HBV基因型在不同临床感染者中的分析和干扰素治疗应答

目的:探讨山东地区HBV基因型在不同病情感染者之间的分布和基因型与干扰素治疗应答的关系.方法:随机选择249例慢性HBV感染者,用巢式PCR进行A-F基因型别分析,对其中126例慢性乙型肝炎患者采用α干扰素治疗,300万u/次,肌肉注射,3次/周,疗程6个月,所有患者均在治疗前、治疗期间及治疗后检测肝功能、HBV血清学指标及HBV DNA.结果:249例中无症状携带者53例,慢性肝炎126例,肝硬化38例,重型肝炎32例.在A-F基因分型中,无症状携带者组以B基因型为主28/53(52.8%),而C基因型则在活动性肝病中占优势:慢性肝炎69/126(54.8%);肝硬化20/38(52.6%);重型肝炎17/32(53.1%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).在慢性肝炎组中,B基因型组HBV DNA定量及ALT水平均较C基因型组和B C基因型组为低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).不同基因型组间,年龄、性别差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).126例慢性乙型肝炎患者用α干扰素治疗6个月,完全应答率:B型19/38(50%),C型9/69(13%),B C型5/19(26.3%),与B基因型和B C基因型相比,C基因型对干扰素抗病毒治疗应答率显著低(P<0.05).结论:山东地区HBV C基因型在活动性肝病中占优势;HBV C基因型对α干扰素抗病毒治疗的完全应答率较低. 炎组中,B基因型组HBV DNA定量及ALT水平均较C基因型组和B C基因型组为低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).不同基因型组问,年龄、性别差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).126例慢性乙型肝炎患者用α干扰素治疗6个月,完全应答率:B型19/38(50%),C型9/69(13%),B C型5/19(26.3%),与B基因型和B C基因型相比 C基因型对干扰素抗病毒治疗应答率显著低(P<0.05).结论:山东地区HBV C基因型在活动性肝病中占优势;HBV C基因型对α干扰素抗病毒治疗的完全应答率较低. 炎组中,B基因型组HBV DNA定量及ALT水平均较C基因型组和B C基因型组为低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).不同基因型组问,年龄、性别差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).126例慢性乙     

中国襄樊地区部分慢性乙型肝炎患者HBV基因型分析

目的 了解中国湖北省襄樊地区乙型肝炎患者外周血中病毒基因型分布特点,并考察不同基因型与临床的相关性.方法 使用PCR-RDB法检测143例慢性乙型肝炎患者的HBV基因型.结果 在襄樊地区143例慢性乙型肝炎患者中发现了四种HBV基因型,分别是B,C,D和B+C,其中B型52例(36.36%),C型82例(57.34%),D型3例(2.10%),B+C型6例(4.20%).在乙型肝炎无症状携带者(ASC)和慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)组中,基因型B和基因型C所占比例之间差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.04,0.04,P>0.05),在慢性重症肝炎(CLF),乙肝后肝硬化(LC)和原发性肝细胞癌(HCC)组中,基因型C的比例明显多于基因型B(χ2=10.28,23.75,27.59,P<0.01).结论 慢性乙型肝炎患者中B型和C型是地区慢性乙型肝炎患者HBV的优势基因型.结果 揭示基因型C与HBV感染的严重程度相关.     

桂西地区慢性乙型肝炎基因分型及其临床特点

目的 探讨桂西地区慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)基因分型情况及其临床特点.方法 采用基因芯片反向斑点杂交技术、实时荧光定量PCR、时间分辨免疫荧光法和酶法分别对105例CHB患者的HBV基因型、HBV DNA含量以及HBV血清学指标进行检测.结果 桂西地区CHB患者HBV基因分型为B型53例(50.48%),C型27例(25.71%),D型1例(0.95%),B+C混合型17例(16.19%),B+D混合型2例(1.90%),未分型5例(4.76%).CHB组中B型所占百分比明显高于C型(P<0.05),尤其是轻度和中度组(P<0.01),而在CHB重度组和肝硬化组中C型所占百分比明显高于B型(P<0.05).C型和B+C混合型HBV DNA载量和HBeAg含量明显高于其他型(P<0.05);酶类指标则是B型丙氨酸氨基转移酶含量较高,C型天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶和γ-谷氨酰转移酶含量较高.结论 桂西地区CHB患者HBV 基因型以B型为主,C型次之,D型极少;C型及B+C混合型较易发展为重度CHB和肝硬化,基因分型与疾病的严重程度有一定关系,根据基因分型与临床特点可对CHB选择合适的治疗方案.     

