脑梗死出血性转化相关危险因素分析

脑梗死出血性转化（hemorrhage transtormation HT）是指在脑梗死后,由于缺血区血管重新回复血流灌注,导致梗死区内继发性出血。是脑梗死的自然转归过程之一,是影响溶栓治疗和安全性的主要并发症。根据头颅CT表现将HT分为出血性梗死（hemorrhagic infarction HI）和脑血肿形成（parenchymal hemorrhage PH）。HI又分为有血肿形成,     

急性脑梗死后出血性转化48例临床特点分析

目的：探讨脑梗死后出血性转化（HT）患者的临床特点。方法回顾性分析该院2010年6月至2013年6月收治的HT患者48例,其中,出血性梗死（HI）45例（93．8％）,其中HI‐1型27例,HI‐2型18例;脑实质内血肿（PH）3例（6．3％）,其中PH‐1型2例,PH‐2型1例。PH‐2型入院时美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（NIHSS）评分明显高于其他类型HT。进行CT、MRI检查,界定梗死面积,选择不同治疗方式。结果HT患者梗死后出血时间发生在1周内14例（29．2％）,1～2周内28例（58．3％）;脑叶梗死25例（52．1％）,出血灶均在皮层和（或）皮层下,深部脑实质梗死11例（22．9％）,出血灶在梗死灶内或其边缘,脑叶及深部梗死8例,小脑梗死3例,脑干梗死1例,出血灶均在梗死灶内;继发于大面积脑梗死31例（64．6％）,继发于小面积脑梗死14例（29．2％）,继发于腔隙性脑梗死3例（6．3％）;HI表现为皮质和（或）皮层下白质、脑深部点状、斑片状、条索状、脑回状出血灶;PH表现为梗死区域血肿形成,血肿主要位于深部基底节区。结论大面积脑梗死、脑叶部位的梗死更容易并发HT。HT多发于脑梗死后1～2周内,应当于这段时间内复查头CT或MRI。     

急性脑梗死出血性转化临床分析

目的探讨脑梗死出血性转化（hemorhagic transformation,HT）的发病机制及相关危险因素。方法分析36例脑梗死出血性转化患者临床和神经影像学资料。在发病21d内复查头部CT或MRI,分为出血性梗死（hemorrhagic infarction,HI）21例和脑实质血肿（parenchymal hematoma,PH）15例。将这二种分为四型,HI1、HI2、PH1和PH2,根据美国国立卫生研究院脑卒中量表（NIHSS）对患者于病初及出院时各评分1次,以第二次评分减少作为脑功能改善的指标。结果 HI1、HI2型患者入院时及出院时NIHSS评分差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;PH1、PH2型患者入院时及出院时NIHSS评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论 HT的发生是多因素、多机制共同作用的结果。大面积脑梗死,应用溶栓、抗凝、降纤及抗聚治疗,高胆固醇血症及心房颤动史是HT的主要危险因素。     

出血性脑梗死

出血性脑梗死(hemorrhagic infarction，HI)又称脑梗死后脑出血转变(hemorrhagic transformation，HT)，是指在脑梗死后，由于缺血区血管重新恢复血流灌注，导致的梗死区内继发性出血，颅脑CT显示在原有的低密度区内出现散在或局限性高密度影。近年来由于抗凝与溶栓治疗的广泛应用，CT等影像学检查的普及，关于出血性脑梗死的报道逐渐增多，已引起了临床上的重视。     

出血性脑梗死32例临床分析

目的探讨出血性脑梗死(HT)的病因，临床及影像学特点。方法总结分析32例患者的临床资料、CT、MRI。结果HT主要危险因素包括脑栓塞、大面积脑梗死、皮层梗死、高血糖、高血压。发现出血时间16小时至30天，非血肿型(HI)29例(90．6％)，血肿型(pH)3例(9．38％)。梗死后出血17例临床症状加重，15例无症状加重，5例死于脑疝或肺部感染。结论HT危险因素多样，临床表现复杂，CT是HT检测的主要手段，MRI对腔隙性与陈旧性出血更敏感。     

