艾灸对功能性消化不良大鼠SCF、Cx43表达的影响

目的探讨艾灸对功能性消化不良大鼠SCF、足三里穴局部Cx43蛋白表达的影响。方法建立功能性消化不良大鼠模型,进行艾灸足三里穴和足三里穴旁开对照点,采用免疫印迹法(Western blot)分别检测各组大鼠胃窦SCF及穴位、穴位旁开对照点局部Cx43蛋白的表达水平。结果与空白组相比,模型组大鼠胃窦SCF及穴区局部Cx43蛋白水平显著降低(P0.01);与模型组比较,艾灸穴位组SCF及Cx43蛋白表达量高于模型组(P0.05),艾灸非穴组SCF及Cx43蛋白表达量无显著差异(P0.05);与艾灸非穴组相比,艾灸穴位组SCF及Cx43蛋白表达量显著升高(P0.05)。结论艾灸干预能够显著升高FD大鼠胃窦SCF及足三里局部Cx43蛋白表达水平,改善胃动力,调节胃肠道活动。     

舒胃汤对功能性消化不良大鼠小肠ICC细胞IP3R，RyR表达的影响

目的:通过观察舒胃汤对功能性消化不良(functional dyspepsia,FD)模型大鼠小肠Cajal间质细胞(interstitial cells of Cajal,ICC)中IP3受体(inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor,IP3R),Ry受体(ryanodine receptor,RyR)蛋白及mRNA表达的影响,从钙离子通道调节角度探讨舒胃汤对FD的治疗作用及机制。方法:取Wistar大鼠15只,随机分成空白组、模型组与舒胃汤组(30.68 g·kg~(-1))。模型组与舒胃汤组按复合病因造模法处理21 d复制FD模型,灌胃给药14 d后取血制备含药血清。取2~3周Wistar乳鼠小肠平滑肌原代ICC细胞,传代培养后分为空白血清组(A组),模型血清组(B组),舒胃汤5%含药血清组(C组),舒胃汤10%含药血清组(D组),舒胃汤15%含药血清组(E组)。待细胞融合至60%~80%时分别加入对应组别血清,继续孵育24 h。提取细胞蛋白及总RNA,蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测IP3R,RyR蛋白表达,实时荧光定量PCR法(Real-time PCR)检测IP3R,RyR mRNA表达。结果:Western blot检测发现,与A组比较,B组IP3R-1,IP3R-2,IP3R-3,RyR-1,RyR-2,RyR-3蛋白表达均明显降低(P0.01);与B组比较,D,E组IP3R,RyR蛋白表达明显升高(P0.05,P0.01)。Real-time PCR检测发现,与A组比较,IP3R,RyR mRNA表达均明显降低(P0.01);与B组比较,D,E组IP3R,RyR mRNA表达明显升高(P0.01)。结论:舒胃汤可通过上调FD模型大鼠小肠ICC细胞内IP3R,RyR蛋白及mRNA表达,发挥对功能性消化不良疾病的治疗作用。     

mTOR激动剂及其抑制剂在电针治疗功能性消化不良中的作用

目的:探讨mTOR激动剂及其抑制剂在电针治疗功能性消化不良中的作用。方法:采用夹尾刺激法构建FD大鼠模型,将24只造模成功的FD大鼠随机分为模型组、电针组、mTOR激动剂+电针组(激动剂组)和mTOR抑制剂+电针组(抑制剂组),以正常大鼠为对照组,每组6只,电针组大鼠采用电针刺激治疗,激动剂组和抑制剂组大鼠分别腹腔注射L-leucine(0.45 g/kg)和rapamycin(1 mg/kg)后再进行电针刺激治疗。观察各组大鼠的日常表现并计算其胃内残留率和小肠推进率;采用qRT-PCR检测各组大鼠胃及小肠中胃促生长素(Ghrelin)和mTOR mRNA的表达;采用Western blot检测各组大鼠胃及小肠中pre-Ghrelin和磷酸化p-P70S6K蛋白的表达。结果:与模型组相比,抑制剂组大鼠的体能状态恢复得最好,胃内残留率最小,小肠推进率最大,其次为电针组和激动剂组。与电针组相比,激动剂组大鼠胃及小肠中Ghrelin mRNA、胃中pre-Ghrelin蛋白的表达显著下降(P0.05),而其胃及小肠中mTOR mRNA和p-P70S6K蛋白的表达量显著升高(P0.05);抑制剂组大鼠胃中pre-Ghrelin蛋白的表达量显著升高(P0.05),而其胃及小肠中mTOR mRNA和p-P70S6K蛋白的表达量显著下降(P0.05)。结论:mTOR激动剂可降低电针治疗FD的效果,而mTOR抑制剂可有效增强电针治疗FD大鼠效果。     