常州地区乙型肝炎病毒基因分型及外膜大蛋白定量检测的临床研究

目的 了解常州地区乙型肝炎病毒基因型的分布,探讨检测外膜大蛋白与不同基因型肝病之间的临床意义.方法 乙型肝炎病毒基因分型采用巢式聚合酶链反应,扩增乙型肝炎病毒S基因区,用末端标记方法对PCR产物标记并直接测序,测序结果和基因库中登录的标准基因型序列进行比较;乙型肝炎病毒外膜大蛋白(LHBs)应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)进行定量检测.结果 对该地区147例不同HBV感染者血清HBV DNA进行了基因分型,其中B型63例(42.9%),C型80例(54.4%),B、C混合型1例(0.7%),B、D混合型3例(2.0%).69例慢性乙型肝炎患者中B型为33例、C型为34例;63例肝癌患者中B型15例、C型46例.二组比较,肝癌组中C型明显高于慢性乙肝组(x2=8.28,P<0.005).肝癌患者组B型、C型HBV LHBs含量分别为(61.2±59.2)υg/L和(36.9士31.7)υg/L,两组间存在统计学差异(t=2.11,P<0.05);慢性乙型肝炎患者组HBV LHBs含量则分别为(131.2土85.7)gg/L和(132.5士80.5)υg/L,两组间不存在统计学差异(t=0.064,P>0.05).结论常州地区HBV DNA基因型主要为B型和C型;C基因型与肝癌关系密切;肝癌患者组B型HBV LHBs含量明显高于C型;B、C基因型HBV感染在肝癌的发生中可能存在不同的机制.     

HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎患者HBV基因型分布及其与抗病毒治疗疗效的关系

目的探讨绍兴地区拉米夫定治疗乙型肝炎病毒e抗原(HBeAg)阳性慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)基因型的分布及其与抗病毒治疗疗效的关系。方法对122例HBeAg阳性CHB患者进行基因分型,分析接受拉米夫定抗病毒治疗1年后HBV基因型与HBVDNA、HBeAg、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)及HBVP基因变异的关系。结果122例CHB患者中,B基因型34例(27.87%),C基因型82例(67.21%),D基因型3例(2.45%),C/D混合基因型1例(0.82%),B/C混合基因型2例(1.64%)。B基因型感染者的HBVDNA转阴率、HBeAg转阴率显著高于C基因型感染者(P均0.01),HBVDNA水平显著低于C基因型感染者(P0.05),ALT复常率高于C基因型感染者,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。B基因型感染者中临床表现以CHB轻度为主(44.12%),C基因型感染者临床表现以肝硬化失代偿期为主(30.49%)。B基因型感染者发生基因变异0例,C基因型感染者发生变异4例,两者差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论绍兴地区HBeAg阳性CHB患者HBV以C基因型为主,感染B型HBV的患者较感染C型HBV的患者对抗病毒治疗的应答为好,且临床表现较轻。     

西安市乙肝患者HBV基因型分布及临床相关性指标的研究

目的 研究了解西安市乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)的基因型分布及其与临床相关性指标丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天门冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)关系和临床意义。方法 采用巢式PCR对389例西安市HBV感染患者的血清标本进行HBV DNA扩增,后用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性法(PCR-RLFP)鉴定HBV基因型。并用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测乙肝五项,速率法检测ALT和AST。结果 西安市389例HBV感染患者基因型分布为HBV B基因型58例占14.9%(58/389),HBV C基因型326例占83.8%(326/389),HBV B/C混合型5例占1.2%(5/389)。其中HBV B、C基因型与患者在性别和乙型肝炎e抗原(HBeAg)阳性率、HBV DNA载量水平及ALT和AST比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);B、C基因型患者在HBV携带者和慢性乙肝中分布比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但在肝硬化和肝癌中比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。HBV C基因型较B基因型更易发展成为肝硬化甚至肝癌。结论 西安市HBV感染者存在HBV B、HBV C、HBV B/C混合型3种基因型,以HBV C为主要基因型,B型次之,B/C混合型最少;肝硬化的发生与C型存在着一定关系,提示HBV C基因型更容易发展成为肝硬化。     