出血性脑梗死76例临床分析

目的 :探讨出血性脑梗死的临床特点及影像学特点。方法 :回顾性分析 76例出血性脑梗死患者的临床资料。结果 :原梗死灶出血 54例 ,大面积梗死或多发性梗死者 48例。脑梗死发病第 2周发生出血 50例 ,发生出血后原有症状加重。脑CT分为四型 :(1 )出血性梗死Ⅰ型 (1 9例 ) ;(2 )出血性梗死Ⅱ型 (2 8例 ) ;(3)脑实质血肿Ⅰ型 (1 0例 ) ;(4)脑实质血肿Ⅱ型 (9例 )。结论 :出血性脑梗死是影响患者预后的重要并发症 ,需动态观察CT ,及时确诊及治疗方可改善预后。     

出血性脑梗死32例临床观察

目的:探讨出血性脑梗死(hemorrhagic infarction,HI)的病因、发病机制、临床及影像学特点及转归。方法:对经头颅CT/MRI证实的32例HI患者的临床和影像学资料进行分析。结果:HI好发于原发性高血压(75.0%)和心房纤颤(45.6%)的患者,临床上以大面积脑梗死(84.4%)和脑栓塞(53.4%)多见,出血转化多发生于脑梗死发病后1周内(68.8%),影像学上多表现为非血肿型(65.6%)。结论:大面积脑梗死、脑栓塞是HI的高危因素,HI经综合治疗,预后良好,但大量出血者预后不良。对大面积脑梗死、脑栓塞者应动态检查CT/MRI,以便及时诊断,及时调整治疗,改善预后。CT/MRI均为诊断HI的可靠手段,MRI更具优势。     

出血性脑梗死的 CT 及 MRI 影像学分析

目的：总结出血性脑梗死的CT、MRI影像学表现,对比不同检查方法,提高诊断的准确率,评估治疗及预后,进一步指导临床治疗。方法对27例出血性脑梗死患者进行螺旋CT及3．0T－MRI扫描,比较两者不同时间段的影像学表现。结果 CT典型表现为梗死区内出现斑片状高密度影,密度常较一般脑内出血浅淡,边缘较模糊,可多发,增强扫描在梗死区内可出现脑回状、斑片状或团块状强化。根据CT表现可分为3型：（1）中心型：在低密度梗死灶中心可见片状高密度出血灶;（2）边缘型：高密度出血灶位于梗死边缘;（3）混合型：中心和边缘均有斑片状出血灶。27例病例中,中心型占8例,边缘型占10例,混合型占9例。 MRI影像学表现：比CT敏感,出血灶的信号特征与脑内血肿MRI信号演变的一般规律一致,SWI显示出血灶呈低信号,增强扫描在梗死区内可出现脑回状、斑片状或团块状强化。结论两种检查方法在不同时间段对出血性脑梗死的显示各有利弊,总结CT、MRI影像学表现,对指导临床治疗、评估治疗及预后有重大意义。     

磁敏感加权成像技术在缺血性脑血管疾病中的应用价值分析

目的分析磁敏感加权成像(SWI)在缺血性脑血管疾病中的应用价值。方法以本院2014年1月-2016年5月确诊的180例缺血性脑血管疾病(脑梗死)患者为研究对象,均接受常规MRI、SWI检查,比较不同序列对脑梗死出血性转化(HT)的检出情况。结果 180例患者中HT30例,占16.67%,其中HI型25例,PH型5例;常规MRI检出HT18例,其中HI型14例,而SWI检出HT30例,其中HI型25例,SWI对HT检出率明显高于常规MRI检查(P0.05)。SWI对梗塞伴急性期、梗塞伴亚急性期、小梗死及大面积脑梗死检出率明显高于常规MRI检查(P0.05)。SWI显示梗死周围微小血管18例,而常规MRI检查无显示。结论 SWI相比常规MRI检查在脑梗死出血性转化检测中有明显优势,对继发出血发现时间更早,对病灶周边微小血管可清晰显示。     

出血性脑梗死的发病机制、临床特点及治疗原则

出血性脑梗死(hemorrhage infarction,HI)又称脑梗死后脑出血转变(hemorrhage transformation,HT),是指在脑梗死后,由于缺血区血管重新恢复血流灌注,导致的梗死区内继发性出血,脑CT或脑MRI显示在原有的低密度区内出现散在或局限性高密度影[1].自CT和MRI应用以来,HI由尸检的病理诊断逐步变成临床诊断,同时也进一步明确了对HI的认识.对急性缺血性卒中患者溶栓和抗凝治疗的评价与争论,更引起了人们对HI的重视.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.