舒胃汤对功能性消化不良模型大鼠胃排空功能与CNP/pGC信号转导通路的影响

目的观察舒胃汤(柴胡、香附、白术等)对功能性消化不良(FD)模型大鼠胃排空与CNP/pGC(C-型利钠肽/颗粒性鸟苷酸环化酶)信号转导通路的影响,探讨舒胃汤治疗功能性消化不良的作用机制。方法取80只Wistar大鼠,除空白组外,其余动物采用改良复合病因方法 (慢性束缚应激+过度疲劳+饮食失节+夹尾激怒)复制FD模型,按体质量随机分为舒胃汤组(30.68 g生药/kg)、莫沙必利组(1.37 mg/kg)、模型组。连续灌胃给药2周后,采用Western blot法检测各组大鼠胃窦组织CNP蛋白含有量,RT-PCR法检测各组大鼠胃窦组织CNP mRNA表达水平,酶联免疫法检测各组大鼠胃窦组织pGC含有量,酚红法检测各组大鼠胃排空率。结果与模型组比较,舒胃汤组胃排空速率明显加快(P0.01),CNP、pGC蛋白含有量明显降低,CNP mRNA表达水平明显降低(P均0.05)。结论舒胃汤可明显调节FD模型大鼠胃肠功能,其机制与调控CNP/pGC信号转导通路中CNP和pGC含有量有关。     

舒胃汤对功能性消化不良大鼠Cajal间质 细胞、胃动素表达的影响

目的:观察舒胃汤对功能性消化不良(functional dyspepsia,FD)大鼠c-Kit阳性Cajal间质细胞(interstitial cells ofcajal,ICC)、胃动素(Motilin,MTL)表达的影响,探讨其可能的作用机制。方法:将大鼠随机分成对照组、模型组、舒胃汤高剂、舒胃汤低剂量组、多潘立酮组、木香顺气组,采用夹尾刺激法[1]建立FD大鼠模型,连续给药14 d后,采用免疫组化分析法检测胃窦MTL和c-Kit阳性ICC表达,以酚红法观察胃排空。结果:与对照组相比,模型组胃排空延迟、胃窦MTL和c-Kit阳性ICC表达显著降低(均P<0.05);与模型组相比,舒胃汤高剂量组、多潘立酮组及木香顺气组胃排空、MTL及c-Kit阳性ICC表达显著升高(均P<0.05),而舒胃汤低剂量组与模型组相比无显著性差异。结论:舒胃汤高剂组可以明显增加肝胃不和型FD大鼠饮水、食量,促进胃窦ICC和MTL表达,加快胃排空;上调ICC和MTL表达、提高大鼠胃排空率是舒胃汤治疗功能性消化不良可能的作用机制之一。     

补阳还五汤通过调节血管平滑肌细胞Cx43作用于动脉粥样硬化的研究

目的:研究补阳还五汤抗同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)诱导血管平滑肌细胞(HUVSMC)增殖的作用及其机制。方法:以14.9g/kg补阳还五汤剂量连续灌胃SD大鼠1周,提取补阳还五汤含药血清,并与胎牛血清(FBS)按一定比例,配置成20%(20%补阳)、10%(10%补阳+10%FBS)、5%(5%补阳+15%FBS)补阳还五汤含药血清组组。血管平滑肌细胞长满培养瓶或培养板后,用同型半胱氨酸分组造模,将细胞随机分为10组:空白组、模型组、乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)组、20%、10%、5%补阳还五汤含药血清组、NF-kB阻断剂PDTC组、MAPK阻断剂SB20组、ERK阻断剂PD98组、PKC阻断剂Stau组。蛋白质印迹法(Western blot)测定血管平滑肌细胞Cx43蛋白的表达量;RT-PCR技术检测各组血管平滑肌细胞Cx43 mRNA水平;建立血管内皮-平滑肌细胞共培养体系,Western blot分别检测内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞内Cx43的表达;电镜检测血管内皮-平滑肌细胞共培养体系细胞缝隙连接的变化。结果:Western blot实验中,平滑肌细胞与共培养体系中的内皮细胞、平滑肌细胞的Cx43蛋白表达水平,模型组与空白组比较,模型组中Cx43蛋白表达量均显著升高;乙酰半胱氨酸组,20%、10%、5%补阳还五汤含药血清组与模型组比较,Cx43蛋白表达显著下调。RT-PCR实验中,模型组与空白组比较,模型组中Cx43mRNA表达量显著升高;乙酰半胱氨酸组、20%、10%、5%补阳还五汤含药血清组与模型组比较,Cx43mRNA表达量显著降低。电镜检测细胞缝隙连接实验中:模型组与空白组比较,内皮-平滑肌细胞之间形成的缝隙连接遭到破坏,而20%补阳还五汤含药血清组却能形成与正常组相似的连接。结论:补阳还五汤可能通过下调Cx43蛋白以及其mRNA的表达,改善细胞之间的缝隙连接,减少血管平滑肌细胞增殖而发挥抗动脉粥样硬化的作用。     