江西宜春地区慢性乙型肝炎患者病毒基因型与临床分型的关系

目的探讨宜春地区慢性乙型肝炎患者病毒基因型与临床分型的关系。方法采用PCR-微板核酸分子杂交-ELISA法检测93例慢性乙型肝炎患者的乙型肝炎病毒基因型,并进行肝组织病理检查。结果93例乙型肝炎患者中B基因型63例（67.7%）,C基因型30例（32.3%）。B基因型组中慢性乙型肝炎轻度52例,中度11例,无重度、重症肝炎及肝硬化患者;C基因型组中慢性乙型肝炎轻度11例,中度8例,重度4例,重症肝炎3例,肝炎后肝硬化4例。2组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论江西宜春地区HBV以B基因型和C基因型流行为主;C基因型患者较B基因型患者临床分型严重,预后较差。     

江苏地区乙型肝炎患者HBV基因分型与血清HBV DNA水平研究

目的 了解江苏地区乙型肝炎病毒基因型分布特征,探讨HBV各基因型与血清HBV DNA水平、患者年龄之间的关系.方法 采用荧光定量PCR结合Taqman MGB探针技术,对江苏地区176份乙型肝炎患者血清中的HBV DNA进行基因分型和定量检测.结果 176例血清中,C型117人(66.5%),B、C型40人(22.7%),B型9人(5.1%),D型1人(0.6%),A型1人(0.6%).C型与B、C混合型在HBV DNA水平上存在显著差异(t=2.413,P＜0.05),B、C混合型的HBV DNA水平明显高于C型.C基因型在慢性乙型肝炎患者中的所占比例(71.4%)比在急性乙型肝炎、肝硬化和肝癌患者中所占的比例较高,但差异无显著性.HBV DNA各基因型在患者年龄水平上没有明显差异(P＞0.05).结论 江苏地区HBV基因型以C型为主、B、C混合型次之,B型较少,D型、A型极少;B、C混合型患者的HBV DNA数量水平显著高于C型.     

南通地区乙型肝炎病毒基因型分布特点

目的了解南通地区乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)基因型分布情况及其临床特点。方法选取南通地区HBV感染者共125例,其中无症状携带者(ASC)31例,慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)46例,乙型肝炎肝硬化(HLC)23例,原发性肝细胞癌(HCC)25例。应用实时荧光PCR试剂盒进行血清HBV基因分型测定。结果对HBV-DNA阳性的116例标本进行HBV基因分型,其中B基因型35例(30.17%),C基因型76例(65.52%),B+C混合基因型5例(4.31%),未检出非B非C型。其中ASC组HBV-DNA定量阳性患者中以B型为主(86.36%);而其余3组感染者中以C型基因居多:CHB患者中C型为80.43%,HLC患者中C型为69.57%,HCC患者中C型为80%。结论南通地区HBV基因型主要以C型为主,其次为B型。HBV基因C型与B型各有显著的临床特点,可为临床诊断及指导临床抗乙肝病毒药物治疗提供依据。     

江苏地区乙型肝炎患者HBV基因分型与血清HBV DNA水平研究

目的了解江苏地区乙型肝炎病毒基因型分布特征,探讨HBV各基因型与血清HBV DNA水平、患者年龄之间的关系。方法采用荧光定量PCR结合Taqman MGB探针技术,对江苏地区176份乙型肝炎患者血清中的HBV DNA进行基因分型和定量检测。结果176例血清中,C型117人(66.5%),B、C型40人(22.7%),B型9人(5.1%),D型1人(0.6%),A型1人(0.6%)。C型与B、C混合型在HBV DNA水平上存在显著差异(t=2.413,P<0.05),B、C混合型的HBV DNA水平明显高于C型。C基因型在慢性乙型肝炎患者中的所占比例(71.4%)比在急性乙型肝炎、肝硬化和肝癌患者中所占的比例较高,但差异无显著性。HBV DNA各基因型在患者年龄水平上没有明显差异(P>0.05)。结论江苏地区HBV基因型以C型为主、B、C混合型次之,B型较少,D型、A型极少;B、C混合型患者的HBV DNA数量水平显著高于C型。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.