＮＳ与ＭＡＰＧ、ＤＡ、ＨＶＡ显著负相关，５－ＨＴ显著正相关。提示阳性症状可能与ＤＡ、ＮＥ功能亢盛有关，阴性症状可能与ＤＡ、ＮＥ功能低下及５－ＨＴ功能亢盛有关，但症状的变化和递质浓度的变化相关无显     

受体导向药物L－HSA－AraAMP体内抗病毒效应的实验研究

采用受体导向药物乳糖化人血清白蛋白单磷酸阿糖腺苷（Ｌ－ＨＳＡ－ＡｒａＡＭＰ），对感染鸭乙型肝炎病毒（ＤＨＢＶ）的北京雏鸭作体内抗病毒效应实验研究。结果显示：与对照组（Ⅲ组）相比，单用ＡｒａＡＭＰ组（Ⅱ组）在用药期间对ＤＨＢＶＤＮＡ有明显抑制作用（Ｐ＜０．０５），但停药后有反跳现象；Ｌ－ＨＡＳ－ＡｒａＡＭＰ组（Ⅰ组）对ＤＨＢＶＤＮＡ抑制作用与Ⅱ组比较无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），但Ⅰ组停药后持续有抑制病毒作用，且ＡｒａＡＭＰ的用量Ⅰ组比Ⅱ组小１６倍。     

THE USING OF THE REHABILITATION MACHINE ON HAND-ARM STABILITY IN IMPROVING ADL

ＴＨＥＵＳＩＮＧＯＦＴＨＥＲＥＨＡＢＩＬＩＴＡＴＩＯＮＭＡＣＨＩＮＥＯＮＨＡＮＤ－ＡＲＭＳＴＡＢＩＬＩＴＹＩＮＩＭＰＲＯＶＩＮＧＡＤＬＴＨＥＵＳＩＮＧＯＦＴＨＥＲＥＨＡＢＩＬＩＴＡＴＩＯＮＭＡＣＨＩＮＥＯＮＨＡＮＤ－ＡＲＭＳＴＡＢＩＬＩＴＹＩＮＩＭＰ...     

精神分裂症患者血中SOD,GSH—PX,GSH及LPO的变化及临床意义的研究

应用超氧化物歧化酶超微量快速测定法、血中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力测定法（ＤＴＮＢ）、二硫双硝基苯甲酸定量测定法和血清中丙二醛与硫代巴比土酸定量测定法（ＴＢＡ）测定４０例精神分裂症病人血中超氧化物岐化酶（ＳＯＤ）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－ＰＸ）活力，还原型谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ）、脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）含量，并与简明精神病量表（ＢＰＲＳ）总分、因子分、病人性别进行相关分析。结果表明：精神分裂症病人中血ＳＯＤ活力明显升高，与ＢＰＲＳ总分及五个因子分呈直线正相关，而ＧＳＨ－ＰＸ活力正常。ＧＳＨ含量明显下降，且与ＢＰＲＳ总分及因子３、４、５的分数呈直线负相关。血中ＬＰＯ含量正常。     

利培酮治疗慢性精神分裂症对照观察

为评价利培酮对慢性精神分裂症患者的疗效及安全性，将３６例住院患者随机分成利培酮组和对照组，进行１２周对照研究，用ＢＰＲＳ，ＰＡＮＳＳ和ＥＳＲＳ评定疗效和副反应，结果显示，以ＢＰＲＳ和ＰＡＮＳＳ减分率评定有效率，利培酮组分别是４５．８％和４１．１％，对照组分别是２５％和１５．６％，两组疗效比较无差异，利培酮组治疗前后ＢＰＲＳ，ＰＡＮＳＳ总分及Ｇ分，Ｎ分均有差异，ＢＰＲＳ总分有极显著差异，对照组仅Ｇ分     

LIGHT SCATTERING PROPERTY OF HUMAN BLOOD AT THE WAVELENGTH OF 810NM

ＬＩＧＨＴＳＣＡＴＴＥＲＩＮＧＰＲＯＰＥＲＴＹＯＦＨＵＭＡＮＢＬＯＯＤＡＴＴＨＥＷＡＶＥＬＥＮＧＴＨＯＦ８１０ＮＭＬＩＧＨＴＳＣＡＴＴＥＲＩＮＧＰＲＯＰＥＲＴＹＯＦＨＵＭＡＮＢＬＯＯＤＡＴＴＨＥＷＡＶＥＬＥＮＧＴＨＯＦ８１０ＮＭＪｉａｎＺｈｏｎｇ；Ｄ...     

α-MSH对EGTA性发热效应及脑腹中隔AVP含量的影响

目的和方法：观察脑腹中隔精氨酸加压素（ＡＶＰ）在α－黑素细胞刺激素（α－ＭＳＨ）解热机制中的作用；用放射免疫法测定ＡＶＰ含量。结果：ＥＧＴＡ引起明显的发热反应（Ｐ＜０．０１），同时降低脑腹中隔ＡＶＰ含量（Ｐ＜０．０５）。α－ＭＳＨ可抑制ＥＧＴＡ性发热反应（Ｐ＜０．０１），并增加脑腹中隔ＡＶＰ含量（Ｐ＜０．０５）；而对正常家兔体温及脑腹中隔ＡＶＰ含量无影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：α－ＭＳＨ对ＥＧＴＡ的解热作用可能部分是通过增加脑腹中隔ＡＶＰ的释放而实现的。在限制发热的过程中，内生解热物α－ＭＳＨ与ＡＶＰ可能具有协同作用。     

脐血β2—MG与新生儿ABO溶血病关系的探讨

为了探讨新生儿脐血β２－ＭＧ与新生儿ＡＢＯ溶血病（称ＡＢＯＨＤＮ）的关系，应用放射免疫法对８０例新生儿脐血β２－ＭＧ进行测定，同时测定脐血胆红素浓度，结果表明，脐血β２－ＭＧ越高，ＡＢＯＨＤＮ发生率越高，脐血β２－ＭＧ含量与ＡＢＯＨＤＮ的发生呈正相关（Ｐ＜０．０５），经统计学分析，以脐血β２－ＭＧ≥２５０μｇ／ｍｌ为指标，敏感性及特异性分别为６９７％、７９４％。以脐血胆红素≥４０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ为指标，敏感性及特异性分别为６０８％、７０６％，前者敏感性及特异性均大于后者。提示测定脐血β２－ＭＧ可以早期预测ＡＢＯＨＤＮ的发生。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.