红芪多糖对糖尿病胃轻瘫大鼠小肠组织c-kit、Cx43基因和蛋白表达的影响

目的观察红芪多糖(HPS)对糖尿病胃轻瘫(DGP)大鼠小肠组织酪氨酸激酶受体c-kit、缝隙连接蛋白Cx43基因和蛋白表达的影响,探讨其对DGP大鼠肠动力障碍的作用机制。方法采用一次性大剂量腹腔注射链脲佐菌素联合高糖高脂饲料不规则喂养方式复制DGP模型,将72只Wistar雄性大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、阳性对照组和HPS高、中、低剂量组,每组12只。阳性对照组予莫沙必利药液0.7 g/(kg·d)灌胃,HPS高、中、低剂量组分别予HPS药液0.2、0.1、0.05 g/(kg·d)灌胃,空白组和模型组分别予等体积纯净水灌胃,每日1次,连续8周。HE染色观察小肠病理学结构改变;RT-PCR和Western blot分别检测小肠组织c-kit、Cx43mRNA和蛋白的表达。结果 HE染色结果显示,模型组大鼠小肠正常结构被破坏,大量炎性细胞浸润;各给药组大鼠情况改善,可见正常肠绒毛、中央乳糜管等结构,炎性细胞浸润减少,其中以HPS高剂量组改善明显。与空白组比较,模型组大鼠小肠组织c-kit、Cx43 mRNA和蛋白表达显著降低(P0.01);与模型组比较,各给药组大鼠小肠组织c-kit、Cx43mRNA和蛋白表达显著升高(P0.05,P0.01),HPS高剂量组作用最显著。结论 HPS通过上调c-kit、Cx43mRNA和蛋白的表达提高小肠动力,改善DGP模型大鼠肠动力障碍。     

舒胃汤对功能性消化不良大鼠小肠推进功能及CNP/cGMP信号通路的影响

目的探讨舒胃汤对功能性消化不良(FD)模型大鼠小肠推进功能及C-钠尿肽(CNP)/环磷酸鸟苷(cGMP)信号通路的影响及机制。方法取80只Wistar大鼠,按体质量随机分为空白组、模型组、舒胃汤组(30.68 g·kg~(-1))、莫沙必利组(1.37 mg·kg~(-1))。采用改良复合病因方法(慢性束缚应激+过度疲劳+饮食失节+夹尾激怒)复制FD模型,造模结束后,连续灌胃给药14 d。采用碳末法检测小肠推进率;多道生理记录系统检测CNP(1×10-8mol·L-1)对大鼠离体胃窦肌条的收缩抑制率;ELISA法检测胃窦组织中cGMP含量;Western Blot法检测胃窦组织B型钠尿肽受体(NPR-B)蛋白含量;RT-PCR法检测胃窦平滑肌NPR-B mRNA表达。结果与空白组比较,模型组的小肠推进率明显降低(P 0.01),离体胃窦肌条的收缩抑制率明显升高(P 0.01),cGMP蛋白含量、NPR-B蛋白及mRNA表达明显升高(P 0.01)。与模型组比较,舒胃汤组的小肠推进率明显升高(P 0.05),离体胃窦肌条的收缩抑制率明显降低(P 0.01),cGMP蛋白含量、NPR-B蛋白及mRNA表达明显降低(P 0.05)。结论舒胃汤可有效改善FD模型大鼠胃肠功能低下状态,其机制可能与下调CNP/cGMP信号通路中CNP受体蛋白NPR-B表达及关键蛋白cGMP含量有关。     

舒胃汤对功能性消化不良大鼠Cajal间质细胞和P物质表达的影响

目的观察舒胃汤对功能性消化不良(FD)大鼠c-Kit阳性Cajal间质细胞(ICC)、P物质(SP)表达的影响,探讨其可能的作用机制。方法除空白组外,采用不规则喂养配合夹尾刺激法制作大鼠FD模型,随机分成模型组、舒胃汤高剂量组、舒胃汤低剂量组、多潘立酮组、木香顺气组,连续给予相应药物14d后,放射免疫法检测血浆SP水平,免疫组化法检测c-Kit阳性ICC表达,以酚红法观察胃排空率。结果与空白组比较,模型组胃排空和胃窦c-Kit阳性ICC表达、血浆SP水平显著降低(均PO.O5);与模型组相比,舒胃汤高剂量组、多潘立酮组及木香顺气组各指标均显著升高(均P0.O5),而舒胃汤低剂量组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论舒胃汤促进FD大鼠胃动力作用可能与上调c-Kit阳性ICC表达和升高SP水平有关。     

电针对功能性消化不良大鼠胃窦AMPKα及mTOR的影响

目的观察电针足三里对功能性消化不良(FD)大鼠腺苷酸激活蛋白激酶(AMPKα)、雷帕霉素靶蛋白(m TOR)表达的影响。方法将50只大鼠按随机数字表法分为正常组及造模组,其中正常组10只。将除正常组外的大鼠采用夹尾刺激法配合不规则饮食构建FD大鼠模型,将造模成功的大鼠再随机分为模型组和电针组,各10只。正常组、模型组大鼠与电针组一样束缚固定,但不进行电针干预。电针组给予电针足三里进行干预,每日1次,共10 d。观察各组大鼠日常表现,采用q RT-PCR检测各组大鼠胃窦组织中AMPKα和m TOR mRNA的表达;用Western blotting检测各组大鼠胃窦AMPKα、m TOR蛋白的表达。结果与正常组比较,模型组大鼠胃窦AMPKαmRNA以及蛋白的表达显著降低(P 0.05),mTOR m RNA以及蛋白的表达显著升高(P 0.05)。与模型组比较,电针组胃窦中AMPKαm RNA以及蛋白的表达明显升高(P 0.05),mTOR mRNA以及蛋白的表达明显降低(P 0.05)。结论电针足三里可改善FD大鼠的胃肠消化,增加FD大鼠胃窦AMPKαmRNA以及蛋白的表达水平,降低FD大鼠胃窦mTOR m RNA以及蛋白的表达水平。     

Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of eleutherans A, B, C, D, E, F, and G: glycans of Eleutherococcus senticosus roots

Intraperitoneal injection of an aqueous extract of the crude drug "shigoka" (Siberian ginseng), Eleutherococcus senticosus roots, remarkably diminished plasma-sugar level in mice. Fractionation of the extract by monitoring the activity yielded seven glycans, eleutherans A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, which exerted marked hypoglycemic effects in normal and alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice.     

Phytochemistry, Metabolism, and Metabolomics of Ginseng

Ginseng, as a medicinal plant, has been used for thousands of years in China, Korea, and Japan, and the study on ginseng is a hotspot in the research field as evidenced by about 7000 scientific papers in PUBMED. In recent decades, many ginseng studies focused on the metabolism and metabolomics of ginseng or its active ingredients using modern bioanalytical technologies. To date, more than 200 ginsenosides and non-saponin constituents have been isolated and identified. In the past decades, rapid development of analytical technologies has facilitated the advancement of ginseng research in many ways. In this review, we focus on the advances of ginseng research in chemistry, pharmacology, and metabolomics. We also provide the comments on the significance as well as challenges of metabolomics-based ginseng studies.     

Correlation of Metabolism, Metabolomics, and Metabonomics

<正>In this issue,CHM published two reviews on drug metabolism of Chinese herbal medicines.Three key words have been found,they are metabolism,metabolomics,and metabonomics.As we known,drug metabolism is the biochemical modification of pharmaceutical substances respectively by living organisms through specialized enzymatic systems,the rate of metabolism determines the duration and intensity of pharmacological responses     

Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, and cytotoxic activities of Galium mexicanum

Ethnopharmacological relevance

To study the potential benefit of the traditional Mexican medicinal plant Galium mexicanum Kunth (Rubiaceae). Hexane, chloroform, and methanol extracts as well as various fractions from these extracts were tested to determine antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic or anti-inflammatory activities in vitro.

Materials and methods

Aerial parts of the plant were extracted with various solvents and fractionated accordingly. Their antibacterial and antifungal activities were assessed on nine bacterial and four fungal strains. Leishmania donovani was used as a protozoan strain for antiparasitic activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds was investigated by measuring the secretion of interleukin-6 when macrophages were exposed to lipopolysaccharide.

Results

Various extracts and fractions obtained from this plant exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Of special interest was the hexane fraction HE 14b, which show antibacterial (ranging between 67 and 666 μg/ml) and antifungal (at concentrations of 333 μg/ml) activities. Also the hexane fraction HE 5 exhibited antiparasitic activity (at concentrations of 260 μg/ml), whereas the methanol fraction ME 13-15 showed a potent anti-inflammatory activity when compared to dexamethasone. Chemical analyses of the chloroform extract show the presence of triterpenes, saponins, flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones, and glucosides, but no tannins were detected in the assayed extract.

Conclusions

The benefit of Galium mexicanum as a traditional medicinal plant was confirmed using antibacterial and antifungal assays in vitro. We also report for the first time, and to the best of our knowledge, antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory activities of this plant.     

Isolation and structure of homotemsirolimuses A, B, and C

Homotemsirolimuses A, B, and C (2a, 2b, 2c) were found to be minor components of a temsirolimus preparation made from rapamycin. These three temsirolimus analogues are derived from the corresponding rapamycin analogues, homorapamycins A, B, and C (1a, 1b, 1c) produced by the strain Streptomyces hygroscopicus. The structures of homotemsirolimuses A, B, and C were determined by spectroscopic methods. These compounds were tested for mTOR kinase inhibition and in two proliferation assays using LNCap prostate and MDA468 breast cancer cells. The results suggested that the mTOR inhibition and antiproliferation potencies for 2a, 2b, and 2c are comparable to those of rapamycin (1) and temsirolimus (2).     

Antimalarial activity of physalins B, D, F, and G

The antimalarial activities of physalins B, D, F, and G (1-4), isolated from Physalis angulata, were investigated. In silico analysis using the similarity ensemble approach (SEA) database predicted the antimalarial activity of each of these compounds, which were shown using an in vitro assay against Plasmodium falciparum. However, treatment of P. berghei-infected mice with 3 increased parasitemia levels and mortality, whereas treatment with 2 was protective, causing a parasitemia reduction and a delay in mortality in P. berghei-infected mice. The exacerbation of in vivo infection by treatment with 3 is probably due to its potent immunosuppressive activity, which is not evident for 2.     

酸柏栀油软胶囊对小鼠学习记忆及脑中NO、Ach的影响

目的:观察酸柏栀油软胶囊对小鼠的促学习记忆作用并初步探讨其机制。方法:采用Morris水迷宫法观察酸柏栀油软胶囊对小鼠的学习记忆影响,并测定小鼠脑内NOS、ChaE、AChE的含量。结果:酸柏栀油软胶囊1.25～5 ml/kg能缩短小鼠登台潜伏期,增加穿越原平台次数,以中剂量作用最强;且登台潜伏期随训练时间的延长,各组作用均逐渐增强,d20的作用尤为明显。酸柏栀油软胶囊尚能增加小鼠脑内NOS、ChaE活性,降低AChE活性,也以中剂量作用为佳。结论:酸柏栀油软胶囊对小鼠学习记忆有促进作用,该作用可能与其富含不饱和脂肪酸,增加脑内NO、Ach的含量有关。     

何首乌中总黄酮与微量元素含量分析及其药效机理研究

目的分析中药何首乌中总黄酮与微量元素Mg，Fe，Mn，Cu，Zn的含量。方法紫外分光光度法测定何首乌中总黄酮的含量；原子吸收分光光度法测定Mg，Fe，Mn，Cu，Zn的含量。结果总黄酮的含量27．44mg／g；Mg：952．4801&#177;10．5543μg／g；Fe：7196．7256&#177;98．8101μg；Mn：431．0929&#177;5．5698μg／g；Cu：5．5438&#177;0．1513μg；Zn：86.7915&#177;6．4781μg／g。结论实验结果为探讨中药何首乌中黄酮类化合物与微量元素的关系及研究何首乌中微量元素与药物的功效关系提供了有用的方法和依据。